Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Anatomy 2 Laboratory > midterms > Flashcards

midterms Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main parts of Central Nervous System?

A
  1. brain
  2. spinal cord
  3. neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 4 main functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. reception of general sensory information
  2. receiving an perceiving special sensations
  3. integration of sensory information from different parts of the body and process them
  4. response generation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 2 organs that make up the central nervous system?

A
  1. brain
  2. spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Brain weighs ___ pounds in average adult. it is composed of ___% fat and ___% combination of water, protein, carbohydrates, and salts.

A
  • 60% fat
  • 40% of combination of water, protein, carbohydrates, and salts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

true or false
brain is a muscle.

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Brain contains, blood vessels, and nerves including ______ and ______

A
  • neurons
  • glial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

brain is divided into:

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Brainstem
  3. Cerebellum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

it is the front of the brain and considered as its largest part. it initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature

A

Cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What comprises the Cerebrum?
1.
2.

A
  1. gray matter (cerebral cortex)
  2. white matter (center)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

it describes the outer gray matter covering of the cerebrum. it has a large surface area due to its folds, comprising about half of the brain’s weight.

A

cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

it is divided into 2 halves/ hemispheres, they are joined at a large deep sulcus that runs from the front of the head to the back

A

Cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cerebral cortex is covered with ____ (gyri) and _____(sulci)

A
  • ridges
  • folds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what hemisphere controls the left side of the body

A

right hemisphere of cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what hemisphere controls the right side of the body

A

left hemisphere of cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

it is the center of the cerebrum. Two halves communicate with one another through a large, c-shaped structure of white matter and nerve pathways

A

corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

it is the middle of the brain. it connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord

A

brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

brainstem includes:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

it is a very complex structure with a range of different neurons clusters, neural pathways, and other structures

A

midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

midbrain facilitates various functions such as:

A
  • hearing and movement
  • calculating responses and environmental changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what part of the brainstems contains substantia nigra which is an area affected by Parkinson’s disease

A

Midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

it is the origin of four of the 12 cranial nerves. it is the connection between the midbrain and the medulla with a name derived from Latin which means “bridge”

A

pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

it is where the brain and the spinal cord meet. it is essential to survival since in regulates bodily activities including heart rhythm, breathing, blood flow, and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels

A

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

it extends from the bottom of the medulla through a large opening in the bottom of the skull. supported by the vertebrae, it carries messages to and from the brain and the rest of the body

A

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

a fist sized portion of the brain located at the back of the head below the temporal and occipital lobes and above the midbrain

A

cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cerebellum has 2 hemispheres:
- the outer portion contains ___
- the inner area communicates with the _____ ______

A
  • neurons
  • cerebral cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

it is a three layer protective coverings surrounding the brain and the spinal cord

A

meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the 3 Layers of Meninges?

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

it is the most outer layer which is thick and tough

A

dura mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the 2 layers of dura mater?

A
  1. periosteal layer
  2. meningeal layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

it lines the inner dome of the skull (cranium)

A

periosteal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

it is located below the periosteal layer

A

meningeal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the space between the layers of dura mater allows for the passage of veins and arteries that supply ____ _____ to the brain

A

blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

it is a thin web like of connective tissue that does not contain nerves or blood vessels

A

arachnoid mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

this fluid cushions the entire central nervous system and continually circulates around these structures to remove impurities

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

it is a thin membrane that hugs the surface of the brain and follows its contours rich with veins and arteries

A

pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

it is the largest lobe of the brain located in the front of the head. it contains Broca’s area which is associated with speech ability

A

frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

it is the middle part of the brain, it helps a person identify objects and understand spatial relationships and is involve in interpreting pain and touch, it houses Wernicke’s area which helps the brain understand spoken language

A

parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

it is the sides of the brain, involved in short- term memory, speech, musical rhythm and some degree of smell recognition

A

temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

this lobe is the back part of the brain that is involved with vision

A

Occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

a pea sized structure found deep in the brain behind the bridge of the nose, it receives chemical signals from the hypothalamus through its stalk and blood supply

A

Pituitary gland (master gland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

located above the pituitary gland and sends its chemical signals that control its function. it regulates body temperature, synchronized sleep patterns, controls hunger and thirst, also plays a role in some aspects of memory and emotion

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

small almond shaped structures located under each half of the brain, included in the limbic system. it regulates emotion, memory, and associated with the brain’s reward system, stress and “fight or flight” response when someone perceives a threat

A

amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

curved seahorse shaped organ o the underside of each temporal lobe. it is part of a larger structure called “hippocampal formation” it receives information from the cerebral cortex

A

Hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

located deep in the brain and attached by a stalk to the top of the third ventricle. responds to light and dark, secretes melatonin which regulates circardian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle

A

pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

it manufactures cerebrospinal fluid

A

ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are the two sets of blood vessels supply blood and oxygen to the brain?

