midterms Flashcards
they sought to describe self as the essential qualities that compose a person’s uniqueness
Philosophers
self as a product of social interactions, developed overtime through social activities and experiences
Sociology
self as a culturally shaped construct or idea. it is an autonomous participant in the society as it is submerged in society.
Anthropology
- self as having characteristics or properties that can be used against it
- self is related to its physical and social environment
Psychology
world is an artifact
-the self possess an internal distinction from external environment
western myth
world is a drama
-self is seen through the eyes of a community rather than a detached,
Eastern myth
“The pursuit of knowledge for its own sake”
Philosophy
“I know that I don’t know”
Socrates
unexamined life is not worth living
Socrates
soul first before man’s body
Socrates
an idea was tested by asking a series of questions
Socratic method
soul is immortal
Socrates
Virtuous man is a happy man
Socrates
body is a slave of soul—master
Socrates
“Balance between the mind and body”
Plato
his philosophical method is “collection and division”
Plato
the changing body/ material self is only a replica of our true self
Plato
Theory of forms
- ideal world/ world of forms (the permanent, unchanging reality)
- material world (keeps on changing)
we continue to exist even in the absence of our bodies because we are souls only
Plato
(sensual)- enjoys sensual experiences
Appetitive
(reasoning)- forbids sensual, loves truth
Rational
(feeling)- inclined towards reason but understand the demands of passion; loves honor and victory
Spirited
“All knowledge leads to God”
St. Augustine
adopted Plato’s view that the self is an immaterial (but rational) soul
St. Augustine
soul held the truth, capable of critical thinking
St. Augustine
Human being is both soul and body, and the body possessed senses (imagination, memory, reason and mind) through which the soul experienced the world
St. Augustine
the aspects of self, according to St. Augustine are:
- it is able to be aware of itself
- It recognizes itself as a holistic one
- It is aware of its unity
“I think, therefore I am”
Rene Descartes
reason based on observational and empirical evidence
Rene Descartes
doubt as a principal tool of disciplined inquiry
Rene Descartes
sometimes called methodological skepticism. It is a systemic process of being skeptical about the truth of one’s beliefs in order to determine which beliefs could be ascertained as true.
hyperbolical/metaphysical doubt
is reason rather than experience is the foundation of all knowledge
Rationalism
by doubting his own existence, he proved that there is a thinking entity that is doing the act of doubting
Descartes
claim about self is that it is constant; not prone to change and it is not affected by time
Descartes
claim about self is that only the immaterial soul remains the same throughout time
Descartes
claim about self is that the immaterial soul is the source of identity
Descartes
“Human mind at birth is a tabula rasa”
John Locke
knowledge is derived from experience
Locke
if Descartes self is thinking thing, then he included memories into that thinking thing, to define self
Locke
consciousness and this self consist of sameness with consciousness
Locke
According to him, self consist of memory
Locke
a theory that a person can only be held accountable for behaviors he/ she remembers
Theory of personal accountability
“all knowledge is derived from senses”
David Hume
an idea that origin of all knowledge is sense experience.
Empiricism
self as a bundle or a collection of different perceptions that are moving in a very fast and successive manner; therefore, it is in a “perpetual flux”
Bundle Theory
According to him, self is merely made up of successive impressions
Hume
things perceived by senses as we experience them (direct)
Impression
less forcibly; things we create in our mind based on the previously perceived impression
Ideas
He stated there is no permanent and unchanging self. “I” will be constantly changing
Hume
He said that there is no self; “self” is a passive observer
Hume
“all knowledge begins with senses then understanding then reason. reason is the final authority of morality”
Immanuel Kant
He views “self” as transcendental, that the self is related to a spiritual or non-physical realm
Kant
he stated:
“self” is not in the body but the body and it’s qualities are rooted to the “self”
- Knowledge, the bridge of ‘self’ and material things
Kant
According to him, what truly exist is your ideas and knowledge of your ideas
Kant
the “self” which you are aware of alterations in your own state. These are your rational intellect and your psychological state such as moods, feelings, pleasure, pain and sensation
Inner self
the common boundary between inner self and outside world. It gathers information from the outside world through senses.
Outer self
man is capable of making decisions for himself because he is a freeman, gifted with reason and free will which is tested with his decision to be moral
Kant
“Wish fulfillment is the road to unconscious”
Sigmund Freud
the totality of the human mind, both conscious and unconscious.
