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General Anatomy 2 Laboratory > Finals Rororor > Flashcards

Finals Rororor Flashcards

1
Q
  • Most anterior portion of the human head
  • Refers to the area that extends from the superior margin of the forehead to the chin, and from one ear to another.
A

Human Face

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2
Q

The basic shape of the human face is determined by the ___________, the _______ and the amount of ________ present

A
  • underlying facial skeleton
  • facial muscles
  • subcutaneous tissue
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3
Q

The region is considered the upper face starts from the hairline superiorly and ends just under the lower eyelid

A

Upper face

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4
Q

The lateral borders of the upper face terminate around the _____

A

Temporal region

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5
Q

This region of the face contains thre forehead, eyes, and temporal region

A

Upper face region

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6
Q
  • The superior region of the upper face region
  • Composed mainly of the frontal bone and the underlying muscles
A

Forehead

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7
Q

What are the 4 underlying muscles of the forehead?

A
  • Procerus
  • Occipitofrontalis
  • Depressor supercillii
  • Corrugator supercilii muscle
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8
Q

The muscles of the forehead are covered by _____ and _____

A

Fat pad and skin

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9
Q

This region are composed of several cranial bones including the frontal bone superiorly, nasal bone medially, maxilla inferomedially and the zygomatic bone inferolaterally. Containg the eyes and orbit

A

Orbit region

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10
Q

true or false

Each eyeball is cushioned by superior, inferior, and lateral fat pads

A

true

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11
Q

the eyes are enveloped and covered by the _____ which function to protect eyes from external factors

A

eyelids

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12
Q

true or false
The orbit is surrounded by a single muscle - orbicularis oculi muscle

A

true

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13
Q

this muscle closes the eyelids on contraction

A

orbicularis oculi muscle

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14
Q

this muscle open the eyelids

A

levator palperbrae

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15
Q

this region is composed of frontal, sphenoid, and temporal bones. It is covered mainly by the temporalis muscle and overlying skin

A

temporal region

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16
Q

this region of the face starts superior at the lower eyelid and spans inferior terminating just above the upper lip

A

middle face

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17
Q

it contains the nose, cheeks, and ears

A

central face region

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18
Q

these enclose the lateral borders of the central face

A

ears

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19
Q

this region is located in the central portion of the human face featuring the nose

A

nasal region

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20
Q

it is the central pyramid-shaped structure, situated in the midline

A

nose

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21
Q

The base of the nose is formed mainly by the nasal bone and covered by the ______ muscle

A

nasalis

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22
Q

The area between the base and apex is the dorsum of the nose which is formed by _________.

A

nasal cartilage

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23
Q

Superficially, the dorsum of the nose is covered by _______ and ______

A

fat pads and skin

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24
Q

true or false
the infraorbital region overlies the maxilla

A

true

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25
Q

These regions are located lateral to the nose and mark the superior portion of the cheek.

A

zygomatic region

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26
Q

it is a prominence that overlies the zygomatic arch and is comprised of muscles and fat

A

cheek

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27
Q

the most lateral region of the face. It contains the external ear.

A

auricular region

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28
Q

The internal structure of the auricle is made from ______ and covered by ______.

A

cartilage and covered by skin.

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29
Q

true or false

The ears are surrounded by 2 auricular muscles

A

false

surrounded by 3 auricular muscles

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30
Q

this part of the face is Bordered superiorly by the superior margin of the upper lip and inferiorly by the inferior border of the chin.

A

inferior part of the face

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31
Q

This part of the face can be divided into oral, mental, buccal and parotideomasseteric regions

A

inferior part of the face

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32
Q

Surrounds the lips, the most prominent structures in the inferior part of the face. They are divided into two parts: the upper lip and the lower lip.

A

oral region

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33
Q

upper lip is associated with the _____ while Lower lip is associated with the _____

A
  • maxilla
  • mandible
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34
Q

Located inferior to the mouth. It features the chin, a central structure that overlies mental protuberance of the mandible

A

mental region

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35
Q

Located just inferior to the infraorbital and zygomatic region, and comprises the inferior portion of the cheek.

