midterms Flashcards
they sought to describe self as the essential qualities that compose a person’s uniqueness
Philosophers
self as a product of social interactions, developed overtime through social activities and experiences
Sociology
self as a culturally shaped construct or idea. it is an autonomous participant in the society as it is submerged in society.
Anthropology
- self as having characteristics or properties that can be used against it
- self is related to its physical and social environment
Psychology
world is an artifact
-the self possess an internal distinction from external environment
western myth
world is a drama
-self is seen through the eyes of a community rather than a detached,
Eastern myth
“The pursuit of knowledge for its own sake”
Philosophy
“I know that I don’t know”
Socrates
unexamined life is not worth living
Socrates
soul first before man’s body
Socrates
an idea was tested by asking a series of questions
Socratic method
soul is immortal
Socrates
Virtuous man is a happy man
Socrates
body is a slave of soul—master
Socrates
“Balance between the mind and body”
Plato
his philosophical method is “collection and division”
Plato
the changing body/ material self is only a replica of our true self
Plato
Theory of forms
- ideal world/ world of forms (the permanent, unchanging reality)
- material world (keeps on changing)
we continue to exist even in the absence of our bodies because we are souls only
Plato
(sensual)- enjoys sensual experiences
Appetitive
(reasoning)- forbids sensual, loves truth
Rational
(feeling)- inclined towards reason but understand the demands of passion; loves honor and victory
Spirited
“All knowledge leads to God”
St. Augustine
adopted Plato’s view that the self is an immaterial (but rational) soul
St. Augustine
soul held the truth, capable of critical thinking
St. Augustine
Human being is both soul and body, and the body possessed senses (imagination, memory, reason and mind) through which the soul experienced the world
St. Augustine
the aspects of self, according to St. Augustine are:
- it is able to be aware of itself
- It recognizes itself as a holistic one
- It is aware of its unity
“I think, therefore I am”
Rene Descartes
reason based on observational and empirical evidence
Rene Descartes
doubt as a principal tool of disciplined inquiry
Rene Descartes
sometimes called methodological skepticism. It is a systemic process of being skeptical about the truth of one’s beliefs in order to determine which beliefs could be ascertained as true.
hyperbolical/metaphysical doubt
is reason rather than experience is the foundation of all knowledge
Rationalism
by doubting his own existence, he proved that there is a thinking entity that is doing the act of doubting
Descartes
claim about self is that it is constant; not prone to change and it is not affected by time
Descartes
claim about self is that only the immaterial soul remains the same throughout time
Descartes
claim about self is that the immaterial soul is the source of identity
Descartes
“Human mind at birth is a tabula rasa”
John Locke
knowledge is derived from experience
Locke
if Descartes self is thinking thing, then he included memories into that thinking thing, to define self
Locke
consciousness and this self consist of sameness with consciousness
Locke
According to him, self consist of memory
Locke
a theory that a person can only be held accountable for behaviors he/ she remembers
Theory of personal accountability
“all knowledge is derived from senses”
David Hume
an idea that origin of all knowledge is sense experience.
Empiricism
self as a bundle or a collection of different perceptions that are moving in a very fast and successive manner; therefore, it is in a “perpetual flux”
Bundle Theory
According to him, self is merely made up of successive impressions
Hume
things perceived by senses as we experience them (direct)
Impression
less forcibly; things we create in our mind based on the previously perceived impression
Ideas
He stated there is no permanent and unchanging self. “I” will be constantly changing
Hume
He said that there is no self; “self” is a passive observer
Hume
“all knowledge begins with senses then understanding then reason. reason is the final authority of morality”
Immanuel Kant
He views “self” as transcendental, that the self is related to a spiritual or non-physical realm
Kant
he stated:
“self” is not in the body but the body and it’s qualities are rooted to the “self”
- Knowledge, the bridge of ‘self’ and material things
Kant
According to him, what truly exist is your ideas and knowledge of your ideas
Kant
the “self” which you are aware of alterations in your own state. These are your rational intellect and your psychological state such as moods, feelings, pleasure, pain and sensation
Inner self
the common boundary between inner self and outside world. It gathers information from the outside world through senses.
Outer self
man is capable of making decisions for himself because he is a freeman, gifted with reason and free will which is tested with his decision to be moral
Kant
“Wish fulfillment is the road to unconscious”
Sigmund Freud
the totality of the human mind, both conscious and unconscious.
Psyche
it deals with awareness of present perceptions, feelings, thoughts, memories, and fantasies
Conscious
data that can be brought to consciousness
Preconscious/ subconscious
data retained but not easily available to consciousness
Unconscious
the personality theory based on the notion that an individual gets motivated by unseen forces, controlled by the conscious and rational thoughts.
Psychoanalytic theory
