FINALS Flashcards
1
Q
designed to discuss facets of human sexuality like sexual behaviour,
understanding, identifying sexual orientations and differentiating love fromlust.
influenced by physical, psychological, spiritual, cultural factors
A
Sexual Self
2
Q
it is defined as how one thinks about himself or herself as a sexual
individual
A
SEXUAL SELFHOOD
3
Q
PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY
In Ancient Greece, it is the male that assumes the dominant role.
The penis was viewed as the symbol of fertility and how the male body was structures and greatly admired. The wife is considered object to be owned like property. Women are not allowed to read and write. Her only function was to bear children.
A
Historical
4
Q
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
The greek word for woman is? Which means?
A
“gyne”- bearer of children
5
Q
PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY
-UNDER HISTORICAL
the Church decreed that all sexual acts that do not lead to procreation were considered evil
A
The Middle Ages (476-1450)
6
Q
THE PERSPECTIVE OF MIDDLE AGES
Women were labelled as:
A
a. Temptress – like Eve
b. Woman of Virtue – like the Virgin Mary
7
Q
PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY
-UNDER HISTORICAL
believed that sexuality is a natural part of life and that priests should marry and have their families.
Marthin Luther and John Calvin asserted that the reason for sexual intimacy was to strengthen the physical and emotional bond between husbands and wives and not just for procreation.
A
The Protestantism (1483-1546)
8
Q
PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY
-UNDER HISTORICAL
group of people who disconnected with the Church of England. Premarital sex is considered immoral.
A
The Puritans (17th and 18th century)
9
Q
PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY
-UNDER HISTORICAL
homosexuality and prostitution were rampant. Sex is a marital duty. Women were told not to enjoy sex, and if they did,there was something wrong with them. They believed that masturbation leads to blindness, insanity and death. – (Robinson, 2005 in Rosenthal, 2013)
A
The Victorian Era (1837-1901)
10
Q
PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY
In the nervous system it is the brain that initiates and organize sexual behaviour. Through the process of sexual reproduction, the next generation of human beings are created by fusion of the egg cell and the sperm cell.
A
Biological
11
Q
SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS OF MALE AND FEMALE
A
Male
1. Voice becomes much lower (breaks)
2. Hair growth on chest, face, underarms, arms, legs and pubic area
3. Increase in muscle size
4. Skin becomes oily and pores enlarge
Female
1. Breasts enlarge
2. Hair growth underarms and pubic area
3. Hip widens
4. Skin becomes oily and pores enlarge
12
Q
PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS OF MALE AND FEMALE
A
Male
1. Testes
2. Penis
3. Scrotum
4. Seminal vesicles and prostate glands
Female
1. Ovaries
2. Fallopian tubes
3. Uterus
4. Vagina
13
Q
are the thread like structures found in the nucleus of each cell of the body are composed of genes
A
Chromosomes
14
Q
basic unit of heredity
A
Genes
15
Q
Human beings have how many chromosomes in the nucleus of each bodycell?
A
23 pairs (46)
16
Q
The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are called
A
autosomes
17
Q
The 23rd pair of the chromosomes are called
A
sex chromosomes
18
Q
What sex has XX chromosomes including 23rd chromosomes?
A
Female
19
Q
What sex has XY chromosomes?
A
Male
20
Q
PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY
This perspective studies how evolutionary forces affect sexual
behaviour
Survival is the goal of evolutionary
Traits that lead to reproductive advantage tend to be passed on, whereas maladpative traits are lost. What important in human sexual relationships is** love, care and responsibility.**
A
Sociobiological/Evolutionary
21
Q
PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOBIOLOGICAL/EVOLUTIONARY
a process by which organisms that are best suited to their environment are most likely to survive.
A
Natural Selection
22
Q
PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY
explained that sexuality is not a mere physical response. It involves emotions, thoughts and beliefs.
A
Psychological
23
Q
According to Sigmund Freud, human beings are faced with two forces
A
- sex instinct or libido (pleasure)
- death or aggresive instinct.
