Midterms Flashcards
Study of the motion of projectiles
Ballistics
To throw
Ballo or ballein
Balista means
Gigantic bow or catapult
Systemized body of knowledge
Science
Refers to bullet/slug/ball/pellet/flechette that passes through the barrel of FA
Projectile
The science if FA identification by means of the ammunition fired through them
Forensic ballistics
As applied to ballistics or to any other subjects suggests a relationship to a court of justice and legal proceedings.
Forensic
Forensis means - ___ that means ____
Forum
Public/ market place
Movement of projectile inside and outside barrel
Motion
Forward movement of projectile with the action of expansive force of gases.
Direct motion
The turning of bullet inside and outside barrel with the action of the rifling
Rotary motion
Movement of projectile after hitting the target
Translational motion
Also called internal ballistic
Interior ballistics
Study of projectile while still inside the barrel
Interior ballistic
From breech to the muzzle of barrel
Interior ballistic
Failure of cartridge to explode
Misfire
Delay of explosion
Hangfire
Created during manufacture such as spiral cutting of the grooves
Irregularities
Caused by tools in the manufacture of the chamber
Scratches
Not polished well
Roughness
Caused by drill blade and is beyond the control of a man
Imperfections
The chamber pressure is 46,000 per square inch (psi)
Caliber .357
Occurs when shell is separated from the bullet, the shell will be pushed back to the breech face leaving such marks
Breechface marks
Refers to the fatal equivalent of a bullet
Energy
Rearward movement of the gun caused by equal and opposite reaction of the gun against the forward movement of the bullet after the explosion
Recoil
For every action there is a corresponding reaction
Kinetic Energy Principle
Gadget that is attached to the muzzle of the gun to reduce recoil
Compensator/ muzzle break
Used to load proper amount of gunpowder in every ammunition
Ballistics Data
This has gyroscopic stability
Rifled-bore Barrels
The bullet will just move forward with no gyroscopic stability
Smooth-bore barrels
The ability of the bullet within effective range due to the twist of the rifling
Gyroscopic stability
Metal strips left by bullet inside
Metal fowl
Lubricant substance used ti prevent the adherence if metal fowl
Graphite
After leaving the muzzle to before immediately hitting the target
Exterior ballistics
Noise or sound created at the muzzle
Muzzle blast
Energy generated at the muzzle
Muzzle energy
Actual curve path of the bullet
Trajectory
Between muzzle and the target
Range
Distance at which the bullet is expected to be lethal
Effective/ accurate range
Maximum projectile a bullet can reach
Maximum range
Rate of the speed of a bullet
Velocity
Capacity of a bullet to resist air during its flight from the muzzle if the gun
Air resistance
Dragging if a bullet downward due to air resistance
Aerodynamic drag
The deceleration of a byllet on flight due to gravity
Ballistic pendulum
Allows a body at rest to remain at rest or body in motion to remain in motion
Inertia
The unstable movement of bullet on flight such as wobbling (tail wag) or tumbling of bullet before hitting the target
Yawing
Caused by yawing of bullet resulting to hitting of target sideways resulting to oval-like entry of bullet
Keyhole shot
The downward movement of the bullet after reaching its maximum range
Pull of gravity
the entry of the bullet in the target
Penetration
The bouncing of a projectile after hitting a surface
Ricochet
The study of effects/impact of projectile to the target
Terminal Ballistics
Size of the bullet grouping on the target
Terminal accuracy
Energy of the projectile upon striking the target
Terminal Energy
Depth of the bullet penetration on the target
Terminal Penetration
Speed of the bullet inside the target
Terminal Velocity
Science of FA identification by means of ammunition fired through them
Forensic Ballistics
Refers to the work of an investigator in the field
Field Investigation
Refers to the examination/comparison conducted by Firearm Examiner
Technical Examination
The presentation of the “Ballistics Report” on firearms, bullet, shells, and allied exhibits in court
Legal Proceedings
Receives and conducts the laboratory examination at the laboratory and transmit the result of such examination to the requesting party
Forensic Examiner
Focused with the study of shots/pellets from smoothbore firearms like shotguns and muskets
Shot Ballistics
Discharge single but usually multiple shots/pellets in a single fire
Shotguns
Another smoothbore firearm that discharges single ball in one firing
Musket
Can be found at a distance of 5-8 yards
Shot wads
With the use of shotgun appear externally with a circular defect approximating the bore of the weapon used
Contact wounds
Appears with smudges of gunpowder with cherry-red discoloration
Muzzle Imprint
Expressed in hundredths of an inch
American System
Expressed in thousandths of an inch
English System
Expressed in millimeters
Continental/ European System
CHAPTER 2
An engine of war that throws rocks, arrows, or missiles
Gunne
Includes all rifles, revolvers, pistols, muskets, shotguns, carbines and all other deadly weapons from which a projectile maybe discharged
Firearms (legal)
Used in the propulsion of projectile by means of expansive force of gases from burning gunpowder
Firearms (technical)
Designed to be fired from the shoulder
Rifle
Smoothbore FA designed to shoot single pellet
Musket
Smoothbore FA designed to shoot several pellets
Shotgun
A handgun with rotating cylinder. Kinds of Solid Frame (S.Colt), Swing-out (US), and Breaktop (UK). As to firing mechanism, it could be single or double action
Revolver
A handgun that could be semi-auto or auto/full auto. Process includes: loading, cocking, and firing
Pistol
The smallest pistol in the world, made in 1914
Kolibri Auto Pistol
Now, considered the most powerful handgun in the world. It replaced magnum .44
Caliber .50
A caliber .30 smooth-bore FA invented by David Carbine William having a barrel of not more than 22 inches
Carbine
A FA that requires manually cocking the hammer before pressure upon the trigger when firing
Single Action
A FA in which pressure upon trigger automatically releases the hammer.
