midterms Flashcards
what are the 3 main parts of Central Nervous System?
- brain
- spinal cord
- neurons
what are the 4 main functions of the nervous system?
- reception of general sensory information
- receiving an perceiving special sensations
- integration of sensory information from different parts of the body and process them
- response generation
what are the 2 organs that make up the central nervous system?
- brain
- spinal cord
Brain weighs ___ pounds in average adult. it is composed of ___% fat and ___% combination of water, protein, carbohydrates, and salts.
- 60% fat
- 40% of combination of water, protein, carbohydrates, and salts
true or false
brain is a muscle.
false
Brain contains, blood vessels, and nerves including ______ and ______
- neurons
- glial cells
brain is divided into:
- Cerebrum
- Brainstem
- Cerebellum
it is the front of the brain and considered as its largest part. it initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature
Cerebrum
What comprises the Cerebrum?
1.
2.
- gray matter (cerebral cortex)
- white matter (center)
it describes the outer gray matter covering of the cerebrum. it has a large surface area due to its folds, comprising about half of the brain’s weight.
cerebral cortex
it is divided into 2 halves/ hemispheres, they are joined at a large deep sulcus that runs from the front of the head to the back
Cerebral cortex
cerebral cortex is covered with ____ (gyri) and _____(sulci)
- ridges
- folds
what hemisphere controls the left side of the body
right hemisphere of cerebral cortex
what hemisphere controls the right side of the body
left hemisphere of cerebral cortex
it is the center of the cerebrum. Two halves communicate with one another through a large, c-shaped structure of white matter and nerve pathways
corpus callosum
it is the middle of the brain. it connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord
brainstem
brainstem includes:
1.
2.
3.
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla
it is a very complex structure with a range of different neurons clusters, neural pathways, and other structures
midbrain
midbrain facilitates various functions such as:
- hearing and movement
- calculating responses and environmental changes
what part of the brainstems contains substantia nigra which is an area affected by Parkinson’s disease
Midbrain
it is the origin of four of the 12 cranial nerves. it is the connection between the midbrain and the medulla with a name derived from Latin which means “bridge”
pons
it is where the brain and the spinal cord meet. it is essential to survival since in regulates bodily activities including heart rhythm, breathing, blood flow, and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
medulla
it extends from the bottom of the medulla through a large opening in the bottom of the skull. supported by the vertebrae, it carries messages to and from the brain and the rest of the body
spinal cord
a fist sized portion of the brain located at the back of the head below the temporal and occipital lobes and above the midbrain
cerebellum
cerebellum has 2 hemispheres:
- the outer portion contains ___
- the inner area communicates with the _____ ______
- neurons
- cerebral cortex
it is a three layer protective coverings surrounding the brain and the spinal cord
meninges
what are the 3 Layers of Meninges?
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
it is the most outer layer which is thick and tough
dura mater
what are the 2 layers of dura mater?
- periosteal layer
- meningeal layer
it lines the inner dome of the skull (cranium)
periosteal layer
it is located below the periosteal layer
meningeal layer
the space between the layers of dura mater allows for the passage of veins and arteries that supply ____ _____ to the brain
blood flow
it is a thin web like of connective tissue that does not contain nerves or blood vessels
arachnoid mater
this fluid cushions the entire central nervous system and continually circulates around these structures to remove impurities
Cerebrospinal fluid
it is a thin membrane that hugs the surface of the brain and follows its contours rich with veins and arteries
pia mater
what are the 4 lobes of the brain?
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
it is the largest lobe of the brain located in the front of the head. it contains Broca’s area which is associated with speech ability
frontal lobe
it is the middle part of the brain, it helps a person identify objects and understand spatial relationships and is involve in interpreting pain and touch, it houses Wernicke’s area which helps the brain understand spoken language
parietal lobe
it is the sides of the brain, involved in short- term memory, speech, musical rhythm and some degree of smell recognition
temporal lobe
this lobe is the back part of the brain that is involved with vision
Occipital lobe
a pea sized structure found deep in the brain behind the bridge of the nose, it receives chemical signals from the hypothalamus through its stalk and blood supply
Pituitary gland (master gland)
located above the pituitary gland and sends its chemical signals that control its function. it regulates body temperature, synchronized sleep patterns, controls hunger and thirst, also plays a role in some aspects of memory and emotion
Hypothalamus
small almond shaped structures located under each half of the brain, included in the limbic system. it regulates emotion, memory, and associated with the brain’s reward system, stress and “fight or flight” response when someone perceives a threat
amygdala
curved seahorse shaped organ o the underside of each temporal lobe. it is part of a larger structure called “hippocampal formation” it receives information from the cerebral cortex
Hippocampus
located deep in the brain and attached by a stalk to the top of the third ventricle. responds to light and dark, secretes melatonin which regulates circardian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle
pineal gland
it manufactures cerebrospinal fluid
ventricles
what are the two sets of blood vessels supply blood and oxygen to the brain?
