Finals Rororor Flashcards
- Most anterior portion of the human head
- Refers to the area that extends from the superior margin of the forehead to the chin, and from one ear to another.
Human Face
The basic shape of the human face is determined by the ___________, the _______ and the amount of ________ present
- underlying facial skeleton
- facial muscles
- subcutaneous tissue
The region is considered the upper face starts from the hairline superiorly and ends just under the lower eyelid
Upper face
The lateral borders of the upper face terminate around the _____
Temporal region
This region of the face contains thre forehead, eyes, and temporal region
Upper face region
- The superior region of the upper face region
- Composed mainly of the frontal bone and the underlying muscles
Forehead
What are the 4 underlying muscles of the forehead?
- Procerus
- Occipitofrontalis
- Depressor supercillii
- Corrugator supercilii muscle
The muscles of the forehead are covered by _____ and _____
Fat pad and skin
This region are composed of several cranial bones including the frontal bone superiorly, nasal bone medially, maxilla inferomedially and the zygomatic bone inferolaterally. Containg the eyes and orbit
Orbit region
true or false
Each eyeball is cushioned by superior, inferior, and lateral fat pads
true
the eyes are enveloped and covered by the _____ which function to protect eyes from external factors
eyelids
true or false
The orbit is surrounded by a single muscle - orbicularis oculi muscle
true
this muscle closes the eyelids on contraction
orbicularis oculi muscle
this muscle open the eyelids
levator palperbrae
this region is composed of frontal, sphenoid, and temporal bones. It is covered mainly by the temporalis muscle and overlying skin
temporal region
this region of the face starts superior at the lower eyelid and spans inferior terminating just above the upper lip
middle face
it contains the nose, cheeks, and ears
central face region
these enclose the lateral borders of the central face
ears
this region is located in the central portion of the human face featuring the nose
nasal region
it is the central pyramid-shaped structure, situated in the midline
nose
The base of the nose is formed mainly by the nasal bone and covered by the ______ muscle
nasalis
The area between the base and apex is the dorsum of the nose which is formed by _________.
nasal cartilage
Superficially, the dorsum of the nose is covered by _______ and ______
fat pads and skin
true or false
the infraorbital region overlies the maxilla
true
These regions are located lateral to the nose and mark the superior portion of the cheek.
zygomatic region
it is a prominence that overlies the zygomatic arch and is comprised of muscles and fat
cheek
the most lateral region of the face. It contains the external ear.
auricular region
The internal structure of the auricle is made from ______ and covered by ______.
cartilage and covered by skin.
true or false
The ears are surrounded by 2 auricular muscles
false
surrounded by 3 auricular muscles
this part of the face is Bordered superiorly by the superior margin of the upper lip and inferiorly by the inferior border of the chin.
inferior part of the face
This part of the face can be divided into oral, mental, buccal and parotideomasseteric regions
inferior part of the face
Surrounds the lips, the most prominent structures in the inferior part of the face. They are divided into two parts: the upper lip and the lower lip.
oral region
upper lip is associated with the _____ while Lower lip is associated with the _____
- maxilla
- mandible
Located inferior to the mouth. It features the chin, a central structure that overlies mental protuberance of the mandible
mental region
Located just inferior to the infraorbital and zygomatic region, and comprises the inferior portion of the cheek.
buccal region
the buccal region mainly refers to the area marked by the ______muscle.
buccinator
The inferior border of the buccal region is the jawline, formed by the ___________
inferior border of the mandible
Located lateral to the buccal region. Named after the underlying parotid gland and masseter muscle
Parotideomasseteric Region
The peripheral organ of vision, is situated in a skeletal cavity, the orbit
1 inch in diameter, 8 g in weight embedded in orbital fat, separated from it by a thin fascial sheath
eyeball
-
- anterior chamber
- posterior chamber
anterior cavity is divided into two chambers by ____
iris
anterior cavity contains aqueous humor by the ______ ________
ciliary process
posterior cavity is located behind the lens, containing the _____ ______ enclosed in hyaloid membrane
vitreous humor
what are the 3 layers of the eyeballs?