24
Q
A person’s libido or sexual energy is located in an area of the body at different psychosexual stages. These areas of pleasure are called
includes the mouth, anus and genitals
A
erogenous zones
25
FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
(OAPLG)
1. **Oral stage** – the child erogenous zone is the **mouth** which receives gratification through eating and sucking.
2. **Anal stage**- the erogenous zone is the **anus** in which sexual gratification is derived from defecation.
3. **Phallic stage** – erogenous zone is the **genitals**.
4. **Latency stage** – sexual impulses lie dormant as the child is occupied by the **social activities** such as going to school or playing.
5. **Genital stage** – where the erogenous zone is **again the genitals**. At this time the sexual attraction is directed towards towards others, usually one of the *opposite sex*.
26
Freud also regarded personality as composed of three structures:
1. **Id**- pleasure principle
2. **Superego**- moral principle
3. **Ego**- analytical principle
27
# **PERSPECTIVE OF RELIGIOUS**
holds a **positive and natural outlook toward marital sex** which they consider as blessed by God and pleasurable by both man and woman.
Judaism
28
# **PERSPECTIVE OF RELIGIOUS**
**Muslim men** are allowed to have four **(4) wives** but **Muslim women** can only have one **(1) husband**. *Sex is permitted only within marriage and extra marital
sex is penalized*.
Islam
29
# **PERSPECTIVE OF RELIGIOUS**
sex is not only natural and healthy, but a **sacred union** is necessary to people’s physical, mental and spiritual being.
Taoism
30
# **PERSPECTIVE OF RELIGIOUS**
sexuality is seen as **spiritual force** and the act of lovemaking is a means of *both celebrating and transcending the physical*
Hinduism
31
# **PERSPECTIVE OF RELIGIOUS**
**marriage is purely for intercourse and procreation**. Homosexual orientation in itself is not sinful, but the *homosexual acts are immoral and sinful*.
Roman Catholic
32
PERSPECTIVES IN HUMAN SEXUALITY
1. **Historical**
* Ancient Greece
* Middle Ages
* Protestantism
* Puritans
* Victorian Era
2. **Biological**
3. **Sociobiological/Evolutionary**
4. **Psychological**
5. **Religious**
33
Sex comes from the Latin word? which means?
secare- to divide
34
Means *to unite*
Sexuality
35
includes **sexual orientation**, his **ability to manage sexual feelings**, activities, interest and style of behavior and his capacity to regulate his sexual behavior to avoid undesirable consequences
sexual identity
36
refers to the **characteristics** of people as *male and female*.
Gender
37
A **set of expectations** that prescribe show *female and male* should think, act and feel refersto
gender role
38
THE FACES OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE
(EPOR)
1. **Excitement**- This is the body’s initial *physical response to sexual
arousal.*
2. **Plateau**- This is the period of *sexual excitement prior to orgasm*. It is characterized by intensification of the changes begun during the excitement phase.
3. **Orgasm**- This is characterized by *waves of intense pleasure (climax)*, often associated with vaginal contractions in females and ejaculation in males.
4. **Resolution**- In this phase of the body returns to its *non-excited state*
39
a characteristic that **causes pleasure or interest** by appealing to a person’s desires or tastes and cause one to be drawn to the other.
Attraction
40
how old is a person when **shown pictures of women’s faces** that had been previously *rated to for their attractiveness*, they spent more time looking at the faces of the ones which rated to be more attractive?
infant 2-8 month old
41
Criteria of beauty are subjective and vary over time in **different cultures.**
1. **Kayan Tribe** – (Border of *Burma & Thailand*) wear *brass rings around their neck* as a sign of ellegance and status.
2. **Maori Tribe** – (*New Zealand*) have *tattoo in their lips and chin*. A woman with full blue lips is considered the most beautiful and desirable.