Double Action
No rifling (lands and grooves) such as shotguns, muskets, and liberator
Smooth-bore FA
Contain rifling inside the barrel such as pistols, revilvers and rifles
Rifled-bore FA
Include FA with 1 inch or less bore diameter
Small Arms
More than 1 inch bore diameter
Artillery
These were set even before the manufacture of FAs.
These are factory specifications
Class Characteristics
Are determined after the manufacture of FA
Individual Characteristics
Determined with a bullet, shell, or bore of the gun
Caliber or Bore Diameter
Always the same in number
No. of Lands and Grooves
How wide the lands and grooves. NOT always the same
Width of Lands and Grooves
Either Left or Right
Twist of Rifling
One complete turn of bullet inside the barrel
Pitch of Rifling
How deep the groove or the height of every land
Depth of Grooves
Shoot only one shot
Single Shot Firearms
Loaded with more than one cartridge in the chamber
Repeating Arms
Breech closure is in line with the bore at all times
Bolt Action Type
The breech mechanism is cycled by an external lever below the receiver
Lever Action Type
A movement firearms is actuated which is parallel to the barrel
Slide/ pump action
Requires a separate pull of trigger for each shot fired
Semi-automatic Type
Feeds cartridges, fires, and ejects as long as trigger is depressed
Automatic Action Type
Used by military on combat. This is seldom encountered by firearms examiner.
Machine Gun Type
The largest gun ever used in combat was
Gustav Gun
A light and portable machine gun
Sub-machine Gun Type (Light Machine Gun)
Loads, closes, fires and deloads single cartridge
Single Barreled Shotgun
Side by side barrel or over and under
Double Barreled Shotgun
They operated by means of sliding lever under the barrel
Pump Action Type Shotgun/ Slide Action
The same as auto loading rifles, the recoil action reload the gun from the magazine
Auto-loading Shotguns
Can be a rifle or a shotgun. A muzzle-rifles at the last 2-3 inches of the barrel, used to spin the paradox bullet. Invented by Holland and Holland
Paradox Gun
Fire tear gas and other forms of disabling gases
Gas Guns
Designed for wild animals. It could very well be with the use of bullet or poison charge
Traps
These are known as freakish Devices
Cane Gun & Knife Pistol
Maybe used to drive stud, punch holes, and which are also capable of accidentally firing live ammunition
Tools
Homemade guns in various designs
Zip guns (US) paltik (phils)
Have 2 more barrels in one firearm
Multi-barreled Guns
Made by the US government capable of firing .45 cartridges, single shot and smoothbore
Liberator
Used in sending signals and used in seeing enemies in the dark
Flare Guns
Used in hunting large fish
Harpoon Guns
Was The most powerful handgun
Caliber .45 Casull
The world’s first genuinely effective rapid fire weapon
Gatling Machine Gun
The person who made the first rifled barrel was _______ an austrian gunsmith in vienna in 1450
Gaspard Kollner
Making of hole of barrel with the use of barrel blank
Drilling
With the drilled hole, it is being reamed from breech and to muzzle to remove imperfections, scratches, irregularities. This operation undergoes:
1. Roughing
2. Finishing
3. Burnishing
Reaming
The construction of rifling inside the barrel. Tools used are:
1. Cutter
2. Scraper
3. Broach
4. Button
Broaching
Smoothering/ polishing the inner surface of the barrel
Lapping
The mechanical wear and tear barrel due to rust caused by gunpowder residues during firing
Corrosion
The mechanical wear and tear of barrel due to abrasion/friction caused by incorrect bullets
Erosion
The firearm law of the Philippines
PD 1866
Includes rim-fire handguns, cal .380 or cal .32 and other FA similar firepower. Illegal possession/manufacture of such is penalized by correctional in its maximum period and a fine of 15,000
Low Powered FA
Includes those with bores of bigger in diameter than cal .39 and 9mm such as .40, .41, .44, .45
High Powered FA
This is considered that is note a bore
Powder charge
Amended PD 1886 (approved June 6, 1997)
