FINALS Flashcards
The forerunner of cephalometry
Craniometry
It involves the measurement of craniofacial dimensions of skulls of dead persons
Cephalometry
This method was not practical in living individuals due to soft tissue envelope that made direct measurement difficult and far reliable
Cephalometry
it is the assessment of craniofacial structures that forms a part of orthodontic diagnosis
Craniometry
It is the modification of anthropological studies and craniometry
Cephalometry
At this year, PACINI published the first paper on cephalometry
1922
at 1922, who published the first paper on cephalometry
Pacini
at this year, Broadent (usa) and Hofrath (Germany) introduced and popularized cephalometry
1931
in 1931, they introduced and popularized Cephalometry
Broadent (usa) and Hofrath (Germany)
He introduced the clinical application of cephalometry
Downs
This cephalometric radiography uses two x ray sources and two film holders
Broadent bolton type
this radiography can be taken without moving the subject due to the presence of Lateral and anteroposterior cephalograms
Broadent bolton type
This radiography uses one x ray source and one film holder
highleys type cephalometry
difference of broadent bolton type and Highley’s type radiography
Broadent: 2 xray sources, 2 film holders, no moving of subject
Highley: 1 xray source, 1 film holder, patient is repositioned (less reliable)
these are taken using an apparatus that consist of an xray source and a head holding device
Cephalometric radiograph
It is the head holding device in the cephalometric apparsatus
Cephalostat
It consists of two ear rods preventing movement of head
Cephalostat
How is vertical stabilization achieved in cephalometric radiograph
By orbital pointer contacting lower border of orbit
in cephalometry radiograph, distance between xray source and midsagittal plane of the patient is fixed at __
5 ft
in positioning the patient, this should be parallel to the floor
Frankfort Horizontal plane
Exposure parameters
__ Kvp
75-80
Exposure parameters
__ ma
7-8
Exposure parameters
__ sec
0.8
Positioning the patient
Frankfort horizontal plane should be parallel to floor
Ear rods stabilize patient on the horizontal plant
Patient is made to close the mouth in centric occlusion
Orbital pointer should be fixed for vertical plane stabilization of patient
Types of view in cephalogram
Lateral cephalogram and frontal cephalogram
uses of cephalogram
- orthodontic diagnosis
- classification of skeletal and dental anomalies
- formulating a treatment plan of an individual
- evaluation of treatment results
- predicting growth related changes
the midpoint of sella tursica
S (Sella)
Sella abbv. and location
S- midpoint of sella turcica
the extreme anterior point of the frontonasal sutures
N (Nasion)
Nasion abbv. and location
N - extreme anterior point on frontonasal sutures
lowest point on the inferior rim of the orbit
Or (Orbitale)
Orbitale abbv. and location
Or - lowest point on the inferior rim of orbit
Extreme anterior point on the maxilla
ANS (anterior nasal spine)
Anterior nasal spine abbv. and location
ANS (extreme anterior point of maxilla)
The extreme posterior point on the maxila
PNS (Posterior nasal spine)
Posterior nasal spine abbv. and location
PNS - extreme posterior point of maxilla
Extreme superior point of the pterygopalatine fossa
Pt (Pterygoid point)
Deepest point on the curvature of the maxillary alveolar process
Point A (subspinale)
Subspinale abbv. and location
Point A - deepest point on the curvature of the maxillary alveolar process
Pterygoid point abbv. and location
Pt - extreme superior point of the pterygopalatine fossa
Deepest point in the curvature of the mandibular alveolar process
Point B - Supramentale
Supramentale abbv. and location
Point B - deepest point in the curvature of the mandibular alveolar process
Extreme anterio point of the chin
Pog (pogonion)
Pogonion abbv. and location
Pog - extreme anterior point of the chin
Extreme inferior point of the chin
Me (menton)
Menton abbv. and location
Me - extreme inferior point of the chin
Midpoint between pogonion and menton
Gn (Gnathion)
Gnathion abbv. and location
Gn - midpoint between pogonion and menton
Most superiorly position point of the external auditory meatus located using the ear rods of the cephalostat
Po (Porion)
Porion abbv. and location
Po - Most superiorly position point of the external auditory meatus located using the ear rods of the cephalostat
Defined as the art of measuring skulls so as to discover their specific differences
Craniometry
Who discovered and when was xrays discovered?
Roentgen 1895
Differences between traditional and digital cephalometric radiograph
- Image capture
- image processing and storage
- image quality and manipulation
- accessibility and sharing
tracing supplies and equipment
- Lateral cephalogram
- acetate matte tracing paper
- Sharp drawing pencil or very fine felt-tipped pen
- masking tape
- few sheets of cardboard
- protractor and tooth symbol tracing template
- dental cast
- viewbox
- pencil sharpener and eraser