3. **Mauritania** – (coast of *Africa*) *heavier is better*. Thick ankles, plump arms, stretch marks and large buttocks are considered the most beautiful part of the body.
42
THREE PHASES OF ROMANTIC LOVE (HELEN FISHER AND COLLEAGUES, 1998)
1. Lust phase
2. Attraction phase
3. Attachment phase
43
# **THREE PHASES OF ROMANTIC LOVE**
described as an **intense craving for sexual contact**
## Footnote
**Hormones and Neutral Pathway**: *Androgen* and *estrogen*, *pheromones* and the *senses*
Lust Phase
44
# **THREE PHASES OF ROMANTIC LOVE**
It is the period of time during which **couples are infatuated** and pursue a relationship. The energy and attention is focused on one particular person
## Footnote
**Hormones and Neutral Pathway**: *High dopamine* and *norepinephrine*, *low serotonin*
Attraction phase
45
# **THREE PHASES OF ROMANTIC LOVE**
It is a **long term bond between partners**. It is a feeling of security, comfort and emotional union.
## Footnote
**Hormones and Neutral Pathway**: *Oxytocin, vasopressin*
Attachment phase
46
What *percent* of believers in *women* and *men* that **did not believe that the best thing about love is sex**?
95% of women
91% of men
47
John Lee's Love Style
(EPLASM)
1. **Eros**- love is based on *strong sexual and emotional component*
2. **Pragma**- *practical and business- like love*
3. **Ludus**- *love is just a game*, something for fun and entertainment
4. **Agape**- this is *altruistic and selfless love*
5. **Storge**- *love-related friendship* and based on nonsexual affection
6. **Mania**- intense feeling of love that leads to *obsession*
48
Chemistry of Love (Hormones/Chemicals)
1. **Dopamine (DA) and Norepinephrine (NE)** -nuerotransmitter that are involved in *mood, motivation, attention and excitement*
2. **Serotonin** - neurotransmitter that has been asscociated with *obession, sex and sleep*
3. **Phenylethylamine (PEA)** - it is called *“love drug”*
4. **Oxytocin and Vasopressin** - *love hormone*
5. **Endorphins** - also called “
endogeneous morphine” chemicals on your body that releases when you *feel pain and stress*
49
The psychology of love shows that there are psychological theories that would explain **why people fall in love** which are:
1. Behavioral Reinforcement Theory
2. Physiological Arousal Theory
3. Evolutionary Theories
50
FACTORS THAT WOULD DETERMINE WITH WHOM PEOPLE FALL IN LOVE ARE (ROSENTHAL, 2013)
1. **Physical attractiveness**
2. **Reciprocity** (people tend to like an individual who also like them)
3. **Proximity** (being around anytime)
4. **Similarities**
51
DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
1. **Sociosexual behavior** - is sexual behavior involving more than one person
2. **Solitary behavior** - is a self-masturbation or self stimulation with the intention of causing sexual pleasure.
52
TYPES OF SEXUAL ORIENTATIONS
1. **Homosexual** - refers to a person whose sexual orientation is toward another of the same sex.
* Lesbian - woman whose sexual and romatic attraction is toward women
* Gay - man whose sexual and romantic attraction is toward men
2. **Heterosexual** - is a person whose sexual orientationis towards others of the opposite sex
3. **Bisexual** - is a person who may be sexually oriented to both men and women
4. **Pansexual** - is a new sexual orientation who are sexually attracted to people regardless of their sex or identity
5. **Transgender** - transiently or persistently identify with a gender different from their
53
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIS)
1. **HIV/AIDS** - Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome- an infection that *attack and destroy the immune system*
2. **Genital Herpes** - sexually transmitted infection caused by a *large family of viruses of diff strains*
3. **Genital Warts** - STI that caused by the human *papillomavirus*; it is contagious
4. **Ghonorrhea** - STI *caused by the bacterium*
5. **Syphillis** - STI caused by a bacterium spirochete
6. **Chlamydia** - the *most common sti*
54
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION IN HORMONAL METHOD OF CONTRACEPTION (OTITI)
* **Oral Contraceptive (Pills)** - these are *daily contraceptives.*
* **The patch** - It is a *small patch you stick on to the skin*. It stops ovulation and is over 99% effective if used according to instructions
* **The ring** - the contraceptive vaginal ring is a *small plastic ring a woman inserts* to her vagina every month and releases hormones to stop ovulation.
