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Experimental Psychology > Midterms: 2nd part > Flashcards

Midterms: 2nd part Flashcards

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1
Q

Science of behavior

A

Psychology

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2
Q

Research about the psychological processes underlying behavior

A

Psychological Science

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3
Q

What we know such as the facts we learn

A

Science: Content

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4
Q

An activity that includes the systematic ways in which we go about gathering data, noting relationships, and offering explanations

A

Science: Process

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5
Q

Scientific techniques used to collect and evaluate psychological data

A

Methodology

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6
Q

Facts and figures gathered in research studies

A

Data

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7
Q

Experimental Psychology started in

A

1892

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8
Q

Father of Experimental Psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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9
Q

Kind of everyday nonscientific data gathering that shapes our expectations and beliefs and directs our behavior toward others

A

Commonsense Psychology

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10
Q

Once we believe we know something, we tend to overlook instances that might disconfirm our beliefs and we seek, instead, confirmatory instances of behavior

A

Confirmation bias

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11
Q

Make believe concepts which is culturally structured

A

Myths and Superstitions

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12
Q

Came up from data from our own experiences

A

Commonsense Assumptions

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13
Q

Nonscientific interference

A

Perceiving others by their traits
Stereotyping
Overconfidence bias

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14
Q

A phenomenon wherein we compound our inferential shortcomings

Our predictions, guesses, explanations tend to feel much more correct that they actually are, and the more data we have available, the more confidence we have in our judgements about behavior

A

Overconfidence bias

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15
Q

Steps scientists take to gather and verify information, answer questions, explain relationships, and communicate this information answer questions, explain relationships, and communicate this information to others.

A

Scientific Method

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16
Q

The psychologist’s goal of prediction rests on an assumption: Behavior must follow a natural order; therefore, it can be predicted

Coined by Alfred North Whitehead

A

Scientific Mentality

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17
Q

Research psychologists share the belief that there are specifiable causes for the way people behave and that these causes can be discovered through research

A

Determinism

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18
Q

Data are observable or experienced in ____

A

Gathering Empirical Data

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19
Q

Principle that have the generality to apply to all situations

A

Laws

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20
Q

Devising and testing an interim explanation

A

Theory

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21
Q

Testable prediction

A

Hypothesis

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22
Q

Research that is designed to solve real-world problems

A

Applied Research

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23
Q

Research designed to test theories or to explain psychological phenomena in humans and animals

A

Basic Research

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24
Q

It is the systematic noting and recording of events.

A

Observation

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25
Q

It is the assignment of numerical values to objects or events or their characteristics according to conventional rules

A

Measurement

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26
Q

Numbers are assigned to represent different features of an observation

A

Quantitative Research

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27
Q

Describe their observation using words instead of numbers

A

Qualitative Research

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28
Q

Research participants

A

Subjects

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29
Q

The process undertaken to test a hypothesis that particular behavioral events will occur reliably in certain, specifiable situations

A

Experimentation

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30
Q

Circumstances that come before the event or behavior that we want to explain

A

Antecedents

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31
Q

Specific sets of antecedent conditions

A

Treatments

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32
Q

Controlled procedure in which at least two different treatment conditions are applied to subjects

A

Psychology Experiment

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33
Q

An experimental design in which subjects receive only one kind of treatment

A

Between-subjects design

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34
Q

Another way in which systematic differences in subjects might be ruled out is to present all treatments to each subject and measure the effect of each treatment after it is presented

A

Within-subjects design

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35
Q

Cause and effect relationship we establish through experiments because a time difference occurs in the relationship

A

Temporal Relationships

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36
Q

Two other types of relationships that people use

A

Spatial and logical

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37
Q

Included the study of consciousness and mental process and was based on the premise that the human mind begin as a blank slate, gaining knowledge of the world through sensory experiences

A

Mental Philosophy

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38
Q

Reporting your own thoughts and feelings

A

Phenomenology

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39
Q

Assessing traits and dispositions by measuring the size and location of bumps on the skull