A

buccal region

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36
Q

the buccal region mainly refers to the area marked by the ______muscle.

A

buccinator

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37
Q

The inferior border of the buccal region is the jawline, formed by the ___________

A

inferior border of the mandible

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38
Q

Located lateral to the buccal region. Named after the underlying parotid gland and masseter muscle

A

Parotideomasseteric Region

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39
Q

The peripheral organ of vision, is situated in a skeletal cavity, the orbit
1 inch in diameter, 8 g in weight embedded in orbital fat, separated from it by a thin fascial sheath

A

eyeball

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40
Q

-

A
  • anterior chamber
  • posterior chamber
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41
Q

anterior cavity is divided into two chambers by ____

A

iris

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42
Q

anterior cavity contains aqueous humor by the ______ ________

A

ciliary process

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43
Q

posterior cavity is located behind the lens, containing the _____ ______ enclosed in hyaloid membrane

A

vitreous humor

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44
Q

what are the 3 layers of the eyeballs?

A

fibrous coat
vascular coat
neural coat

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45
Q

part of the fibrous coat that is relatively hard consistency, is dense layer which when distended by intraocular pressure, maintains the shape of the eyeball

A

sclera

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46
Q

true or false
The sclera’s external surface is white and smooth and is in contact with the inner surface of the fascial sheath of the eyeball

A

truelaloo

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47
Q

Sclera provides passage for nerves of the cornea and _______ _______ ______and attachment for _____ eye muscles

A
  • vascular autonomic nerves
  • extrinsic
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48
Q

The anterior, projecting transparent part of the external tunic
Its tear film cover is the major site of refraction of light entering the eye

A

cornea

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49
Q

Thin, highly vascular, dark brown tissue which lines almost the posterior five-sixth of the eye
Is pierced behind by the optic nerve and is firmly adherent to the sclera

A

choroid

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50
Q

Directly continuous with the choroid behind and with the iris in front
Internally it shows a scalloped periphery where it is continuous with the choroid and retina

A

ciliary body

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51
Q

ciliary body is a major source of ______ _______for the anterior segment of the eye

A

aqueous fluid

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52
Q

An adjustable diaphragm around a central aperture

A

iris

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53
Q

controls the amount of light entering the eye

A

pupil

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54
Q

what is the main factor determining the hue of the iris

A

concentration of melanocytes

55
Q

what are the 2 muscles of the iris?

A
  • spinchter pupillae
  • dilator pupillae
56
Q

This is a flat annulus of smooth muscle about 0.75 mm wide and 0.15 mm thick
Its densely packed fusiform myocytes are often arranged in small bundles, as in the ciliary muscle, and pass circumferentially around the pupil

A

spinchter pupillae

57
Q

A thin stratum lying immediately anterior to the epithelium of the posterior iridial surface
Its fibers are in fact the muscular processes of the anterior layer of this epithelium
Their apical processes form the epithelium itself

A

dilator pupillae

58
Q

eye muscles involved in Pupil Constriction

A

Sphincter (Circular) - Contract
Dilator (Radial) - relax

59
Q

eye muscles involves in pupil dilation

A

Sphincter (Circular) - relax
Dilator (Radial) - Contract

60
Q

The neural, sensory stratum of the eyeball
It is thin, being thickest near the optic disc

A

retina

61
Q

retina contains a variety of cell types. They including the:

A

photoreceptors (rod and cone cells)

62
Q

Near the center of the retina is an oval, yellowish area called the _____ _____

A

macula lutea

63
Q

macula lutea has a central depression where visual resolution is highest called _____ ______

A

fovea centralis

64
Q

Chiefly responsible for high spatial resolution and color vision in good lighting conditions (photopic vision)

A

cone cells

65
Q

true or false
Highly concentrated at the fovea centralis, but they populate the whole retina, intermingled with rods

A

truebells

66
Q

Provide high monochromatic sensitivity to a much wider range of illumination down to much lower intensities (scotopic vision) although with relatively low spatial discrimination because of their different neural connection

A

rods

67
Q

rods are included from the fovea

A

engk false

rods are excluded from the fovea

68
Q

the region where retinal tissues meet the neural retinal tissues meet the neural elements of the optic nerve

