Midterms Flashcards
What is the field of the social sciences that focuses on the study of man; not only one aspect (e.i his mind or his environment) but rather on the totality of what it means to be human?
What man is now is a product of his past
It looks into man’s physical/biological characteristics, his social relationships and the influences of his culture from the dawn of civilization up to the present.
ANTHROPOLOGY
THE FOUR SUBFIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
Archeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistic Anthropology and Cultural Anthropology.
scientist with his digging tools carefully removing soil and dirt from a particular site. He then unearths pieces of pottery, weapons, tools, jewelries and even bones of the past occupants of the dig site
This is a scientist who studies artifacts (tools and objects past people have made) in order to discover how these people lived their lives
ARCHEOLOGY
ARCHAEOLOGIST
focus is the past and how it may have contributed to the present ways of how people conduct their daily lives
suggest that in many places around the world, the species homo sapiens did not become extinct because of their ability to think, use tools and learn from experience
ARCHEOLOGY
the study of the biological aspect of man that focus primarily on how the human body adapts to the different earth environments. They look at the probable causes of disease, physical mutation and death.
They also want to know how human beings might have evolved from their early forms (based on discovered fossilized remains). Human beings at present, still share the same biological strengths and vulnerabilities.
BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Human survival is primarily linked to their ability to communicate. It focuses on using language as a means to discover a group’s manner of social interaction and his worldview. It is the study of how language and modes of communication change over time.
From the story of Tower of Babel which provided analternative view on how language originated, it can be attested that through the centuries, man had been searching for ways inorder for people of different languages to understand each other. This resulted in a consensus of having universal language which is English.
LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY
An essential part of communication is
Language
Culture described as a group of people’s way of life; it includes their behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept (usually unconsciously) that are socially transmitted through communication.
Individual admits it or not, he is a product of his culture
interested in knowing what makes one group’s manner of living particular to that group and forms an essential part of the member’s personal and social identity.
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Cultural anthropologist
Culture has a strong impact on how the individuals views himself is known as the
there is no univesal or right way of being human
- On the positive; suggests that human beings can be shaped/formed to have the kind of life they prefer. There is no limit placed on the human ability to be or to do whatever they set their minds and hearts into.
- On the negative; cultural determinism may mean that people have no control over what they learn. They blindly accept the learning of culture expose them to. Human beings are seen as helpless and do only what their culture instructs them to do.
Theory of Cultural Determinism
According to this theory, human nature is determined by the ideas, meanings, beliefs and values learned as members of a society.
the ways in which culture may manifest itself in people
Symbols
Heroes
Rituals
Values
Involve human tendencies/preferences towards good or bad, right or wrong.
- Symbols- the words, gestures, pictures or objects that have a recognized/accepted meaning in a particular culture.
- Heroes- persons from the past or present who have characteristics that are important in a culture.
- Rituals - activities (may be religious or social) participated in by group of people for the fulfillment of desired objectives and are considered to be socially essential.
- Values- considered to be the core of every culture; unconscious and can neither be discussed nor be directly observed
the field of social science that deals with the description, explanation, prediction and control of behavior.
Psychology
The mind-body problem of philosophy is one issue in the field of knowledge. Over the years, experts in the field of human behavior have sought ways to best explain the causes of human behavior only to discover that both nature and nurture influence behavior, each one to a greater or lesser degree.
American Philosopher and Psychologist
- Known as the Father of American Psychology
- Proponent of Theory of Self
- The Principles of Psychology in1890
The Me and the I
William James
Two Parts of Self
- separate object or individual that the person refers to when discussing or describing their personal experience.
- the self that knows and recognizes who they are and what they have done.
- ME
- I
Example of ME:
* The gifts were sent to ME.
* The person is smiling at ME.
Example of I:
* I borrowed the book from the library.
* I won the game.
self as the empirical
ME
self as the Pure Ego or the thinking self.
I
3 Components of ME
- consist of the things or objects that belong to the person or entities that a person belongs to.
- refers to who the person is in a particular social situation.
- refers to the self that is more concrete or permanent when compared to the material and social selves
- The material self
- The social self
- The spiritual self
The self is the most subjective and intimate part of the self
Example of material self:
* person’s body, family, clothes, books or money
Example of social self:
* the person changes how he presents himself when he is at home, in school and with his friends.
similar to the person’s soul or mind. Since it is considered to be non-substance the “I” self cannot be studied objectively.
comprises the totality of the person’s identity.
It takes into account the past, present, and future selves of the individual
PURE EGO
represents the overall value that a person places upon himself.
global self
- He developed the Family Therapy (Family Systems Theory)
- He came up with the concept of differentiated self
Murray Bowen
Two forces affecting the person
- togetherness
- individuality
- too much togetherness creates friction and conflict and prevents the development of the person’s sense of self
- too much individuality results in distant and estrange feelings towards family and other people
an American Psychologist
Proponent of Person-Centered Theory
Real and Ideal Self-Concepts
Carl Rogers
refers to how a person thinks about or perceives himself.
Self-Concept
two types of self concept
- refers to all information and perception the person has about himself
- refers to the model version the person has of himself. What the person aims for himself.
- Real Self
- Ideal Self
Real Self – “Who am I?”, Ideal Self - “Who do I want to be?”
He explained that people use internalized standards to which they compare themselves
Self-guide and Self-discrepancy
Higgins (1987)
provides directions for how the person should present himself..
Self-guide
when the self is found to be
deviating/diverting from the guides.
This may cause emotional discomfort to the individual and can be manifested as guilt or worst as indifference
Self-discrepancy
refers to self that has autonomous sets of psychological processes.
To be considered a well-adjusted person, success and failures should be accepted and understood.
Multiplied Selves
refers to self that is an intergration of subselves
To be considered a well-adjusted person, success and failures should be accepted and understood.
Unified selves
An English pediatrician and psychoanalyst
True and False Selves
Donald Winnicott (1986-1971)