RA 8294
The newest law on firearms in the Philippines. Known as the
RA 10592
Comprehensive Firearm Law
Issued to private individuals for their personal firearm and to security agencies/company guard forces for firearms to be used by their security guards
Regular License (RL)
Issued to government officials and employees for privately owned firearms
Special Permit (SP)
Issued private firms, establishment, or corporations for firearms to be used and being used by their employees, excluding security guards
Long Regular License (LRL)
Issued to private employee who is issued by his employer a firearm covered by LRL
Short Regular License (SRL)
Issued to government agencies or offices and government owned and controlled corporations for firearms to be used by their officials and employees, excluding security guards
Long Certificate of Registration (LCR)
A written authority granted licenses or their authorized representatives to move firearms from sources to residence, firing ranges and other authorized destinations
Transport Permit (TP)
A written authority issued by PNPFED to accredited gun club members for the purpose for transporting unloaded firearms and ammunition from residence to firing ranges and vice-versa.
A maximum duration of 90 days is granted to gun club members
Transport Permits for Gun Club Members
A written authority for a person to possess in his residence a licensed firearm and an authorized quantity of ammunition
License to Possess Firearm and Ammunition
a written authority issued to any person by the PNP Chief for the duration and purpose specified therein. Residence - where the firearm and ammunition are being permanently kept. It includes - office or house and premises of the house enclosed by walls and gate separating said premises from adjacent properties. Any vehicle is not an extension of a residence
Permit To Carry Firearm Outside Residence (PTCFOR)
Issued for lawful hunting
Hunting Permit (HP)
Serves as FA license for security guards
Duty Detail Order (DDO)
– is a document that proves receipt of issued FA to PNP Personnel. This shall serve as FA License to members of PNP.
Acknowledgement Receipt (ARE)
issued to PNP personnel when intending to carry FA outside residence. This shall serve as “PTC.” This document indicates what firearm is issued to the members of a team with specific mission.
Mission order (MO) or Letter Order (LO)
– CHAPTER 3
is a loaded shell for any firearm such as revolver, pistol and rifles.
Ammunition
– a complete unfired ammo consisting of bullet, shell, gunpowder and primer. Ammunition
and cartridge can be used interchangeably.
Cartridge
– invented the 1st cartridge in 1635.
King Gustavus Adolphus (Sweden)
– He invented another cartridge in 1846.
Benjamin Houllier
– A French gunsmith. He invented the 1st pin fire cartridge, and 1st pin fire gun. He was born in Bonnétable and died in Paris.
Casimir Lefaucheux
– developed one of the earliest cartridges known as Flobert Cartridges, this became the forerunner of American Rim Fire Ammo.
Louis Nicolas A. Flobert (Paris, France)
– external pin is used near the head of the cartridge.
Pin-Fire Cartridge (Obsolete)
priming mixture is place around the rim.
Rim-Fire Cartridge
– priming mixture is placed in the center of the head of cartridge.
Center-Fire Cartridge
– needs mechanical blow against the percussion cap.
Percussion
Level of Propellant Charges
– cartridge is giving a muzzle velocity of less than 1850 ft/sec.
– 1925 to 2500 ft/sec.
– Over 2500 ft/sec.
- Low powder
- High powder
- High Intensity
Shotgun cartridge contains multiple rounded projectiles called
Pellets/ Shots/ balls.
A shotgun cartridge containing a single projectile of a shotgun ammo is called
Sabot Slug
. Needle-like projectiles inside a shotgun cartridge are called
Flechette.
– a plastic cap that holds the shots.
Shot Cup (Stirrup)
– comparable to shell/casing of ammunition of long/short arms. Prior to
1960, paper is used as casing for shotgun ammo.
Tube (Shell/ Case/ Hull)
– being bent inward to hold the shot in place.
