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ORTHODONTICS > MIDTERMS > Flashcards

MIDTERMS Flashcards

1
Q

Combinations of deposition and resorption result in growth movement toward the depository surface

A

Drift

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2
Q

Ramus movement

A

Results in drift of ramus in posterior direction

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3
Q

Region of the craniofacial complex that holds the greatest potential for adaptive changes.

A

Oral apparatus

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4
Q

Chondrocranium and Splanchnocranium or Viscerocranium under _

A

Face

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5
Q

growth in this of both jaws continues through the period of puberty

A

Length and height

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6
Q

Viewed at the tip or end wires maybe half round, oval square, or rectangle

A

Design

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7
Q

primary factors influencing from the late embryonic period, throughout fetal period and postnatal juvenile period are:

A
  • expansion of the brain and cranial vault
  • Growth of anterior cranial base
  • Expansion of nasal cavity and oropharynx
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8
Q

Completion of growth in the maxilla in mandible is achieved in definite sequences

A
  1. Width
  2. Length
  3. Height
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9
Q

Is primarily structural and contributes little to the overall growth, possibly expresses growth factors that support the facial sutures

A

Nasal Capsule

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10
Q

Buccal side of mandible deposition

A

Postero-inferior

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11
Q

Cells responsible for resorption

A

Osteoclasts

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12
Q

5 metals used in orthodontics

A
  1. Gold
  2. stainless steel
  3. Elgiloy
  4. Nickel silver
  5. Nitinol or nickel titanium
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13
Q

this growth mechanism involves sutures, endosteal and periosteal surfaces, and alveolar processes

A

Nasomaxillary growth

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14
Q

Lip thickness reaches maximum during __ then decreases throughout __

A

Adolescence, adulthood

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15
Q

begins when neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells differentiate into specialized, bone forming cells called osteoblasts

A

Intramembranous ossification

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16
Q

Mandibular arch perimeter

A

+2mm during early mixed dentition
-4-6mm during late mixed dentition
-3.5mm (male) or 4.5mm (female)between 8-15 y.o

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17
Q

Premaxillary/ Maxillary sutures close at

A

3-5 years

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18
Q

Midface or nasomaxillary complex

A
  • Maxilla, nasal, Zygomatic, Lacrimal, Palatine, Vomer, turbinates
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19
Q

Mandibular Intermolar width

A

+2-3mm between 6-16 years of age

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20
Q

it trails behind growth of the jaws before adolescence

A

lips

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21
Q

Ramus anterior part movement

A

Resorption

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22
Q

this experiences a small and variable degree of rotation, forward or backward

A

Maxilla

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23
Q

Buccal side of mandible resorption

A

Antero-superior

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24
Q

flat bones are formed via

A

Intramembranous ossification

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25
Q

a force or system of forces tending to cause rotation

A

Torque

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26
Q

combining gold to other metals like palladium benefit

A

Widening the melting range of gold

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27
Q

growth of this follows the enlarging V principle

A

Coronoid process

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28
Q

Growth in maxillary height sequence

A
  1. Sutural growth in frontal and zygomatic bones
  2. Bone apposition in the floor of orbit
  3. Resorption of nasal floor and apposition oin hard palate
  4. Maxillary alveolar process while in late adolescence
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29
Q

Mandibular arch depth

A

decreases slightly during transition to early mixed dentition
maintains dimension most of mixed dentition
-2-3mm with loss of deciduous 1st and 2nd molars

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30
Q

It can cause lower incisor crowding when there is tight occlusion

A

Late mandibular growth

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31
Q

It tips the maxillary incisor forward, increasing their prominence

A

Forward rotation of maxilla

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32
Q

Maxilla develops postnatally by

A

Intramembranous ossification

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33
Q

Involves both dissolution of bone mineral and degradation of organic bone matrix

A

Resorption

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34
Q

Growth sites in the nasomaxillary complex

A
  1. Sutures
  2. nasal septum
  3. Periosteal/ Endosteal Surface
  4. Alveolar processes
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35
Q

Angle of mandible at birth

A

(-) or 175 degrees

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36
Q

It can occur in the late teenage years or adulthood (18-20). Most often seen in Asians and males

A

Late mandibular growth

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37
Q

Growth in this of both jaws and dental arches is usually completed before adolescent growth changes

A

Width

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38
Q

These form the red marrow

A

Blood vessles

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39
Q

Growth of cranial base moves maxilla __

A

Foward

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40
Q
A
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41
Q

An unmineralized organic tissue secreted by osteoblast that eventually undergo calcification and is deposite as lamellae or layers in the bone matrix

A

Osteoid

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42
Q

This differentiate into osteoblasts and group into ossification centers

A

Mesenchymal cells

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43
Q

It is ductile and easily workable, and more corrosion resistant than SS

A

Elgiloy

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44
Q

Prominence of tuberosity is increased by

A

Large resorption field just below it

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45
Q

the process by which bone forms, or by which tissue changes into bone

A

ossification

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46
Q

Lingual side of mandible deposition

A

Antero-superior

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47
Q

nose becomes much more prominent at __ especially in __

A

Adolescence, boys

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48
Q

which forward decrease in the arch length is greater, maxilla or mandible?