A

Phrenology

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40
Q

Use facial features, particularly the appearance of the eyes, nose, chin, and forehead, to evaluate traits, mental capacity and skills

A

Physiognomy

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41
Q

Fluids in the body ebbed and flowed by magnetic principles and that both physical and mental illness could be cured by realigning these fluids using magnets, electrodes, or his hands passed across the patient’s body

A

Mesmerism

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42
Q

Purported contact with ghosts and spirits of the dead

A

Spiritualism

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43
Q

Refers to the correct rules of conduct necessary when carrying out research

A

Ethics

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44
Q

Ethical Issues in Psychology

A

Informed Consent
Debrief
Protection of Participants
Deception
Confidentiality
Withdrawal

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45
Q

A subject’s voluntary agreement to participate in a research project after the nature and purpose of the study have been explained

A

Informed Consent

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46
Q

After the research is over the participant should be able to discuss the procedure and the findings with the psychologist. They must be given a general idea of what the researcher was investigating and why, and their part in the research should be explained

A

Debrief

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47
Q

Researchers must ensure that those taking part in research will not be caused distress. They must be protected from physical and mental harm. This means you must not embarrass, frighten, offend, or harm participants

A

Protection of Participants

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48
Q

This is where participants are misled or wrongly informed about the aims of the research

A

Deception

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49
Q

Participants and the data gained from them must be kept anonymous unless they give their full consent. No names must be used in a lab report

A

Confidentiality

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50
Q

Participants should be able to leave a study at any time if they feel uncomfortable. They should also be allowed to withdraw their data. They should be told at the start of the study that they have the right to withdraw

A

Withdrawal from an Investigation

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51
Q

The unethical practice of falsifying or fabricating data; plagiarism is also a form of it

A

Fraud

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52
Q

The representation of someone else’s ideas, words, or written work as one’s own; a serious breach of ethics that can result in legal action

A

Plagiarism

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53
Q

The concept that all sensate species that feel paint are of equal value and have rights.

A

Animal Rights

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54
Q

The human e care and treatment of animals

A

Animal welfare

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55
Q

The likelihood of a subject being harmed in some way because of the nature of the research

A

At risk

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56
Q

The principle of full disclosure at the end of an experiment; that is, explaining to the subject the nature and purpose of the study

A

Debriefing

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57
Q

An institutional committee that reviews proposed research to safeguard the welfare of animal subjects

A

Institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)

58
Q

An institutional committee that reviews proposed research to safeguard the safety and rights of human participants

A

Institutional review board (IRB)

59
Q

The subject’s odds of being harmed are not increased by the research

A

Minimal risk

60
Q

A determination, made by an IRB, that any risks to the individual are outweighed by potential benefits or the importance of the knowledge to be gained

A

Risk/benefit analysis

61
Q

The description of an individual’s immediate experience

A

Phenomenology

62
Q

A descriptive record of a single individual’s experiences, or behaviors, or both, kept by an outside observer

A

Case studies

63
Q

___ are nonexperimental approaches used in the field or in real-life settings

A

Field studies

64
Q

The technique of observing behaviors as they occur spontaneously in natural settings

A

Naturalistic observation

65
Q

Here the researcher actually becomes part of the group being studied

Sometimes this is the only method that can be used to study a group – particularly if the group would not reasonably be expected to cooperate voluntarily with a research investigation

A

Participant-Observer studies

66
Q

The science that concerns itself with the division of mankind into races and their origin, distribution, relations, and characteristics

A

Ethnography

67
Q

A descriptive research method in which already existing records are reexamined for a new purpose

A

Archival Study

68
Q

It is a design involves selecting groups, upon which a variable is tested, without any random pre-selection processes

A

Quasi-Experiment

69
Q

Relies on words rather than numbers for the data being collected; it focuses on self-reports, personal narratives, and expression of ideas, memories, feelings, and thoughts