Crimp
– the thing that is being ignited that causes the tremendous pushing of bullet.
Gunpowder
– collective term for chemical priming compound, primer cup, anvil, and battery cup that is
being struck to ignite the powder.
Primer
- a disk made of paper, used to hold the powder or shot.
Wad
- small steel or lead pellets of different sizes.
Lead shot
– pure lead
Drop or soft shot
– hardened by antimony
Chilled or hard shot
– coated with cupronicke or 70% copper and 30% nickle or steel shot.
Plated shot
– consists of lead balls
Buckshot
– single slug with angled grooves cut into its side to spin it. This refers to Sabot slug.
Slug
– formed from powdered tungsten and iron, blended together and pressed into a pellet.
Tungsten-iron Shot
– a cluster of sturdy steel needles with tiny fins at their base to stabilize them in flight.
Flechette shot
– This is the shelf life of a new cartridge. If components or parts used are commercially virgins. The life of an ammunition depends on the manner of storage.
20-40 years
– the process of military storage of ammunition or arms. Done by making a concrete bunker with
walls about a foot thick and then covered. Ammo may reach 40 years with no degradation.
Igloo
CHAPTER 4
– refers to the tubular casing or shell of an ammunition that holds the bullet and contains the gunpowder.
Cartridge Case
– the edge of shell’s opening.
Mouth
– part of mouth that is turned in upon the bullet.
Crimp
- are the serrated groves around the neck
Shell Cannelures
- occupied by the bullet.
Neck
- supports the neck.
Shoulder
– contains gunpowder
Body
- the circular groove near the base of the shell designed for the automatic
withdrawal of the case after firing.
Extracting groove
- limits the forward travel of cartridges into the chamber.
Rim
– located at central base that contains the priming mixture.
Primer
– the base portion that contains the head stamp
Shell Head
– is used secure the bullet in the shell to avoid being moved or loosened from its gripped.
Crimp
– used only on jacketed ammo that consists of dimples or grooves pressed into the mouth.
Stab or Ring Crimp
– used in the cartridge with headspace on the cartridge case mouth with lead bullets.
Taper Crimp
– located at the neck that is rolled into the groove of the bullet.
Roll Crimp
– rim diameter is greater than the body (Cal .38 and Cal .22)
Rimmed
– rim diameter is SLIGHTLY greater than the body (Cal .25, Cal .32 auto, Cal .38 Super)
Semi-rimmed
– rim is equal with the body (Cal 5.56mm, Cal .30, 9mm, Cal .45)
Rimless
– rim is smaller than the body (Cal 8mm x 59)
Rebated
– a protruding metal is belted around the shell (Cal .338 magnum, 13.9 x 99)
Belted
– found on the primer (particularly on the primer cup). Note: Glock Pistols
have rectangular firing pin marks.
Firing Pin Marks
– found on the base of shell. Caused by the breechface.
Breechface Marks
– found on the extracting groove.
Extractor Marks
– located at the rim at the base of shell fired from automatic FAs.
Ejector Marks
– found on the primer near the firing pin mark. It is just a rebound or duplication of firing pin mark.
Shearing Marks (Secondary Firing Pin Marks)
– found on the body of shell. Caused by the magazine lips during loading.
Magazine Marks
– found on the body of the shell. Caused by the irregularities inside the
chamber.
Chamber Marks
– found on the base of rimmed type shell. Caused by Break Type Revolver during
loading.
Pivotal Marks
– found on the side of the rim. Caused by the contact between the shell and
ejection port of the FA (Pistol).
Ejector Port Marks
– CHAPTER 5
part of cartridge consisting of lead or jacketed projectile projected from FA.
Bullet
Bullets in the crime scene are also called.
Slugs
The word bullet came from the French word “___” which means “small ball.”
boulette
– are spherical projectiles used in smoothbore FAs.
Note: The general term for bullets, shots/pellets/ balls is Projectile.
Shot/ Pellets/ Balls
In police parlance, bullet is called____.
In gov’t parlance, a cartridge containing bullet is called ______.
In small arms ammunition, bullet refers to the projectile which is_____.
Slug
Ball Cartridge
Cylindrical or Cylo-conoidal
– made of lead or alloy of metals, tin and antimony.
Lead Bullets
– made of lead core covered with jacket of harder material, such as gilding metal, copper alloy approximately 90% and zinc 10%.
Jacketed Bullets
– have soft lead core inside a jacket.
Ball Bullets
– contains tungsten chrome steel and are fired at vehicles and other armored targets.