A

Mandibular arch

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49
Q

Foundation of all orthodontic appliance

A

Wire/ orthodontic wire

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50
Q

greater or lesser degree of rotation of the jaws can occur and result in __ variation of jaw orientation even in individuals with normal face proportions

A

Moderate

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51
Q

Movement of the whole bone as a unit

A

Displacement

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52
Q

Steps in endochondral ossification

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes and form the cartilage model for bone
  2. Chondrocytes near center of the cartilage model undergo hypertrophy and alter the contents of the matrix they secrete, enabling mineralization
  3. Chondrocytes undergo apoptosis due to decreased nutrient availability; blood vessels invade and bring osteogenic cells
  4. Primary ossification center forms in the diaphyseal region of the periosteum called the periosteal collar
  5. Secondary ossification centers develop in the epiphyseal region after birth
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53
Q

Mandible shows opposite backward rotation

A

Long -face type / Dolichofacial

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54
Q

Overall growth directions in a ___ and ___ displacement with most of growth occuring in the ramus

A

Downward and forward

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55
Q

not easily divided into a core of bone and a series of functional processes

A

Maxilla

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56
Q

intramatrix rotation or rotation centered within body of mandible

A

75%

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57
Q

Large gonial angle

A

Short-face type / Brachyfacial

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58
Q

Maxillary intercanine width during transition to early mixed dentition

A

+3mm

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59
Q

results from failure of normal lengthening of cranial base

A

Midface deficiency

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60
Q

Connects the midface to the neurocranium

A

Circummaxillary suture system

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61
Q

Cells in the cartilage that secrete extracellular matrix to form the cartilage model for bone

A

Chondrocytes

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62
Q

It undergoes the larges amount of growth postnatally

A

Mandible

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63
Q

Excessive forward rotation of mandible during growth

A

Short-face type / Brachyfacial

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64
Q

Loosely organized undifferentiated mostly mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures such as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage

A

Mesenchymal celss

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65
Q

it indicates the amount of material used

A

Cross sectional design of wire

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66
Q

Displacement from cranial base growth is an important part of maxilla’s forward growth until the age of

A

6 years

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67
Q

ramus height: 1-2mm per year
body length: 2-3 mm per year

what age range

A

7-16 years of age

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68
Q

this rotation makes mandibular incisor erupt upward and somewhat forward

A

Internal rotation of mandible

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69
Q

Mandibular symphysis is closed by age of

A

1 year

70
Q

there are important parts of growth and shape change in the mandibular growth

A

Areas of muscle and tooth attachment

71
Q

matrix rotation or rotation around condyle

A

25%

72
Q

Not affected by oral fluids

A

Gold

73
Q

combining gold to other metals like platinum benefit

A

Increase hardness and strength, contributes to resistance to tarnish and oral fluids

74
Q

Deep bite malocclusion and crowded incisors usually seen

A

Short-face type / Brachyfacial

75
Q

Increase in the diameter of bones by the addition of bony tissue at the surface of bones

A

Apposition

76
Q

In orthodontics, these are used regarding design of wire

A

Principle of the rod and tube

77
Q

Process that involves direct conversion of mesenchyme to bone

A

Intramembranous ossification

78
Q

Steps in intramembranous ossification

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and group into ossification centers
  2. Osteoblasts become entrapped by the osteoid they secrete, transforming them to osteocytes
  3. Trabecular bone and periosteum form
  4. Cortical bone forms superficially to the trabecular bone
  5. Blood vessels form the red marrow
79
Q

Palatal plane rotated posteriorly

A

Long -face type / Dolichofacial

80
Q

Maxillary arch perimeter

A

+4-5 mm during early mixed dentition
-4mm during late mixed dentition
- minimal overall increase between 8-15 y.o

81
Q

The process whereby a new bone is formed

A

Deposition

82
Q

Two mechanism involved in the growth of the nasomaxillary complex

A
  • Growth in cranial base pushes maxilla forward
  • Active growth of maxillary structures and nose
83
Q

more usual pattern of rotation of maxilla

A

Forward

84
Q

In mixed dentition, it causes lip incompetence which decreases during adolescence