Used to study phenomena that are contextual, meaning they cannot be understood without the context in which they appear. These phenomena deserve to be studied within a rich background or unique environment

A

Qualitative Research

70
Q

The set of attitudes, values, beliefs, methods, and procedures that are generally accepted within a particular discipline at a certain point of time

A

Paradigm

71
Q

Emphasize objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques

A

Quantitative Methods

72
Q

Created from a solid database of empirical observations

A

Inductive Theories

73
Q

Can be precisely stated and tested. Hypothesis are created as tentative answers to problems

A

Deductive Theories

74
Q

Fundamental or core assumptions of a theory that are taken as self-evidently true

A

Postulates

75
Q

General relational statements that may be true or false, not tested directly but used to derive hypothesis

A

Propositions

76
Q

Concepts in the hypotheses are defined precisely so that accurate measures of the concepts can be devised

A

Conceptual Definitions

77
Q

Procedures used to define particular constructs

A

Operational Definition

78
Q

Duplication or repetition of an experiment or study to determine whether or not the original findings are reliable

A

Replication

79
Q

A descriptive method in which already existing records are reexamined for a new purpose

A

Archival Study

80
Q

A descriptive record of an individual’s experiences, behaviors, or both kept by an outside observer

A

Case Study

81
Q

A form of case study in which deviant individuals are compared with those who are not to identify the significant differences between them

A

Deviant case analysis

82
Q

Contemporary phenomenology that relies on the researcher’s own experience, experiential data provided by study participants, or other available sources such as literature or popular media; a qualitative approach

A

Empirical Phenomenology

83
Q

How well the findings of an experiment generalize or apply to people and settings that were not tested directly

A

External validity

84
Q

A nonexperimental research method used in the field or in a real-life setting, typically employing a variety of techniques, including naturalistic observation and unobtrusive measures or survey tools, such as questionnaires and interviews

A

Field study

85
Q

A nonexperimental method of gathering data by attending to and describing one’s own immediate experience

A

Phenomenology

86
Q

Research that relies on words rather than numbers for the data being collected; it focuses on self-reports, personal narrative, and expression of ideas, memories, feelings, and thoughts

A

Qualitative Research

87
Q

A type of group interview; it is an organized discussion session with a small group of people, usually led by a trained facilitator

A

Focus group

88
Q

The certainty that the changes in behavior observed across treatment conditions were actually caused by differences in treatments

A

Internal Validity

89
Q

A descriptive, nonexperimental method of observing behaviors as they occur spontaneously in natural settings

A

Naturalistic observation

90
Q

The set of attitudes, values, beliefs, methods, and procedures that are generally accepted within a particular discipline at a certain point in time

A

Paradigm

91
Q

A special kind of field observation in which the researcher actually becomes part of the group being studied

A

Participant-observer study

92
Q

The tendency of subjects to alter their behavior or responses when they are aware of the presence of an observer

A

Reactivity

93
Q

Data collected in the present based on recollections of past events; apt to be inaccurate because of faulty memory, bias, mood, and situation

A

Retrospective data

94
Q

A system for recording observations; each observation is recorded using specific rules or guidelines, so observations are more objective

A

Systematic observation

95
Q

A procedure used to assess subjects’ behavior without their knowledge; used to obtain more objective data

A

Unobtrusive measure

96
Q

A useful way of obtaining information about people’s opinion, attitudes, preferences and behaviors simply by asking

A

Survey research

97
Q

Involves conducting survey research over a continuum of time and spread across years and decades

A

Longitudinal survey research

98
Q

Researchers conduct a ________ to collect insights from a target audience at a particular time interval

A

Cross-sectional survey research

99
Q

A system of quantifying open ended questions

Similar to coding behaviors using systematic observational techniques

A

Content Analysis

100
Q

Levels of Measurement

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

101
Q

Classifies response items into two or more distinct categories on the basis of some common feature