* **Implants** - a contraceptive implant that is *small flexible rod* that is place under the skin of the upper arm by a health professional and releases progestogen to stop ovulation.
* **Injectable** - the contraceptive injection which is a *long acting reversible contraception* does not depend on you taking it daily and is more than 99% effective.
55
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION IN BARRIER METHODS (DCM)
* **Diaphragm** - It is a *soft dome* made of latex or silicone and is used as spermicide
* **Cervical Caps** - these are similar to the diaphragm, though they are *generally always made of silicone*.
* **Male and Female Condoms or spermicides**- male condom is made up of *latex put over the penis* to stop the sperm from entering vagina
56
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION IN BEHAVIORAL METHODS (AWOR)
* **Rhythm or Calendar Method** - It is a way to *determine a woman's most fertile and infertile times* by charting the menstrual cycle. It is also known as natural family planning or fertility awareness
* **Abstinence or celibacy** - it refer to the *avoidance of sexual intercourse*
* **Outercourse** - it is a sexual activity that *does not include the insertion of the penis* into the vagina.
* **Withdrawal** - it happens when and when a *man removes his penis from the vagina and ejaculates outside* of the woman's body.
57
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION IN STERILIZATION METHODS (TV)
* **Tubal ligation/sterilization** -it is the surgery for woman in which *fallopian tube are tied to prevent eggs* from travelling to the uterus so a woman get pregnant
* **Vasectomy** - It is an operation in which the surgeon makes a *small cut in the upper part of the scrotum* then ties or blocks the vas deferens. Men can still have orgasm or ejaculation after the operation.
58
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION IN INTRAUTERINE DEVICE
* **Intrauterine Device (IUD)** - It is a *small device that is placed in the uterus* by a doctor to prevent pregnancy
59
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
1. **Hormonal Method of Contraception** (prevents the release of an egg or ovulation)
2. **Barrier Methods** (methods that physically or chemically block the sperm from reaching an egg and provide a barrier between direct skin to skin contacts)
3. **Behavioral Methods**
4. **Sterilization** (procedures that make an individual permanently incapable of conceiving or fertilizing a partner)
5. **Intrauterine Device (IUD)**- - It is a small device that is placed in the uterus by a doctor to prevent pregnancy
60
It is the **total of all the tangible things you own.**
| **“You are what you have”**
Material Self
61
# Who said the statement?
**Design combines need and desire in the form of practical object** that can also reflect the user's identity and aspirations through its form and decoration. For him, **there is significance and function behind everyday things**. He explains that there is a subconscious effect of design in everyday life.
John Heskett
62
He was one of the **first to observe the relationships that people have with objects** and in particular looked at objects as signs or things which could be decoded to convey a message beyond their practical value.
| **He popularized the field of Semiology**
Roland Barthes
63
**study of objects as signs**. It is an investigation in to how meaning is created and how meaning is communicated. Its origins lie in the academic study of how signs and symbols create meaning
Semiology
64
It is **anything that conveys meaning**. Everyday objects are not just things but a complex system of signs which allows one to read meaning into people and places.
Sign
65
**objects function as signifiers in the production of meaning**. They construct a meaning and carry a message, which as a member of a culture once can understand; all things, verbal or visual, could be viewed as kindof speech or language.