- vertebral arteries
- carotid arteries
Extend up to the sides of the neck, and where pulse can be felt when the area is touched with fingertips
external carotid arteries
Branch into the skull and circulate blood to the front part of the brain
internal carotid arteries
Follow spinal column into the skull where they join together at the brainstem and form the Basilar artery
vertebral arteries
supplies blood to the rear portions of the brain
basilar artery
A loop of blood vessels near the bottom of the brain that connects major arteries, circulates blood from the front of the brain to the back and helps the arterial systems communicate with one another.
circle of willis
Cylindrical structures that runs through the center of the spine from the brainstem to the lower back
Delicate structures that contains nerve bundles that carries messages from the brain to the rest of the body
spinal cord
A protective layer of bone covering the spinal cord
vertebral column
Bones in the vertebral column stacked on top of each other from the pelvic bone to the skull
vertebrae
Tough outer shell and gel-like interior
Act as a shock absorber and cushion for vertebrae and spinal cord
vertebral disc
what are the 3 main parts of the spinal cord?
Cervical (8) - neck bone
Thoracic (12) - located at the chest
Lumbar (5) - located at the lower back
3 layers of meninges that covers the spinal cord
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
the outermost layer that protects the spinal cord from injury
dura mater
middle layer of spinal cord meninges
arachnoid mater
innermost layer that covers the spinal cord
pia mater
Space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
epidural space
The space between arachnoid mater and pia mater
subarachnoid mater
the opening between the spinal canal
intervertebral foramina
cervical nerves: distribution of …
suboccipital nerve (C1),
Greater occipital nerve (C2)
Third occipital nerve (C3)
posterior distribution
cervical nerves: distribution
Cervical plexus (C1-C4)
Brachial plexus (C5-T1)
muscles innervated by the cervical nerves
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
a loop of nerve that is also a part of the cervical plexus
ansa cervicalis
lumbar nerves: division
Medial branches of the posterior division runs close to the articular processes of the vertebrae and end in the multifidus muscle
Lateral branches supply the erector spinae muscle
posterior division
lumbar nerves: division
consists of long, slender branches that accompany the lumbar arteries around the sides of the vertebral bodies, beneath the psoas major
anterior division
2 divisions of sacral nerves
Anterior sacral foramina
Posterior sacral foramina
division of sacral nerves have both
_____ and ______ fiber, they are responsible for part of the sensory perception and the movement of the lower extremities of the human body
afferent and efferent fiber
where does Pudendal nerve and Parasympathetic fibeer arise?
S2, S3, and S4
It is the 31st pair of spinal nerves that arise from the conus medullaris. Its anterior root helps form the coccygeal plexus
coccygeal nerve
made up of several different tissues and the entire framework of bones and their cartilages constitutes the skeletal system
bone
what are the basic functions of the bone
- support
- protection
- assistance in movement
- mineral homeostasis
- blood cell production
- triglyceride storage
identify the function of the bone described
- serves as a structural framework for the body by supporting soft tissues and providing attachment points for the tendons of most skeletal muscles
support
identify the function of the bone described
- protects the most important internal organs from injury.
protection
identify the function of the bone described
- most skeletal muscles attach to bones, when they contract, they pull on bones to produce movement.
assistance in movement
identify the function of the bone described
- It stores several minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, which contribute to the strength of bone.
Bone releases minerals into the blood to maintain critical mineral balances (homeostasis) and to distribute the minerals to the other parts of the body
Mineral Homeostasis (storage and release)
bone tissue makes up about __% of the weight of the human body. it stores about __% of the body’s calcium
18%
99%
identify the function of the bone described
- utilizes red bone marrow
It is present in developing bones of the fetus and in some adult bones
In a newborn, all bone marrow is red and is involved in hematopoiesis.