Psyche
it deals with awareness of present perceptions, feelings, thoughts, memories, and fantasies
Conscious
data that can be brought to consciousness
Preconscious/ subconscious
data retained but not easily available to consciousness
Unconscious
the personality theory based on the notion that an individual gets motivated by unseen forces, controlled by the conscious and rational thoughts.
Psychoanalytic theory
pleasure principle. Every wishful impulse should be satisfied immediately, regardless of the consequence
ID
reality principle. It works out realistic ways to satisfy ID’s demands. It considers social realities, etiquettes, norms and rules.
EGO
incorporates the values and morals of society. strives for perfection.
Superego
“I act therefore, I am”
Gilbert Ryle
he rejected the notion that mental states are separable from physical states
Ryle
- the relation between mind and body are not isolated processes
- mental process are intelligent acts, and are not distinct from each other
- the operation of mind is itself an intelligent act
Ryle
He described this distinction between mind and body as “dogma of the ghost in the machine” where he explained there is no hidden identity or ghost called soul inside a machine called body
Ryle
He stated that: your actions define your own concept of self
Ryle
“The physical brain and not the imaginary mind gives us our sense of self”
Paul Churchland
known for neurophilosophy. his philosophy stands on materialistic view
Churchland
people’s common sense of understanding of the mind (folk psychology) is false, and that certain classes of mental states which most people believe in do not exist.
Eliminative materialism
According to him, “self’ originated from the brain itself and is a product of electrochemical signals produced by the brain
Churchland
“the physical body is an important part of self”
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
body as the primary site of knowing the world
Ponty
self is an embodied subjectivity - an entity possesses conscious experience.
Ponty
According to her, body acts what the mind perceives as a unified one
Ponty
He suggests that our subjective experience shapes what we consider beautiful
St. Augustine
objects are considered beautiful not
because of their own inherent qualities, but because they reflect a perfect idea of beauty that exists in an abstract realm.
Plato
order, symmetry, and definiteness that can be demonstrated by mathematical science.
Aristotle
beauty was associated with pleasure as a personal preference.
Beauty is Subjective
-exist merely in the mind
- each mind perceives a different beauty
- Beauty exists in the mind of the observer,
David Hume
- Respect for differing opinions on beauty is essential, as there is no universal standard that dictates what is beautiful.
David Hume
Critique of Judgment
- Taste is tied to individual experience and perception. It reflects personal emotions and attitudes rather than universal or logical criteria.
Immanuel Kant
the perception of beauty does depend on the external sense of sight
Francis Hutcheson
according to him, The perception of beauty involves an internal, reflective process where we interpret and evaluate the sensory data based on personal experiences and emotions.
Francis Hutcheson
error in reasoning, evaluating, remembering or any other mental process
Cognitive Bias
“what is beautiful is
good” principle.
Halo Effect
it is how one thinks about towards one’s body
Body image
It is the number of successes a person achieves in the domain of life.
- how you value yourself and how you feel others value you.
Self-esteem
is the degree to which a person’s physical traits are considered pleasing or beautiful
Beauty
use up, to spend wastefully, to destroy
Consumption
Behind consumption there is _________. consumers keep company alive
Production
it is about practicing buying habits regardless of price and relevance.
Conscious consumption
consumption has become an addiction. people’s attached to buying something.
Psychological/ sociological consumption
He views consumer culture as a symbolic idea. it’s an image we build for ourselves through social interaction
Mach
According to him, consumer culture is a social category defined by membership rules, characteristic attributes, or expected behavior. It is a socialite feature an individual takes pride in having.
Erik Erickson
what is consumer culture according to slater…
- Consumer culture is a culture of consumption
- Consumer culture is the culture of market society
- Consumer culture is universal and impersonal
- Consumer culture identifies freedom with private choices and life
- Consumer needs are insatiable and unlimited.
- Consumer culture is a privileged medium for building personal identity and status.
is the strongest force affecting people’s lives, especially their behavior and thinking process.
Consumerism
is considered “fundamental” sex because if a particular chemical prompting is absent, all fertilized eggs will develop into females.