Armor Piercing Bullets
– contains compound at the base, usually similar to barium nitrates which set fire when bullet is projected.
Tracer Bullets
– contains phosphorous or other materials that can set fire. These are used for targets such as aircrafts and/or gasoline depot.
Incendiary Bullets
– contain a high charge of explosive usually limited to 20mm and above.
Explosive (Fragmentary Bullets)
– receives the thrust and heat from the burning gunpowder. Sometimes Gas Check is placed to prevent melting of bullet.
Base
– body of the bullet that contacts the lands and grooves in the barrel. This
should fit the bore.
Bearing Surface
– serrated groove or depression around the body of bullet, usually used in
bottle neck shell.
Bullet Cannelure
– a mass of lead in a bullet covered with jacket. This sometimes, contains other metals for other purposes.
Core
– length in the portion of the bullet from the shoulder to the tip.
Head height
– the edge of the base
Heel
– covers the entire lead core, usually copper, brass, steel and aluminum.
Jacket
– the diameter of the nose/ogive.
Meplat diameter
– the tapered or curved part of the bullet towards the tip of a bullet.
Ogive/ Nose
– the forward portion or tip of bullet.
Point
– the end portion of the body of bullet. Bullets Designed for Handgun
Shoulder
– has an exposed lead and has cavity at the tip.
Jacketed Hallow Point
– with more exposed lead at the tip that expand more than a hallow point bullet.
Semi-jacketed Hallow Point
– the lead core is enclosed by a light copper jacket, with cone shape and flat point.
Full Metal Cone (Truncated Cone)
– a solid lead bullet with rounded ogive for downrange accuracy, hard hitting, economical, generally designed bullet for revolvers.
Lead Round Nose
– a solid lead bullet, cuts clean in paper targets for precise scoring.
Lead Full-Wadcutter
– solid lead bullet with semi pointed nose, with sharp shoulder for clean hole punching in paper target.
Lead Semi-wadcutter
– lead core is covered with jacket except the base, results to little expansion but with deep penetration.
Full Metal Jacket
the lead core is enclosed by heavy copper jacket results to little or no expansion BUT deep penetration.
Full Metal Jacket Boat Tail –
– extremely accurate designed aerodynamically.
Hallow Point Boat Tail
- exposed lead on the tip of the bullet with broader point diameter. The bullet may expand and may result to more or less 200% of the original bullet diameter.
Soft Point
– having a copper sheath with full metal jacket.
Hardball Bullet
– designed for armored penetration at a greater distance.
Depleted Uranium Bullet
– the lead core is jacketed by copper-alloy or aluminum. The jacket is designed to be disintegrated into small pieces to cause hemorrhage.
Silver Tip Bullet
- upon reaching target, splits into fragments when hitting soft tissue creating bigger wound. It may have stress lines around the bullet.
Fragmentation Bullet
– have sharp pointed nose, more effective than the round ball of the same weight. These have more velocity. It may travel sideways inside the target upon hitting bones/hard object. Spitz means pointed.
Spitzer Bullets
– include all soft point bullets, split nose bullets, hallow point bullets and jacketed bullets with exposed lead core. These bullets are designed for expansion.
Dumdum Bullets
– designed to expand upon striking the target, thus leaving a smaller entry but larger/bigger exit.
Mushroom Bullet (Soft Point Bullet)
– has open ogive/nose designed to increase the expansion upon hitting the target.
Hallow Point Bullet (Express Bullet)
– is plated with gilding metal to prevent rusting and to reduce frictional resistance in the bore.
Steel Jacketed Bullet
– a solid copper with no lead core, no jacket and is heat treated for extra toughness. Upon hitting hard target, nose peels to four razor-edge petals. Designed by Barne in 1989 and owned by Randy Brooks.
X-Bullet
– uses a special jacket and compressed shot core with plastic tip. It has a high performance ammunition that gives superior penetration to solid targets.
Glaser Safety Slug
– caused by the land and grooves
Rifling Marks
– caused by the initial forward movement of bullet before the rifling get the bullet.
Skid Marks
– caused by worn-out, oversized and oily barrel.
Slippage Marks
– found on the nose or ogive of a bullet, done when the bullet and the barrel are not aligned.
Shaving/Stripping Marks (Tapyas sa bala)
– caused by various parts or external objects other than the firing pin, rifling & magazine.
Miscellaneous Marks
– to be used for conclusiveness of findings:
3 Test Bullets
– for comparison or preliminary examination;
1st Bullet
– for confirmation
2nd Bullet
– for conclusion
3rd Bullet