A

Short lip

85
Q

It entails the resorption of old or damaged bone, followed by the deposition of new bone material

A

Remodeling

86
Q

Circummaxillary sutures closed later than

A

Intermaxillary sutures

87
Q

Splanchnocranium or Viscerocranium and dentition under

A

Oral apparatus

88
Q

Short anterior lower face height

A

Short-face type / Brachyfacial

89
Q

Maxilla postnatal development

A

Apposition of bone at sutures
Surface modelling and remodelling

90
Q

variation in this contributes to most malocclusions

A

Variations in mandibular morphology

91
Q
A
92
Q

angle of mandible Natal

A

115 degrees

93
Q

Body of mandible: Anterior border

A

Remodeling

94
Q

Bimolar width of the 6’s correlates with

A
  • Vertical growth of maxilla
  • Growth in the midpalatal suture
  • growth in height
95
Q

Lingual side of mandible resorption

A

Posterior - inferior

96
Q

Nasomaxillary complex arise from neural crest cells within the maxillary process of the __

A

First branchial arch

97
Q

Maxillary arch depth

A

decreases slightly during transition to early mixed dentition
+1-2mm with emergence of permanent incisors
-2mm - with loss of deciduous 1st and 2nd molars

98
Q

Located below and between roots of first and second premolar

A

Mental foramen

99
Q

Ramus posterior region movement

A

Deposition

100
Q

Major centers of ossification within the midface can be seen at

A

7-8 weeks AOG

101
Q

Structures that arise from mesenchymal cells

A

connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage

102
Q

rotational pattern of jaw growth influences __, __, and ___ position of tooth eruption

A

Magnitude, direction, and anteroposterior

103
Q

Clavicle is formed via

A

Intramembranous ossification

104
Q

Anatomic regions of the craniofacial skeleton

A

Desmocranium
Chondrocranium
Splanchnocranium or Viscerocranium
Dentition

105
Q

Its prominence is accentuated by bone resorption that occurs in the alveolar region above it creating a concavity

A

Mental protuberance

106
Q

the appendicular skeleton (limbs) are formed via

A

Endochondral ossification

107
Q

Increased mandibular plane angle

A

Long -face type / Dolichofacial

108
Q

natural controlling factors of craniofacial bone growth include

A

Genetics, function, and general bodily growth

109
Q

When in pure state, is soft malleable and ductile

A

Gold

110
Q

These increase in height due to bone deposition at the margins

A

Alveolar process

111
Q

The resorption filed produces a sizeable depression called

A

lingual fossa

112
Q

it can freely move in the tube and creates a “play” where it lessens its influence on the movement of the tubes direction

A

rod of lesser size

113
Q

Not a stainless steel but a cobalt nickel spring alloy

A

Elgiloy

114
Q

different vertical facial developments

A
  • short face/ brachyfacial
  • Normal/ Mesofacial
  • Long face/ Dolicofacial
115
Q

this rotation directs maxillary incisor posteriorly and uprights them

A

Backward rotation of maxilla

116
Q

It plays a special role in mandibular growth and translation

A

Condylar region

117
Q

It forms superficially to the trabecular bone

A

Cortical bone

118
Q

left and right premaxillary bones present in human fetuses with with maxilla within

A

3-5 years after birth

119
Q

Midpalatal and transpalatal sutures close between

A

15-18 yrs up to 20-25

120
Q

lingual tuberosity moves __ for deposition

A

Posteriorly

121
Q

The two rami diverge __ from below to aove so that additive growth at __, ___, and __ also increases the superior inter-ramus dimension

A

outward, coronoid notch, coronoid process, condyle

122
Q

Nearly horizontal plane

A

Short-face type / Brachyfacial

123
Q

Cells responsible for the synthesis and mineralization of bone during both bone formation and bone remodeling

A

Osteoblast

124
Q

Mandibular intercanine width with eruption of permanent canines

A

little of none

125
Q

this contributes significantly to height, width, and length increases correlated with eruption

A

Nasomaxillary growth

126
Q

Responsible for the increase in thickness in the body of mandible

A

Generalized surface apposition on the outer surface of mandible

127
Q

Develops in response to the presence of tooth buds

A
  • Alveolar process
128
Q

Corrosion resistant iron

A

Stainless steel

129
Q

Mandibular intercanine width

A

+3mm during transition to early mixed dentition
little to none with eruption of permanent canines

130
Q

Mandibular intercanine width during transition to early mixed dentition

A

+3mm

131
Q

most of cranial bones are formed via

A

Intramembranous ossification

132
Q

Advantages of stainless steel

A
  1. Resistant to corrosion in presence of oral fluids
  2. Strength in small diameters
133
Q