Female sex
for a fertilized egg to become male, a
cascade of chemical reaction must be present initiated by a single gene in the male chromosome called
SRY (sex-determining region of the Y chromosome)
is the stage of development at which individuals become sexually mature
Puberty
areas of the body that are highly sensitive to stimuli
EROGENOUS ZONE
the primary erotic stimulus
Skin
usually haired skin; dermal-nerve network and hair follicle network; exaggerated form of tickle
nonspecific
mucocutaneous regions—mucous membrane and cutaneous skin; genital regions:
Specific type
Foreskin; skin covering at the tip of penis
Prepuce
male erectile organ of copulation
Penis
small, sensitive, and located in front of the opening of the vagina.
clitoris
fleshy lips around the vagina. these are the outer folds of the vulva
Labia majora
Female External Genitalia
Vulva
inner lips, inner labia, vaginal lips or nymphae are two flaps of skin situated between the labia majora.
Labia minora
opening that leads to vaginal canal
Vaginal introitus
is a membrane that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening
Hymen
surrounding the anus
Perianal skin
can be erogenous zone when used in kissing and any other acts of intimacy
Lips
raised region of tissue on the surface of the breast
Nipples
they proposed sexual response cycle
William masters and Virginia Johnson
sequence of physical and emotional occurrences when the person is participating in a sexually stimulating activity
sexual response cycle
sexual response cycle
- Excitement - starting point
- Plateau - intensified
- Orgasm - forceful release
- Resolution - returns to normal
(EROTIC PASSION)- physical attraction; testosterone in men and estrogen in women.
Lust
(ROMANTIC PASSION)- crave for your partner’s presence; feel excitement and energetic
Attraction
cause obsessive thinking
serotonin
motivation and goal; sense of novelty
dopamine
extra surge of energy
Noripinephrine
(COMMITMENT)- desire to have a lasting commitment with your
significant other
Attachment
is typically viewed as an interest in sexual objects or activities
Sexual desire
biologically mediated motivation to seek sexual activity or sexual gratification; not dependent on hormonal factors
Sexual drive
Gender differences on sexual desire
factors that influence the notable gender differences on sexual desire include:
culture
social environment
political situations
limbic system structure that is a center of emotions
Amygdala
structure in the limbic system that is a pleasure center
Nucleus accumbens
person’s emotional and erotic attraction toward another individual.
Sexual orientation
refers to one’s sense of being female or male.
Gender identity
wide spectrum of gender identities, sexual orientation, and romantic orientations
LGBTQ+
-reveal oneself to others in a believable manner
- self that is constructed online
Digital self
he analyzed that the “self” and its relationship with others can be distinguished as sincerity and authenticity.
Leonel Trilling
in digital self, it refers to the exposure in public of what one feels privately.
Sincerity
In digital self, a person who takes action based on some internal standard and takes responsibility for this freely chosen action
Authenticity
it is one of the characteristics of digital self;
others cannot see the online user’s overt attributes
Oriented inward
it is one of the characteristics of digital self;
online users will only come to know the person primarily through what that person tells them
Narrative in nature
it is one of the characteristics of digital self;
others are unable to link the online self-claims to offline identities.
Retractable
it is one of the characteristics of digital self;
people can interact with one another in different domains
Multipliable
people are able to present themselves online in the manner that they want to (superficial)
Self-presentation
any behavior intended to create, modify, or maintain an impression of ourselves in the minds of others
Selective self-presentation
- attempt to control or influence any other people’s perceptions
Impression management
an impression management that its motive is to basically gain rewards and increase one’s self-esteem
instrument
an impression management that its motivation about attempting to be in control of one’s personal behavior and identity.
expressive
a person actively says things or takes action to show his or her competence to an audience.
Self-promotion
someone tries to win the approval or acceptance of another
Ingratiation
strategic self-sacrifice so that observers may recognize the dedication.
Exemplification
showing off authority, power in order to be seen by observers as someone who could be or is dangerous.
Intimidation
individual exploits his/her weakness or shortcomings to receive help of benefits
Supplication
refers to mental events in a person that are inherently unobservable by others.
private
behaviors that are open to the observation of other people.
Public
is a concept you develop about yourself that evolves over the course of your life.
Personal identity
is a person’s sense of who he/she is based on group membership/s.
Social identity
is an important bio-psycho- social development.
development of sexuality