A

optic disc

69
Q

true or false
Besides being the exit point for the optic nerve fibers, optic disc also provides a point of entry and exit for the retinal circulation Superomedial to the posterior pole of the eye

A

hala true

70
Q

The components of the eye which transmit and refract light

A

refractive media

71
Q

the component of the eye composed of cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor

A

refractive media

72
Q

The total quantity of aqueous humor is small, filling the anterior and posterior chambers. An avenue for nutrients, and metabolic exchange for the avascular tissues of the cornea and lens

A

aqueous humor

73
Q

Fills the vitreous chamber, occupying about four-fifths of the eyeball
It is colorless, consisting of approximately 99% water, and although apparently, structureless, a sparse but organized cellular and fibrous content is present

A

vitreous humor

74
Q

A transparent, encapsulated, biconvex body, placed between the iris and the vitreous body
Encircled by the ciliary process, to which it is attached by the zonular fibers collectively forming the zonule holding the lens in place and transmitting the forces stretching the lens except in visual accommodation

A

lens

75
Q

what are the accessory structures of the eye?

A
  • eyelids
  • lacrimal apparatus
  • eye muscles
76
Q

function of eyelids

A

provide protection

77
Q

function of lacrimal apparatus

A

lubrication

78
Q

function of eye muscles

A

support

79
Q

what are the Visible portion of the ear Collecting and directing sound waves to the eardrum

A
  • auricle / pinna
  • external acoustic meatus
80
Q

Surrounds the entrance to the external auditory canal
Supported by elastic cartilage
Protects the opening of the canal
Collects and convey soundwaves to the tympanic membrane

A

pinna

81
Q

what are the functions of the ears?

A
  • equilibrium
  • hearing
82
Q

function of the ears that informs us of the position of the body in space by monitoring gravity, linear acceleration and rotation.

A

equilibrium

83
Q

function of the ears that enables us to detect and interpret soundwaves

A

hearing

84
Q

external ear
Large outside rim of the auricle
Has a crus part
It ends inferiorly at the fishy Lobule - only part of the auricle not supported by cartilage

A

helix

85
Q

A smaller curved rim, parallel and anterior to the helix
Has a superior and inferior crura (leg)

A

antihelix

86
Q

Hollow center of the auricle
Consists of 2 parts:
Cymba
Cavum

A

concha

87
Q

An elevation located just anterior to the opening of the external acoustic meatus, in front of the concha

A

tragus

88
Q

Elevation opposite the tragus, and above the fleshy lobule

A

antitragus

89
Q

Extends from the concha to the tympanic membrane

A

external auditory meatus

90
Q

The External Auditory Meatus
Length:
From floor of the concha
-
From the tragus
-

A
  • Approximately 2.5 cm (1 inch)
  • About 4 cm
91
Q

External Auditory meatus has 2 structurally different parts:

A

Lateral third (cartilaginous)
Medial two-thirds (osseous)

92
Q

External Auditory Meatus
Features:

A
  • skin
  • hair
  • sweat glands
  • sebaceous glands / ceruminous glands
93
Q

Slows down the growth of bacteria and reduces the chances of infection

A

cerumen / earwax

94
Q

Separates the external and middle ear
Transmits sound waves along the auditory ossicles to the inner ear

A

tympanic membrane

95
Q

Located around the periphery of the tympanic membrane
Attaches the eardrum to the tympanic part of the temporal bone

A

fibrocartilage ring

96
Q

Concave and deepest part of tympanic membrane
Where the tip of the handle of the malleus is attached

A

umbo

97
Q

A bright reflection of light anteroinferior to the umbo Visible with the use of an otoscope

A

cone of light

98
Q

Superior to the umbo in an anterior direction

A

Handle of Malleus (Manubrium)

99
Q

Located at superior end of the Manubrium of Malleus

A

Lateral process (short process)

100
Q

Extension away from the Lateral process on the internal surface of the membrane

A

Anterior and Posterior Malleolar Folds

101
Q

-

A
  • Thin and slack (pars flaccida)
  • Thick and taut (pars tensa) - for the rest of the membrane
102
Q