Desmocranium and chondrocranium under _

A

Neurocranium

134
Q

It can be revolved without resistance from the tube, thus can move vertically or horizontally or tip the tooth

A

Rod of exact size

135
Q

nasomaxillary complex bone ossification

A

Intramembranous ossification

136
Q

Composition of elgiloy

A

Cobalt - 40% for toughness
Chromium - 20% as mordant to fix color
Nickel - 15% for hardness, malleability, and ductility
Manganese
Molybdenum - 7% for hardness
Carbon - 15% combining element
Iron - firmness and strength

137
Q

Remodeling process and a combination of deposition and resorption resulting in bone movements towards the depository side

A

drift

138
Q

Process that involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone

A

Endochondral ossification

139
Q

Maxillary intercanine width

A

+3mm during transition to early mixed dentition
+2mm with eruption of permanent canines

140
Q

Growth of condyle occurs at the surface of __ by __

A

Condylar cartilage by bone deposition

141
Q

this migrate further mesially during growth

A

Molars

142
Q

This growth mode and mechanism are mostly intramembranously rather than endochondrally determined

A

Mandibular growth

143
Q

Maxillary Intermolar width

A

+4-5mm between 6-16 years of age

144
Q

Step 3 in Intramembranous ossification

A

Trabecular bone and periosteum form

145
Q

Classification of wires

A
  1. Design or cross section form
  2. Diameter
  3. Composition
146
Q

The cells for the formation of new bone

A

Osteoblasts

147
Q

It moves prominent in males which is concave

A

Chin

148
Q

its normal rotation in the mandible alters the eruption of the incisors somewhat posteriorly

A

Internal rotation of mandible

149
Q

Growth in maxillary width sequence

A
  1. primarily by growth in median palatal suture
  2. Sutural growth increase mimics the general growth curve of body
  3. maximum pubertal growth in median suture coincides with that in facial sutures
150
Q

Its purpose is to produce controlled forces to move teeth

A

Orthodontic appliance

151
Q

Arise from neural crest cells within the maxillary process of the first branchial arch

A

Nasomaxillary complex embryology

152
Q

how is diameter expressed in orthodontics

A

Thousandth of an inch

153
Q

It is inserted into the anterior and medial border of the coronoid process and it seems that the tension exerted by this muscle during function stimulates growth of bone at the alveolar margins with the eruption of teeth contributes to most of the increase in height

A

Temporal muscle

154
Q

Body of mandible: Posterior border

A

Bone deposition

155
Q

all long bones of the axial skeleton (vertebrae and ribs) are formed via

A

Endochondral ossification

156
Q

Maxillary intercanine width with eruption of permanent canines

A

+2mm

157
Q

Excessive lower anterior face height

A

Long -face type / Dolichofacial

158
Q

By late adolescence dental arch in the maxilla drifts forward by ___ in the __ and __ in the +__, thus shortening the dental arch perimeter

A

5mm in the molar region
2.5mm in the incisor region

159
Q

Nasal bone growth completed at age__ then only by __ thereafter

A

10, cartilage

160
Q

Anterior open bite malocclusion and mandibular deficiency happens

A

Long -face type / Dolichofacial

161
Q

Growth in maxillary length sequence

A
  1. Occurs by apposition on maxillary tuberosity and by sutural growth toward palatine bone
  2. Labial surface of maxilla moves away from largely inferior direction of growth
162
Q

Apposition of bone on the upper and posterior surfaces of the coronoid process will lead to increase in size in an __ and ___ direction

A

Upward and backward

163
Q

Skeletal sub-units of mandible

A

Coronoid process, Alveolar process, Condylar process, Angular process, Body of mandible, Chin unit

164
Q

from 7-16 years of age:
ramus height increase:
body length increase:

A

ramus height: 1-2mm per year
body length: 2-3 mm per year

165
Q

Involves correct amount of force directed to stimulate the histologic process that must accompany tooth movement

A

Controlled force

166
Q

rotation of mandible experiences __ of ___ and is associated with __ facial development

A

internal rotation, 10-15 degrees, vertical

167
Q

Low mandibular plane angle

A

Short-face type / Brachyfacial

168
Q

Sutures attaching the maxilla allow its __ and __ repositioning

A

Downward and forward

169
Q

which forward internal rotation is greater, maxilla or mandible?

A

Mandible

170
Q

Growth of the brain and eyes is essentially completed resulting in a stable anterior cranial base, but nasomaxillary complex continues throughout childhood to adolescence

A

7 years of age

171
Q

This become entrapped by the osteoid they secrete, transforming them to osteocytes

A

Osteoblast

ORTHODONTICS (2 decks)

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