A

Nominal scale

102
Q

Is a rank ordering of response items

A

Ordinal scale

103
Q

Measure magnitude or quatitative size using measures with equal intervals between values. However it has no true zero point

A

Interval scale

104
Q

It has an equal intervals between all values and true zero point

A

Ratio scale

105
Q

Are tendencies to respond to questions or test items in specific ways, regardless of the content

A

Response styles

106
Q

Response Acquiscence

A

Yea saying

107
Q

Response Deviation

A

Nay saying

108
Q

Method of selection

Decision and selection of subjects who will participate in the study

A

Sampling

109
Q

Consist of all people, animals or subjects or objects that have at least one, characteristic in common

A

Population

110
Q

A group that is a subset of population of interest

A

Sample of Subjects

111
Q

Involves selecting subjects in a way that the odds of their being in the study are known or can be calculated

A

Probability Sampling

112
Q

Unbiased methods of choosing

A

Random Sampling

113
Q

Kinds of Probability Sampling

A

Simple random
Systematic random
Stratified
Cluster

114
Q

Kinds of Nonprobability Sampling

A

Quota
Convenience
Purposive
Snowball

115
Q

____ is represented by scatterplot/scattergram

A

Correlation

116
Q

Correlation does not imply ____

A

Causation

117
Q

Innate aggressiveness results in more exposure to TV violence but at the same time, the more exposure a person has, the more aggressive he or she becomes. This is known as ____

A

Bidirectional causation

118
Q

Some third agent may actually be causing two behaviors to appear to be related

A

Third variable problem

119
Q

Denotes by r squared (r^2)

Estimates the amount of variability in scores on one variable that can be explained by the other variable

An estimate of the strength of relationship between them

A

Coefficient of Determination

120
Q

According to Cohen r^2 which is greater than or equal to ___ can be considered as strong association

A

0.25

121
Q

A measured behavior can be predicted by a number of other measured behaviors rather than a single predictor

A

Multiple Correlation

122
Q

Use to predict the score on one behavior from scores on the others

A

Multiple Regression

123
Q

A correlation based research method that can be used when subjects are measured on several related behaviors

A

Path Analysis

124
Q

Uses relationship measured over time to suggest the causal path

Subjects are measured at two separate points in time on the same pair of related behavior or characteristics

A

Cross-Lagged Panel Design

125
Q

Use to predict scores on one variable from scores on a correlated variable

A

Linear Regression Analysis

126
Q

Use to explore the effects of different treatments on preexisting group of subjects or to investigate the same kind of naturally occurring events, characteristics and behaviors that we measure in correlational studies

A

Quasi-Experimental

127
Q

Researcher systematically examines the effects of subject characteristics but without actually manipulating them

A

Ex Post Facto Studies

128
Q

Compares the effects of different treatment conditions on preexisting group of participants

A

Nonequivalent Design

129
Q

Measuring behavior of the same subjects at different point in time

A

Longitudinal Design

130
Q

Just like longitudinal design but instead of tracking the same group over a long period of time, subjects who are already at different stages are compared at a single point in time

A

Cross-sectional studies

131
Q

Measuring peoples’ behavior before and after the event and compared these levels

A

Pretest/ Post test

132
Q

An educated guess

It is more than speculation, a guess or a hunch

A

Hypothesis

133
Q

Hypothesis that can be either true or false

A

Synthetic Statements

134
Q

Hypothesis must always be subject to disapproval

A

Falsifiable Statements

135
Q

Hypothesis must always be written as simple as possible

A

Parsimonious Statements

136
Q

Hypothesis must lead to formulation of new studies

A

Fruitful Statements

137
Q

The process of reasoning from specific cases to more general principles

A

Inductive Model

138
Q

The process of reasoning from general principles to predictions about specific instances

A

Deductive Model

139
Q

Using findings of previously made research as basis of your hypothesis

A

Prior research

140
Q

The knack of findings things that are not being sought

A

Serendipity

Experimental Psychology (3 decks)

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