With increasing age, much of the bone marrow changes from red to yellow.
blood cell production
Connective tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
hemopoiesis
4 types of cells present in bone tissue
osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclast
Unspecialised bone stem cells derived from mesenchyme, the tissue from which almost all connective tissue are formed
They are the only bone cells to undergo cell division, the resulting cells develop into osteoblast
Found along the inner portion of the periosteum, in the endosteum, and in the canals within bone that contain blood vessels
Osteoprogenitor cells
bone building cells
osteoblast
mature bone cells, are the main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism, such as the exchange of nutrients and waste with the blood.
osteocytes
helps regulate blood calcium level. They target cells for drug therapy used to treat osteoporosis
osteoclasts
Contains few spaces and is the strongest from of the bone tissue
Found beneath the periosteum of all bones and make up the bulk of the diaphyses of long bones
Provides protection and support and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement.
compact bone
Always located in the interior of a bone, protected by a covering of compact bone
spongy bone
Inferior to the nasal cavities. It has a roof and floor, and lateral walls, opens onto the face through the oral fissure and its continuous with the cavity of the pharynx at the oropharyngeal isthmus
oral cavity
The oral cavity is separated into two regions by the upper and lower ____ _____ consisting of the teeth and alveolar bone that supports them
dental arches
horseshoe shaped, is between the dental arches and the deep surfaces of the cheeks and lips- the oral fissure opens into it and can be opened and closed by muscles of facial expression, and by movement of the lower jaw.
outer oral vestibule
enclosed by the dental arches
inner oral cavity
the back of the oral cavity proper can be opened and closed by surrounding soft tissues, which includes the soft palate and tongue.
oropharyngeal isthmus
divisions of the oral cavity
Vestibule
Mouth cavity proper
Horseshoe shaped, situated anteriorly. It is the space between the lips/ cheeks, and the gums/ teeth
It communicates with the mouth proper via the space behind the third molar, and with the exterior through the oral fissure. The diameter of the oral fissure is controlled by the muscles of facial expression
vestibule
Attachment of lips to tissue/ gums
If the attachment is too low it causes diastema
labial frenum
which salivary gland opens out into the vestibule, secreting salivary juices
parotid gland
Lies posteriorly to the vestibule. It is bordered by a roof, a floor, and the cheeks. The tongue fills a large portion of the the cavity of the mouth proper
mouth proper
consists of the hard and soft palates
roof
Found anteriorly. It is a bony palate that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity. It is covered superiorly by respiratory mucosa (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium) and inferiorly by oral mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium)
hard palate
A posterior continuation of the hard palate. In contrast to the hard palate, it is a muscular structure. It acts as a valve that can lower to close the oropharyngeal isthmus, and elevate to separate the nasopharynx.
soft palate
Formed by the buccinator muscle, which is lined internally by the oral mucous membrane
cheeks
contract to keep food between the teeth when chewing and is innervated by the buccal branches of the facial nerve (CN VII)
buccinator muscle
floor is consist of several structures:
- muscular diaphragm
- geniohyoid muscle
- tongue
- salivary glands and ducts
Composed of the bilateral mylohyoid muscles. It provides structural support to the floor of the mouth, and pulls the larynx forward during swallowing.
Muscular diaphragm
Pulls the larynx forward during swallowing
geniohyoid muscle
Connected to the floor by the frenulum of the tongue, a fold of oral mucosa
tongue
It is protective against foreign bodies touching the posterior aspects of the oral cavity, which are most innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
gag reflex
It is the central part of the oral cavity . it’s a muscular organ whose base is attached to the floor of the oral cavity, whilst its apex is free and mobile
tongue
four types of papillae
Filiform
Fungiform
Vallatae
Foliate papillae
Its mobility and strength are important for the process of speech and mastication.
tongue muscle
Makes up the inside of the tongue. Responsible for tongue functions: talking, mastication, and other functions which requires the tongue to move
Controls movement: twirling, curling, flattening, and broadening of the tongue.
intrinsic muscles
Located outside of the tongue and attached to specific regions. Assists and supports more complex actions such as retraction and protrusion
extrinsic muscles
sensory innervation:
general and taste sensation from the posterior third of the tongue
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
sensory innervation: general sensation from the anterior ⅔ of the tongue
Lingual nerve (branch of the mandibular nerve- V3)
taste sensation from the anterior ⅔ of the tongue
facial nerve (CN VII)
Known to be the largest salivary gland
that you can see. It secrets a pure serous
type of saliva
parotid gland
smaller than the parotid gland but
larger than sublingual gland; each is
hook shaped
- the submandibular duct (Wharton’s
duct) emerges from the medial side
of the deep part of the gland in the
oral cavity and passes forward to
open on the summit of a small
sublingual papilla beside the base of
frenulum of the tongue.
- the saliva secreted by the
submandibular gland is more serous
submandibular gland
the smallest of the three major
paired salivary glands
- each is almond shaped and is
immediately lateral to the
submandibular duct and associated
lingual nerve in the floor of the oral
cavity. (near the chin region)
- produces mixed secretion, but
mainly mucous type
sublingual gland