Semiotic analysis
66
Two elements of signs
* **Signifier** – refers to its *physical form* (e.g. a diamond ring)
* **Signified** – *mental concepts* it refers to (e.g. engaged to be married)
67
The Theory of Meaning of Material Possessions (SICS)
1. Instrumental functions
2. Social Symbolic functions
3. Categorical functions
4. Self -expressive functions
68
# **The Theory of Meaning of Material Possessions**
relate to the **functional properties of a product** (ex. person bought a pick-up style of car for familyor businessfunctions)
Instrumental functions
69
# **The Theory of Meaning of Material Possessions**
signify **personal qualities**, **social standing**, group affiliation and gender role. (ex. buying iPhone instead of other brand of phone)
Social Symbolic functions
70
# **The Theory of Meaning of Material Possessions**
refer to the extent to which material possession maybe used to **communicate group membership status**. (Example is buying or renting a condo unit in Makati City)
Categorical functions
71
# **The Theory of Meaning of Material Possessions**
reflect a **person's unique qualities, values or attitude**. (There are people who may represent themselves by collecting objects with a Hello Kitty brand. Others amy express their favorite color through the color of their accessories)
Self-expressive functions
72
defined as **the study of things that a person is lacking**, of how people make us use of the things that they have and of making the right decisions
Economics
73
the *ability* of individuals and families to **consistently meet their need**
Economic self sufficiency
74
it is the **result of** **socialization and professionalization** of the subject that acquires a particular significance in human affairs
Economic Consciousness
## Footnote
It includes social perception, attitude, relationship and opinion of personal/social group about different economic objects and phenomena
75
it is a **psychological phenomenon** that results from **social categorization** (category of economic status is whether the person belongs to the rich, sustainable or poor sectors of society
Economic identity
76
SYMBOLIC MOTIVES
1. **Status**- the extent to which people believe they can derive a *sense of recognition* and achievement *from owning and using the right kind of product,* can be important motivator of behavior
2. **Affective Motives**- Affect (emotions) *serves as a motivator of pro-enviornmental behavior*
77
it is when a person is **expecting to feel good** or guilty when doing something
Anticipated effect
## Footnote
**Anticipated positive affect** (*excitement, pride, happiness*) and **negative affect** (*anger, sadness, frustration*) are important predcitors of whether to buy or not to buy the product.
78
it is the **pattern of consumption** that decsribes the consume
Consumer Identity
79
become **increasingly more meaning-based**; brands are often used as symbolic sources for the construction and maintenance of identity
Consumption
80
it is the **preoccupation with and an inclination towards buying of consumer goods**. It is also based on the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically desirable
Consumerism
81
people **respond to goods and services based on people's assumptions** that is associated to their social identities
BY CHOICE OR COMPULSION
82
____in **supernatural being** is one of the **basic characteristics of religion**. A supernatural being is a being that is better, and more powerful than any creature in the natural world
Belief
83
includes **all that cannot be explained by the law of nature**, including things characteristic of or relating to ghost, god, or other type of spirits and other non-material beings, or to thing beyond nature
supernatural or above natural
84
In 21st century, the decline religiousness in United State was observed in ages?
adolescents 14 to 20 years of age
85
Religiousness was measured by
* frequency of prayer
* frequency of discussing religious teachings
* frequency of deciding moral actions for religious reasons and the overall importance of religion in everyday life
86
adolescent girls are more religious than the adolescents boys (Santrock, 2014)
edi true hahaha (according sa study)
87
They are more **motivated to behave in a socially acceptable manner** such as doing well in school, caring for people and being respectful. Such action are being encouraged by the church in addition to deepening of their faith
Church goers
88
**One of the oldest beliefs**. It's the belief that **everything in nature**-living things like trees, plants and even non living rocks or streams **have their own spirit or divinity**
Animism
89
Animism is taken from the Latin word? which means?
anima- meaning breath or soul
90
They are still present, accepted and never entirely disappeared
Animistic beliefs
91
The “soul"
or spirit in the different regions of the Philippines:
1. **Kaluluwa** by the *Tagalogs*
2. **Gimokud** by the *Bagobos*
3. **Makatu** by the *Bukidnons*
4. **Dungan** by the *Ilonggos* when the person is alive; “kalag” or “detached, “free” when he is dead
5. **Ikararuwa** by the *Ibanags*
6. **Kadkadduwa** by the *Ilokanos* when the soul is in the physical body andit is seen as a constant companion; karuruwa when it departs
92
The soul according to the **indigenous Filipino** is known as “**kaluluwa**”, ikaruruwa or kararuwa. It is taken from the root word? which means?