A
  1. vertebral arteries
  2. carotid arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Extend up to the sides of the neck, and where pulse can be felt when the area is touched with fingertips

A

external carotid arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Branch into the skull and circulate blood to the front part of the brain

A

internal carotid arteries

50
Q

Follow spinal column into the skull where they join together at the brainstem and form the Basilar artery

A

vertebral arteries

51
Q

supplies blood to the rear portions of the brain

A

basilar artery

52
Q

A loop of blood vessels near the bottom of the brain that connects major arteries, circulates blood from the front of the brain to the back and helps the arterial systems communicate with one another.

A

circle of willis

53
Q

Cylindrical structures that runs through the center of the spine from the brainstem to the lower back
Delicate structures that contains nerve bundles that carries messages from the brain to the rest of the body

A

spinal cord

54
Q

A protective layer of bone covering the spinal cord

A

vertebral column

55
Q

Bones in the vertebral column stacked on top of each other from the pelvic bone to the skull

A

vertebrae

56
Q

Tough outer shell and gel-like interior
Act as a shock absorber and cushion for vertebrae and spinal cord

A

vertebral disc

57
Q

what are the 3 main parts of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical (8) - neck bone
Thoracic (12) - located at the chest
Lumbar (5) - located at the lower back

58
Q

3 layers of meninges that covers the spinal cord

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

59
Q

the outermost layer that protects the spinal cord from injury

A

dura mater

60
Q

middle layer of spinal cord meninges

A

arachnoid mater

61
Q

innermost layer that covers the spinal cord

A

pia mater

62
Q

Space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater

A

epidural space

63
Q

The space between arachnoid mater and pia mater

A

subarachnoid mater

64
Q

the opening between the spinal canal

A

intervertebral foramina

65
Q

cervical nerves: distribution of …
suboccipital nerve (C1),
Greater occipital nerve (C2)
Third occipital nerve (C3)

A

posterior distribution

66
Q

cervical nerves: distribution

A

Cervical plexus (C1-C4)
Brachial plexus (C5-T1)

67
Q

muscles innervated by the cervical nerves

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid

68
Q

a loop of nerve that is also a part of the cervical plexus

A

ansa cervicalis

69
Q

lumbar nerves: division
Medial branches of the posterior division runs close to the articular processes of the vertebrae and end in the multifidus muscle
Lateral branches supply the erector spinae muscle

A

posterior division

70
Q

lumbar nerves: division
consists of long, slender branches that accompany the lumbar arteries around the sides of the vertebral bodies, beneath the psoas major

A

anterior division

71
Q

2 divisions of sacral nerves

A

Anterior sacral foramina
Posterior sacral foramina

72
Q

division of sacral nerves have both
_____ and ______ fiber, they are responsible for part of the sensory perception and the movement of the lower extremities of the human body

A

afferent and efferent fiber

73
Q

where does Pudendal nerve and Parasympathetic fibeer arise?

A

S2, S3, and S4

74
Q

It is the 31st pair of spinal nerves that arise from the conus medullaris. Its anterior root helps form the coccygeal plexus

A

coccygeal nerve

75
Q

made up of several different tissues and the entire framework of bones and their cartilages constitutes the skeletal system

A

bone

76
Q

what are the basic functions of the bone

A
  1. support
  2. protection
  3. assistance in movement
  4. mineral homeostasis
  5. blood cell production
  6. triglyceride storage
77
Q

identify the function of the bone described
- serves as a structural framework for the body by supporting soft tissues and providing attachment points for the tendons of most skeletal muscles

A

support

78
Q

identify the function of the bone described
- protects the most important internal organs from injury.

A

protection

79
Q

identify the function of the bone described
- most skeletal muscles attach to bones, when they contract, they pull on bones to produce movement.

A

assistance in movement

80
Q

identify the function of the bone described
- It stores several minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, which contribute to the strength of bone.
Bone releases minerals into the blood to maintain critical mineral balances (homeostasis) and to distribute the minerals to the other parts of the body

A

Mineral Homeostasis (storage and release)

81
Q

bone tissue makes up about __% of the weight of the human body. it stores about __% of the body’s calcium

A

18%
99%

82
Q

identify the function of the bone described
- utilizes red bone marrow
It is present in developing bones of the fetus and in some adult bones
In a newborn, all bone marrow is red and is involved in hematopoiesis.
With increasing age, much of the bone marrow changes from red to yellow.

A

blood cell production

83
Q

Connective tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

A

hemopoiesis

84
Q

4 types of cells present in bone tissue

A

osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclast

85
Q

Unspecialised bone stem cells derived from mesenchyme, the tissue from which almost all connective tissue are formed
They are the only bone cells to undergo cell division, the resulting cells develop into osteoblast
Found along the inner portion of the periosteum, in the endosteum, and in the canals within bone that contain blood vessels

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

86
Q

bone building cells

A

osteoblast

87
Q

mature bone cells, are the main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism, such as the exchange of nutrients and waste with the blood.

A

osteocytes

88
Q

helps regulate blood calcium level. They target cells for drug therapy used to treat osteoporosis

A

osteoclasts

89
Q

Contains few spaces and is the strongest from of the bone tissue
Found beneath the periosteum of all bones and make up the bulk of the diaphyses of long bones
Provides protection and support and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement.