Also known as the tympanic cavity
Space in the petrous temporal bone lined by mucous membrane

A

MIDDLE EAR

103
Q

Middle ear has two parts:

A
  • epitympanic reccess
  • tympanic cavity
104
Q

part of the middle ear that contains the malleus and incus

A

Epitympanic recess

105
Q

part of the middle ear that is proper, opposite the membrane

A

tympanic cavity

106
Q

wall of the middle ear that opens directly to the eustachian tube

A

anterior wall

107
Q

wall of the middle ear that presents a large opening “aditus” that leads to the tympanic antrum, where the stapedius muscle is found

A

posterior muscle

108
Q

middle ear
Muscles:
-
-
Bones:
-
-
-

A

Muscles:
- Tensor tympani Muscle
- Stapedius muscle
Bones:
- Malleus (hammer)
- Incus (anvil)
- Stapes (stirrup)

109
Q

Located in the petrous part of the temporal bone
The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by the receptors of the inner ear, which lies in the membranous labyrinth

A

inner ear

110
Q

two labyrinths of the inner ear:

A
  • Bony Labyrinth
  • Membranous labyrinth
111
Q

The fluid that separates the bony and membranous labyrinth

A

perilymph

112
Q

labyrinths:
Each of these canals form ⅔ of a circle connected at both ends to the vestibule and with one end dilated to forms the ____

A

ampulla

113
Q

Contain receptors stimulated by the rotation of the head (Equilibrium)

A

inner ear

114
Q

Contains the cochlear duct of the membranous labyrinth
Contains receptors in the cochlear ducts that provide the sense of hearing

A

cochlea

115
Q

Semicircular Canals
3 horseshoe-shaped fluid-filled canals:

A
  • Anterior
  • Lateral
  • Posterior
116
Q

A continuous system of ducts and sacs within the bony labyrinth
Contain fluid known as endolymph

A

membranous labyrinth

117
Q

it is within the cochlea of the bony labyrinth anteriorly

A

cochlear duct

118
Q

it is within the vestibule of the bony labyrinth in the middle

A

saccule and utricle of vestibular apparatus

119
Q

it is within the three semicircular canals of the bony labyrinth posteriorly

A

3 semicircular ducts

120
Q

-
-

A
  • scala tympani
  • scala vestibuli
  • cochlear duct
121
Q

how does the sound transmission work?

A

luh galing

122
Q

it is larger than the saccule
oval elongated, irregular posterosuperior part of vestibule of bony labyrinth
contains fluid draned from the 3 semicircular duct

A

utricle

123
Q

smaller, rounded sac
anteroinferior part of vestibule of bony labyrinth
contains fluid drained from cochlear duct

A

saccule

124
Q

drains into the utricle
each is similar in shape
terminates at the ampulla

A

3 semicircular ducts

125
Q

sensory receptors for utricle and saccule

A

macula

126
Q

centrifuged and vertical acceleration

A

macula of utricle

127
Q

linear acceleration

A

macula of saccule

128
Q

movement in any direction
sensory receptor for semicircular ducts

A

crista ampullaris

129
Q

Distance between the (b) outer Canthus of the eye and corner of the mouth should be equal to the distance between the (a) lower border of the septum of the nose / Columelia Nasi and Lower border of the chin

A

Willis Method

130
Q

inflammation of the canal between the eardrum and the external opening of the ear (external auditory meatus)

A

Otitis Externa

131
Q

Inflammation usually due to viral or bacterial infection of the middle ear
Symptoms include pain and a high fever
Treatments is with antibiotics and sometimes also by surgical drainage (myringotomy)

A

Acute Otitis Media

132
Q

Otitis media with effusion
A chronic accumulation of fluid in the middle ear, causing hearing loss (glue ear)

A

Secretory Otitis Media

133
Q

Chronic inflammation of the middle ear associated with perforation of the eardrum and in some instances with cholesteatoma

A

Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media

134
Q

inflammation of the inner ear causing vertigo, vomiting, loss of balance and deafness

A

Labyrinthitis (Otitis Interna)

General Anatomy 2 Laboratory (2 decks)

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