“duwa”-two.
93
The soul has two parts
Physical- connected to body
Spiritual- exists on its own
94
For them, the **soul is the principle of life in man**. Body is the matter; the soul is the form
Ibanags
95
They may **leave the body voluntarily while the person is asleep** according to the *Bisayans*. Among the ancient Filipino, when theperson is asleep he/she should not be awakened quickly in order to give ample time for it to return to the body
## Footnote
travelling outside of the body it should be freed from accidents because there is a possibility that it might be trapped in a jar or be poured out with liquid from a vessel.
Dungan
96
They believe that the soul or dungan is **not located in any specific part of the body**
Bisayans
## Footnote
The bisayans dungan has a secondary meaning of “**wildflower**”. A strong dungan is the intellectual and psychological capacity to dominate others to one's way of thinking
97
a **religious or solemn ceremony** consisting of a **series of actions** performed according to a prescribed order. It consists of a sequence of activities involving gestures, words, and objects, performed in a specific place, according to a set sequence
ritual
98
refers to **movements or gestures expressing feelings or beliefs** beyond the limitations of a speech. It can elaborate or simple, formal or intimate. It is also set of formal actions performed as prescribed by a ritual or a custom such as in a wedding
Ceremony
99
is an **organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals and symbols** that increases an individual’s connection to a **sacred** or transcedent other (God,higher power, ultimate truth)
| **It is the belief in a god or in a group of gods.**
## Footnote
It may also be referred to as an organized systemof beliefs, ceremonies and rules used to worship a god.
religion
100
refer to as the “feelings, acts, and experiences of **individual men** in their solitude"
personal religion
101
TOP 10 RELIGIONS IN THE WORLD BY POPULATION
1. CHRISTIANITY- 2.1 Billion followers
2. ISLAM- 1.5 billion followers
3. HINDUISM- 900 million followers 4. BUDDHISM- 376 million followers
5. SIKHISM- 23 million followers
6. JUDAISM- 14 million followers
7. BAHAISM- 7 million followers
8. CONFUCIANISM- 6.3 million followers
9. JAINISM- 4.2 million followers
10. SHINTOISM- 4 million followers
102
the degree by which **one is affiliated with an organized religion** in terms of the person’s participation in the prescribed rituals and practices, connection with it’s belief and involvement with its community of believers (Santrock, 2014)
Religiousness
103
involves **experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner** and living in a way that benefits others and society. It could also be related to a search for the sacred.
Spirituality
104
the **persistent sense of self that addresses ultimate questions about nature**, purpose and meaning of life. It results in behaviours that are consonant with the individual’s core values
## Footnote
emerges as the symbolic religious and spiritual content of a culture that is appropriated by individuals in the context of their own lives
Spiritual Identity
105
# WHAT IS THE QUOTE?
This is true from the study. “A Structural EquationMOdeling on the Factors Affecting Intolerance of Uncertainty and Worry Among a Select Group of Filipino Elderly”(De Guzman and Larracas, 2014)
“A high level of spirituality leads to a higher level of self-efficiency”
106
the **power of apparently influencing** the course of events by **using mysterious or supernatural forces.**
## Footnote
**ability to use supernatural forces to make impossible things happen**, such as making people disappear or controlling events in nature
Magic
107
the one who **performs the magic** like casting spells and summoning spirits.
magician
108
Magician is *derived* from the **Old French word**? which meanings? and *rooted* from the **Greek word**? which means?
Old French- magicien (“magician or sorcerer”)
Greek- magikos or magos (“magical”)
109
translated from **Greek word** **pharmakos**, and **carries with it the idea of medicine**, magic potions, drugs, and poison.
sorcerer
110
one **who is thought to be acquainted with the secrets** of the non material or *unseen word*
wizard
111
one who is ‘**seeking unto the dead**’. It is a term that includes all forms of attempt to make **contact with departed spirits**
necromancer
112
the **Filipino term for sorcerer**. It is used to describe malignant sorcery or familiar spirits
Barang
113
a person **who practices this specific type of sorcery** or witchcraft
Mambabarang
114
the **target** (usually a person) of the **sorcery** or witchcraft.
Binarang
115
the **Tagalog word for ‘voodoo’ or ‘witchcraft’**. It is one of the most well-known aspects of Philippine folklore. The fear of kulam usually has an effect on how a person conducts himself in the community and how people treat each other in a community.
Kulam
116
a person **who uses black magic** or spells on a victim.
Mangkukulam
117
a **Filipino practitioner of traditional medicine**; he is also a medicine man who is also capable of performing sorcery
Albulario/mananambal
118
begin when a **person who is said to have experienced an encounter with any of these creatures** relates his scary experience to his family, the story is then **passed on** to the relatives, the neighbours until the tale is **spread widely** to the rest of community and from community to the other
Folklore
119
a term coined by **Victor Frankl** (1905-1997) , an existential philosopher . ‘**Logos**” is a **Greek** word which stands for **meaning**
| **aims to help the person search for the meaning of his existence**
Logotherapy
120
THREE BASIC PRINCIPLES ON DISCOVERING MEANING IN LIFE
1. Meaning in life
2. Will to meaning
3. Freedom to will
121
# **THREE BASIC PRINCIPLES ON DISCOVERING MEANING IN LIFE**
In logotherapy, **man should see existence as experiencing life’s ups and downs**. Finding meaning in life does not mean that people should strive to become perfect.
## Footnote
This principle, emphasizes that in spite of the person’s wealth, status or gender, he should discover meaning in life events and circumstances.
Meaning in life
122
# **THREE BASIC PRINCIPLES ON DISCOVERING MEANING IN LIFE**
The **meaning that one attaches to experiences is not obvious**. Since the meaning varies from person to person and situation to situation.
## Footnote
It is quite challenging to discover what the experience means to be fulfilled. The meaning given to one’s life may also vary at any moment.
Will to meaning
123
# **THREE BASIC PRINCIPLES ON DISCOVERING MEANING IN LIFE**
People are **given the freedom to make life choices** which includes how they respond to life events. People can discover meaning through the values that they attach to things connected with their lives.
Freedom to will
124
As the **fastest country in growing market of smartphones in ASEAN**, which is the Philippines, how many smartphones were shipped to the country during the first quarter of 2016?
3.5 million smartphones
125
Statistics from Western countries showed that in 2012,
1. 78% of online teens own a cell phone
2. 8 out of 10 teens own a desktop or laptop
3. 23% of teens have tablet computer
4. 50% send to 50 or more text messages a day
126
defined as those capabilities possessed by **individuals who are living**, learning and working in a **digital society**.
Digital literacy
127
the **lack of restraint one feels when communicating online** in comparison to communicating in-person.
## Footnote
This could have both positive and negative effect. In positive light, **user can exhibit extraordinary acts of kindness or charity**. They may have felt inhibited from expressing it in real life for whatever reason so they express it through the anonymity of
cyberspace.
Online disinhibition
128
TWO CATEGORIES OF ONLINE DISINHIBITION
1. Benign Disinhibition
2. Toxic Disinhibition
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# **TWO CATEGORIES OF ONLINE DISINHIBITION**
**Not all disinhibition is a bad thing.** Sometimes people share very personal things about themselves. It could be a cathartic experience which gives opportunity to reveal secret emotions, fear and wishes. The disinhibition indicates an **attempt to understand and explore oneself**, to work through problems and find new ways of being
| **Online disinhibition also enhance self-esteem and self confidence**
## Footnote
They show **unusual act of kindness and generosity**, sometimes going out of their way to help others.
ex. donating for a cause or buying something for a cause or combat loneliness and depression through online interactions.
Benign Disinhibition
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**Disinhibition can also be ugly.** People have witnessed rude language, harsh criticism, anger, hatred even threat online. Other may even go to the **dark side of the internet** where they can access pornography, crimes and other form of violence.
| **People go to virtual space which they are not supposed to explore**.
Toxic Disinhibition
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**bullying that takes place using electronic technology**. Electronic technology includes devices and equipment such as cell phones, computers, and tablets as well as communication tools including social media sites, text messages, chat and websites
Cyberbullying
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the **use of information** and **Communication Technology** **to harass, control, manipulate** or habitually disparage a child, adult, business or group **without a direct or implied threat of physical harm**
Cyber Harassment
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refers to anything that **describes a person an individual presents across all digital spaces** that he/she is represented in
digital identity (DI)
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express **one’s identity to others and helps them make sense of it themselves**. There are the **signals that represent who the person is offline** such as hair, clothes, and body modification.
Symbolic markers
135
lets a person associate a **persistent ID for a single user** with that user’s engagement data from one or more devices
User ID
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also called **login name**, sign-in name, sign on name which is a unique sequence of characters **used to identify a user and allow access to a computer system**, computer network, or online account
Username
137
also **plays a role for online users**. As the word ‘anonymous’ indicates, **a person can have no name or at least not the real name**. *People don’t have to own their behaviour* by acknowledging it within the full context of who ‘they’ really are
Dissociative anonymity
138
a **range of strategies** that people adopt to *shape what others think of them.*
Self-presentation
139
# **STRATEGIES AND IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT**
The person is **trying to show what he/she is competent**, effective or a winner. This person **expects respect.**
Self Promotion
140
# **STRATEGIES AND IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT**
The person has a **desire to be likeable**. They **expect affection**. This person takes an **interest in one’s personal lives** to show them that they are friendly
Ingratiation
141
# **STRATEGIES AND IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT**
This person has an **intention to achieve worth from others**. He/she **expects others to feel guilty** by their action. This person tries to *appear like a hardworking dedicated employee to make other feel less worthy* than they are.
Exemplification
142
# **STRATEGIES AND IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT**
The person **tries to appear dangerous or ruthless**. He/she **expects others to be afraid of them**. People do this when they are *expecting others to finish a task*
Intimidation
143
# **STRATEGIES AND IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT**
The person like to **appear helpless (unfortunate)**. He or she **aims to achieve nurturance from others**
Supplication
144
refers to the tendency to **think of oneself in a favourable light**
Self-enhancement
145
refers to **deliberate attempt to distort one’s responses** in order to create a **favourable impression with others**.
impression management
146
set of **guidelines, rules or limits** that a **person creates to identify reasonable**, safe and permissible ways for people to **behave towards them** and how they respond in case someone breaks these rules or oversteps the limits
Personal boundaries
147
**Not having to cope with someone’s immediate reaction** disinhibits people which connotes what?
asynchronicity
148
Nobody can judge the statements and images because of the cloak of?
## Footnote
**gauge to misrepresent oneself**. A *man may represent himself as a woman and vice versa.*
invisibility
149
states that **psychological and behavioural differences between boys and girls become greater** *during early adolescence* because of increased socialization pressure to conform to masculine and feminine gender roles (Santrock, 2014)
Gender intensification hypothesis
150
# WHAT STUDY SAID THE STATEMENT?
the result showed that **users present themselves in a less gender stereotypical way online**, and that women do so more than males; altered self-presentation on Facebook influenced personal well being, but to a lesser degree than other factors; finally, high intensity Facebook use showed a negative effect on well- being
‘GENDER STEREOTYPE IN FACEBOOK PROFILES: ARE WE WOMEN MORE FEMALE ONLINE?'