A

compact bone

90
Q

Always located in the interior of a bone, protected by a covering of compact bone

A

spongy bone

91
Q

Inferior to the nasal cavities. It has a roof and floor, and lateral walls, opens onto the face through the oral fissure and its continuous with the cavity of the pharynx at the oropharyngeal isthmus

A

oral cavity

92
Q

The oral cavity is separated into two regions by the upper and lower ____ _____ consisting of the teeth and alveolar bone that supports them

A

dental arches

93
Q

horseshoe shaped, is between the dental arches and the deep surfaces of the cheeks and lips- the oral fissure opens into it and can be opened and closed by muscles of facial expression, and by movement of the lower jaw.

A

outer oral vestibule

94
Q

enclosed by the dental arches

A

inner oral cavity

95
Q

the back of the oral cavity proper can be opened and closed by surrounding soft tissues, which includes the soft palate and tongue.

A

oropharyngeal isthmus

96
Q

divisions of the oral cavity

A

Vestibule
Mouth cavity proper

97
Q

Horseshoe shaped, situated anteriorly. It is the space between the lips/ cheeks, and the gums/ teeth
It communicates with the mouth proper via the space behind the third molar, and with the exterior through the oral fissure. The diameter of the oral fissure is controlled by the muscles of facial expression

A

vestibule

98
Q

Attachment of lips to tissue/ gums
If the attachment is too low it causes diastema

A

labial frenum

99
Q

which salivary gland opens out into the vestibule, secreting salivary juices

A

parotid gland

100
Q

Lies posteriorly to the vestibule. It is bordered by a roof, a floor, and the cheeks. The tongue fills a large portion of the the cavity of the mouth proper

A

mouth proper

101
Q

consists of the hard and soft palates

A

roof

102
Q

Found anteriorly. It is a bony palate that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity. It is covered superiorly by respiratory mucosa (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium) and inferiorly by oral mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium)

A

hard palate

103
Q

A posterior continuation of the hard palate. In contrast to the hard palate, it is a muscular structure. It acts as a valve that can lower to close the oropharyngeal isthmus, and elevate to separate the nasopharynx.

A

soft palate

104
Q

Formed by the buccinator muscle, which is lined internally by the oral mucous membrane

A

cheeks

105
Q

contract to keep food between the teeth when chewing and is innervated by the buccal branches of the facial nerve (CN VII)

A

buccinator muscle

106
Q

floor is consist of several structures:

A
  1. muscular diaphragm
  2. geniohyoid muscle
  3. tongue
  4. salivary glands and ducts
107
Q

Composed of the bilateral mylohyoid muscles. It provides structural support to the floor of the mouth, and pulls the larynx forward during swallowing.

A

Muscular diaphragm

108
Q

Pulls the larynx forward during swallowing

A

geniohyoid muscle

109
Q

Connected to the floor by the frenulum of the tongue, a fold of oral mucosa

A

tongue

110
Q

It is protective against foreign bodies touching the posterior aspects of the oral cavity, which are most innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

A

gag reflex

111
Q

It is the central part of the oral cavity . it’s a muscular organ whose base is attached to the floor of the oral cavity, whilst its apex is free and mobile

A

tongue

112
Q

four types of papillae

A

Filiform
Fungiform
Vallatae
Foliate papillae

113
Q

Its mobility and strength are important for the process of speech and mastication.

A

tongue muscle

114
Q

Makes up the inside of the tongue. Responsible for tongue functions: talking, mastication, and other functions which requires the tongue to move
Controls movement: twirling, curling, flattening, and broadening of the tongue.

A

intrinsic muscles

115
Q

Located outside of the tongue and attached to specific regions. Assists and supports more complex actions such as retraction and protrusion

A

extrinsic muscles

116
Q

sensory innervation:
general and taste sensation from the posterior third of the tongue

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

117
Q

sensory innervation: general sensation from the anterior ⅔ of the tongue

A

Lingual nerve (branch of the mandibular nerve- V3)

118
Q

taste sensation from the anterior ⅔ of the tongue

A

facial nerve (CN VII)

119
Q

Known to be the largest salivary gland
that you can see. It secrets a pure serous
type of saliva

A

parotid gland

120
Q

smaller than the parotid gland but
larger than sublingual gland; each is
hook shaped
- the submandibular duct (Wharton’s
duct) emerges from the medial side
of the deep part of the gland in the
oral cavity and passes forward to
open on the summit of a small
sublingual papilla beside the base of
frenulum of the tongue.
- the saliva secreted by the
submandibular gland is more serous

A

submandibular gland

121
Q

the smallest of the three major
paired salivary glands
- each is almond shaped and is
immediately lateral to the
submandibular duct and associated
lingual nerve in the floor of the oral
cavity. (near the chin region)
- produces mixed secretion, but
mainly mucous type

A

sublingual gland

General Anatomy 2 Laboratory (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions