Midterms Flashcards
sensitivity to spoken and written language
Linguistic Intelligence
ability to learn languages, and the capacity to use language to accomplish certain goals
Linguistic Intelligence
effectively use language to express oneself rhetorically or poetically
Linguistic Intelligence
language as a means to remember information.
Linguistic Intelligence
People with high Linguistic Intelligence
Writers, poets, lawyers and speakers
analyze problems logically, carry out mathematical operations, to detect patterns, reason deductively and think logically and investigate issues scientifically.
Logical-mathematical intelligence
scientific and mathematical thinking.
Logical-mathematical intelligence
performance, composition, and appreciation of musical patterns
Musical intelligence
encompasses the capacity to recognize and compose musical pitches, tones, and rhythms.
Musical intelligence
potential of using one’s whole body or parts of the body to solve problems
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
ability to use mental abilities to coordinate bodily movements.
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
athletes and people involved in the performing arts.
recognize and use the patterns of wide space and more confined areas
Spatial intelligence
to represent the spatial world internally in your mind – the way a sailor or airplane pilot navigates the large _________world,
Spatial intelligence
the way a chess player or sculptor represents a more circumscribed_______world.
Spatial intelligence
to understand the intentions, motivations and desires of other people.
Interpersonal intelligence
allows people to work effectively with others.
Interpersonal intelligence
Interpersonal intelligence
Educators, salespeople, religious and political leaders and counselors
capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one’s feelings, fears and motivations
Intrapersonal intelligence
having an effective working model of ourselves, and to be able to use such information to regulate our lives
Intrapersonal intelligence
Intrapersonal intelligence
They tend to know what they can’t do. And they tend to know where to go if they need help
deals with sensing patterns in and making connections to elements in nature.
Naturalist Intelligence
interested in other species, or in the environment and the earth.
Naturalist Intelligence
possessing nature smarts are keenly aware of their surroundings and changes in their environment, even if these changes are at minute or subtle levels
> highly developed levels of ______________
sensory perceptionNaturalist Intelligence
heightened senses may help them notice similarities, differences and changes in their surroundings more rapidly than others.
Naturalist Intelligence
able to categorize or catalogue things easily too.
Naturalist Intelligence
may notice things others might not be aware of
Naturalist Intelligence
exhibit the proclivity to pose (and ponder) questions about life, death, and ultimate realities.
Existential Intelligence
__________or the retention of information over time that involves 3 processes:
1.
2.
3.
Memory
- Encoding - putting into memory
- Storage – maintaining in memory
- Retrieval recovering from memory
Memory can either be
SHORT-TERM or LONG-TERM:
Storage of material for a matter of seconds
SHORT TERM MEMORY
needs ATTENTION
• Memory problems are lapses in attention
• Coding: _____________ or __________
SHORT TERM MEMORY
Encoding
Acoustic (sound) or Visual (sight)
___________ memory, what process?
Limited capacity:__ items (7 + 2)
• Hermann E__________ “the magic number 7”
• CHUNKING
> Example:
Short term!! Encoding > 7 > Hermann Ebbinghaus > an organizational strategy that involves grouping information into higher order units that can be remembered as single units.
> 124556787 to 124-556-787
___________ memory, what process?
decay with time or displaced by new items; slows down when number or items increases
Short term!!
Retrieval
• FORGETTING
Continuing storage of information
LONG TERM MEMORY
~ poor visual acuity, nearsighted
~ attracted to curved lines, high contrast, interesting edges, movement, complexity
CHILD DEVELOPMENT (0-12 y.o.)
Physical Development
Vision
~ head-turning; distinguishing sounds, even human voice
CHILD DEVELOPMENT (0-12 y.o.)
Physical Development
Hearing
~ can discriminate taste shortly after birth ( sweet salty, sour, bitter)
~ can discriminate odor
CHILD DEVELOPMENT (0-12 y.o.)
Physical Development
Taste and Smell
growth rate begins to slow
- development of fine and gross motor skills
Early Childhood (4-6 years old)
- motor developments are smoother, more coordinated
B. Cognitive
Middle and Late Childhood (7-12 years old)
By JEAN PIAGET
_________VS ______________ or _____+____________?
By JEAN PIAGET
Nature vs. Nurture? Or Nature + Nurture?
CHILD
> attempt to understand a new object or event in terms of a pre-existing schema (idea)
ASSIMILATION
> an active participant, an inquiring scientist who conducts experiments on the world
CHILD
ACCOMODATION
modifying the schema and extending the “theory”
Children’s ability to think and reason progress through ________________
qualitatively distinct stages as they mature.
Understanding the world through our senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (0-2 y.o.)
Language
- The child does not comprehend OPERATIONS and can not do mental manipulation yet.
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (2-7 y.o.)
Words as symbols that can represent things; one object can represent another
Example: Box = Car
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (2-7 y.o.)
Preoperational thinking is dominated by
visual impressions
Example: What is love?
Love is Mom.
Love is God.
Love is like rosary that is full of mysteries.
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE (7-11 y.o.)
Use of abstract terms but only doing so in relation to CONCRETE objects that they have direct sensory access
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE (7-11 y.o.)
Logical Thinking and abstraction
Example:
In what way are juice and soda alike?
They are both liquid.
FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE (11 y.o. - up)
Socioemotional Development
Erik Erikson’s Theory
social relations are
essential; resolution of stage “crises”
1 yo:
2:
3-5:
6-11:
TRUST vs. MISTRUST
AUTONOMY vs. DOUBT
INITIATIVE vs. GUILT
INDUSTRY vs. INFERIORITY
is a pattern of change that takes place from conception till death
Development
Puberty stage
Period of sexual maturation
Characterized by the________________________(rapid physical growth & gradual development of secondary sex characteristics)
ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT (13 – 19 y.o.) Physical Development Adolescent Growth Spurt
Menarche
1st menstrual period; 11- 17 years old, 18 months after a girl’s growth spurt has peaked
Ejaculation
discharge of semen; occurs about 2 yrs after growth spurt begins
Cognitive Development
Formal operational stage
Capacity for abstraction, idealism, reasoning
Cognitive Development
Egocentrism
belief that others are preoccupied by them; belief that he/she is unique and indestructible
Adolescence as a period of “storm” and “stress”
Socioemotional Development
- Puberty also affects self-esteem, mood and relationships because of…
o Hormonal changes
o Personal and social effects of the body’s changes
o Timing of change
IDENTITY vs. IDENTITY CONFUSION
Who am I?”
Identity
is the coherent sense of self
Identity Crisis
the active process of self-definition or role experimentation
Identity Statuses
(James Marcia)
IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT
Decided on identity after passing through a crisis
FORECLOSURE
Decided on identity but did not go through a crisis
MORATORIUM
Currently in the midst of a crisis; active questioning
IDENTITY DIFFUSION
No integrated sense of self; inactive
EARLY ADULTHOOD -
MIDDLE ADULTHOOD -
LATE ADULTHOOD -
20 – 39 years old
40 - 65 years old
66 years old and above
At __, physical performance is at its peak; body at its healthiest (sports and childbearing)
Early Adulthood
At around ___, skills also begin to decline such as strength and speed
Early Adulthood
Tendency to ignore unhealthy practices such as drinking, smoking, bad eating habits, etc.
Early Adulthood
Apparent changes in physical appearance - Skin sags, pigments and wrinkles - Loss of weight - For women, \_\_\_\_\_\_means menopause is nearing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_become health conscious
Middle Adulthood
Changes in appearance become more pronounced
- Slower reflexes, poorer eyesight, decreased stamina
- Bone tissue loss (e.g.,____________)
- Chronic diseases become more common (e.g., ______________________)
Late Adulthood
osteoporosis
arthritis, rheumatism
Formal operational thinking
- Compared to adolescents, thinking is more
Cognitive Development
Early Adulthood
pragmatic and realistic
____Intelligence increases while _________Intelligence declines
Crystallized, Fluid
Crystallized Intelligence
An individual’s accumulated information and verbal skills
Fluid Intelligence
An individual’s ability to reason abstractly
Speed of processing information declines
Late Adulthood
Memory weakens and sometimes deteriorates
Late Adulthood
Wisdom, or the expert knowledge about practical aspects of life, improves
Late Adulthood
Cognitive decline may be prevented with mental training
Late Adulthood
People commit to an occupation and intimate relationships
Erikson:_____________VS___________(“to commit or not to commit?”)
IDENTITY is a precursor to______________
Socioemotional Development
Early Adulthood
INTIMACY vs. ISOLATION
INTIMACY
Erikson:
Some experience____________
Thinking in terms of years left to live
Middle Adulthood
Erikson: GENERATIVITY vs. STAGNATION
Generativity
guiding the younger generation in developing & leading useful lives
Stagnation
aving done nothing to help the younger generation
Erikson: _________VS____________
become more selective of their social networks
Late Adulthood
INTEGRITY vs. DESPAIR
Older people
Integrity
having a sense of “wholeness” and integrity of a life well-lived
Despair
looking back with regret seeing life as a series of missed opportunities and failures
the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, etc.
Clinical Psychology.
Psychiatrists: _____________;clinical: ____________
MEDICAL DOCTORS, work hand in hand to treat a patient.
deal with students, employees, athletes and families with problems.
Counseling Psychology.
focuses on the physical/biological, cognitive and socio-emotional changes that a person experiences from conception to death.
Developmental Psychology.
how our mental processes work
how the mind attends, memorizes, learns, decides and solve problems.
Cognitive Psychology.
social interactions, relationships, social perceptions, attraction, and attitudes. This is the study of how the individual and the society affect each other
Social Psychology.
why an individual is different from another individual because of his cultural factors. It explains what part of a person is influenced by his/her culture
Cultural Psychology.
universal (common to all cultures) or culture specific by comparing several people from different cultures.
Cross-cultural Psychology
enduring traits and characteristics of individuals. It deals primarily on theories on why we think, feel and behave the way we think, feel and behave.
Personality Psychology.
with a student’s learning and adjustment in school. It studies on how students can effectively learn from the school system and environment
School and educational Psychology
determines what factors can motivate employees to perform well.
Industrial/Organizational Psychology.
focuses on biological processes, especially the brain’s role in behavior.
Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology.
Experimental Psychology.
conduct experiments regarding various topics in different areas in psychology such as, sensation and perception, personality, cognition, social behavior, etc.
dedicated in constructing, administering, scoring and interpreting psychological tests.
Psychometrics.
those who do not go to hospitals and clinics because of financial concerns, lack of access, and fear of stigmatization
Community & Health Psychology.
in relating psychology with law and criminal behavior.
Forensic Psychology.
how athletes can improve their performance using concepts and principles in psychology.
Sports Psychology
the nature and the individual affect each other
Environmental Psychology
emphasizes happiness, wisdom, resilience, hope, optimism, etc.
Positive Psychology
empower women and establishing the importance of their role in the society.
Psychology of women
effect of the belief on paranormal phenomenon on human behavior.
Parapsychology
used to measure a construct (depression, anxiety, happiness, intelligence, interests, etc).
Standardized test
multi-method (observation, interviews, tests, etc) studies to deeply understand a person or his/her condition or a phenomenon that is rarely observed.
Case studies
to establish cause and effect (causality).
Experiment
investigate the possible relationship of variables
Correlation
want to gather data unobtrusively
Archives, documents and traces
heartbeat, pupil dilation, perspiration and other bodily responses that represent a behavior or emotion
Physiological researches
An example of this is pakikipagkwentuhan wherein participants are free to tell stories regarding a topic and another is pakikipanuluyan wherein the researcher will live with the participants and adapt to their lifestyle.
“Indigenous methods”