fibrous coat
vascular coat
neural coat
part of the fibrous coat that is relatively hard consistency, is dense layer which when distended by intraocular pressure, maintains the shape of the eyeball
sclera
true or false
The sclera’s external surface is white and smooth and is in contact with the inner surface of the fascial sheath of the eyeball
truelaloo
Sclera provides passage for nerves of the cornea and _______ _______ ______and attachment for _____ eye muscles
- vascular autonomic nerves
- extrinsic
The anterior, projecting transparent part of the external tunic
Its tear film cover is the major site of refraction of light entering the eye
cornea
Thin, highly vascular, dark brown tissue which lines almost the posterior five-sixth of the eye
Is pierced behind by the optic nerve and is firmly adherent to the sclera
choroid
Directly continuous with the choroid behind and with the iris in front
Internally it shows a scalloped periphery where it is continuous with the choroid and retina
ciliary body
ciliary body is a major source of ______ _______for the anterior segment of the eye
aqueous fluid
An adjustable diaphragm around a central aperture
iris
controls the amount of light entering the eye
pupil
what is the main factor determining the hue of the iris
concentration of melanocytes
what are the 2 muscles of the iris?
- spinchter pupillae
- dilator pupillae
This is a flat annulus of smooth muscle about 0.75 mm wide and 0.15 mm thick
Its densely packed fusiform myocytes are often arranged in small bundles, as in the ciliary muscle, and pass circumferentially around the pupil
spinchter pupillae
A thin stratum lying immediately anterior to the epithelium of the posterior iridial surface
Its fibers are in fact the muscular processes of the anterior layer of this epithelium
Their apical processes form the epithelium itself
dilator pupillae
eye muscles involved in Pupil Constriction
Sphincter (Circular) - Contract
Dilator (Radial) - relax
eye muscles involves in pupil dilation
Sphincter (Circular) - relax
Dilator (Radial) - Contract
The neural, sensory stratum of the eyeball
It is thin, being thickest near the optic disc
retina
retina contains a variety of cell types. They including the:
photoreceptors (rod and cone cells)
Near the center of the retina is an oval, yellowish area called the _____ _____
macula lutea
macula lutea has a central depression where visual resolution is highest called _____ ______
fovea centralis
Chiefly responsible for high spatial resolution and color vision in good lighting conditions (photopic vision)
cone cells
true or false
Highly concentrated at the fovea centralis, but they populate the whole retina, intermingled with rods
truebells
Provide high monochromatic sensitivity to a much wider range of illumination down to much lower intensities (scotopic vision) although with relatively low spatial discrimination because of their different neural connection
rods
rods are included from the fovea
engk false
rods are excluded from the fovea
the region where retinal tissues meet the neural retinal tissues meet the neural elements of the optic nerve
optic disc
true or false
Besides being the exit point for the optic nerve fibers, optic disc also provides a point of entry and exit for the retinal circulation Superomedial to the posterior pole of the eye
hala true
The components of the eye which transmit and refract light
refractive media
the component of the eye composed of cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor
refractive media
The total quantity of aqueous humor is small, filling the anterior and posterior chambers. An avenue for nutrients, and metabolic exchange for the avascular tissues of the cornea and lens
aqueous humor
Fills the vitreous chamber, occupying about four-fifths of the eyeball
It is colorless, consisting of approximately 99% water, and although apparently, structureless, a sparse but organized cellular and fibrous content is present
vitreous humor
A transparent, encapsulated, biconvex body, placed between the iris and the vitreous body
Encircled by the ciliary process, to which it is attached by the zonular fibers collectively forming the zonule holding the lens in place and transmitting the forces stretching the lens except in visual accommodation
lens
what are the accessory structures of the eye?
- eyelids
- lacrimal apparatus
- eye muscles
function of eyelids
provide protection
function of lacrimal apparatus
lubrication
function of eye muscles
support
what are the Visible portion of the ear Collecting and directing sound waves to the eardrum
- auricle / pinna
- external acoustic meatus
Surrounds the entrance to the external auditory canal
Supported by elastic cartilage
Protects the opening of the canal
Collects and convey soundwaves to the tympanic membrane
pinna
what are the functions of the ears?
- equilibrium
- hearing
function of the ears that informs us of the position of the body in space by monitoring gravity, linear acceleration and rotation.
equilibrium
function of the ears that enables us to detect and interpret soundwaves
hearing
external ear
Large outside rim of the auricle
Has a crus part
It ends inferiorly at the fishy Lobule - only part of the auricle not supported by cartilage
helix
A smaller curved rim, parallel and anterior to the helix
Has a superior and inferior crura (leg)
antihelix
Hollow center of the auricle
Consists of 2 parts:
Cymba
Cavum
concha
An elevation located just anterior to the opening of the external acoustic meatus, in front of the concha
tragus
Elevation opposite the tragus, and above the fleshy lobule
antitragus
Extends from the concha to the tympanic membrane
external auditory meatus
The External Auditory Meatus
Length:
From floor of the concha
-
From the tragus
-
- Approximately 2.5 cm (1 inch)
- About 4 cm
External Auditory meatus has 2 structurally different parts:
Lateral third (cartilaginous)
Medial two-thirds (osseous)
External Auditory Meatus
Features:
- skin
- hair
- sweat glands
- sebaceous glands / ceruminous glands
Slows down the growth of bacteria and reduces the chances of infection
cerumen / earwax
Separates the external and middle ear
Transmits sound waves along the auditory ossicles to the inner ear
tympanic membrane
Located around the periphery of the tympanic membrane
Attaches the eardrum to the tympanic part of the temporal bone
fibrocartilage ring
Concave and deepest part of tympanic membrane
Where the tip of the handle of the malleus is attached
umbo
A bright reflection of light anteroinferior to the umbo Visible with the use of an otoscope
cone of light
Superior to the umbo in an anterior direction
Handle of Malleus (Manubrium)
Located at superior end of the Manubrium of Malleus
Lateral process (short process)
Extension away from the Lateral process on the internal surface of the membrane
Anterior and Posterior Malleolar Folds
-
- Thin and slack (pars flaccida)
- Thick and taut (pars tensa) - for the rest of the membrane
Also known as the tympanic cavity
Space in the petrous temporal bone lined by mucous membrane
MIDDLE EAR
Middle ear has two parts:
- epitympanic reccess
- tympanic cavity
part of the middle ear that contains the malleus and incus
Epitympanic recess
part of the middle ear that is proper, opposite the membrane
tympanic cavity
wall of the middle ear that opens directly to the eustachian tube
anterior wall
wall of the middle ear that presents a large opening “aditus” that leads to the tympanic antrum, where the stapedius muscle is found
posterior muscle
middle ear
Muscles:
-
-
Bones:
-
-
-
Muscles:
- Tensor tympani Muscle
- Stapedius muscle
Bones:
- Malleus (hammer)
- Incus (anvil)
- Stapes (stirrup)
Located in the petrous part of the temporal bone
The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by the receptors of the inner ear, which lies in the membranous labyrinth
inner ear
two labyrinths of the inner ear:
- Bony Labyrinth
- Membranous labyrinth
The fluid that separates the bony and membranous labyrinth
perilymph
labyrinths:
Each of these canals form ⅔ of a circle connected at both ends to the vestibule and with one end dilated to forms the ____
ampulla
Contain receptors stimulated by the rotation of the head (Equilibrium)
inner ear
Contains the cochlear duct of the membranous labyrinth
Contains receptors in the cochlear ducts that provide the sense of hearing
cochlea
Semicircular Canals
3 horseshoe-shaped fluid-filled canals:
- Anterior
- Lateral
- Posterior
A continuous system of ducts and sacs within the bony labyrinth
Contain fluid known as endolymph
membranous labyrinth
it is within the cochlea of the bony labyrinth anteriorly
cochlear duct
it is within the vestibule of the bony labyrinth in the middle
saccule and utricle of vestibular apparatus
it is within the three semicircular canals of the bony labyrinth posteriorly
3 semicircular ducts
-
-
- scala tympani
- scala vestibuli
- cochlear duct
how does the sound transmission work?
luh galing
it is larger than the saccule
oval elongated, irregular posterosuperior part of vestibule of bony labyrinth
contains fluid draned from the 3 semicircular duct
utricle
smaller, rounded sac
anteroinferior part of vestibule of bony labyrinth
contains fluid drained from cochlear duct
saccule
drains into the utricle
each is similar in shape
terminates at the ampulla
3 semicircular ducts
sensory receptors for utricle and saccule
macula
centrifuged and vertical acceleration
macula of utricle
linear acceleration
macula of saccule
movement in any direction
sensory receptor for semicircular ducts
crista ampullaris
Distance between the (b) outer Canthus of the eye and corner of the mouth should be equal to the distance between the (a) lower border of the septum of the nose / Columelia Nasi and Lower border of the chin
Willis Method
inflammation of the canal between the eardrum and the external opening of the ear (external auditory meatus)
Otitis Externa
Inflammation usually due to viral or bacterial infection of the middle ear
Symptoms include pain and a high fever
Treatments is with antibiotics and sometimes also by surgical drainage (myringotomy)
Acute Otitis Media
Otitis media with effusion
A chronic accumulation of fluid in the middle ear, causing hearing loss (glue ear)
Secretory Otitis Media
Chronic inflammation of the middle ear associated with perforation of the eardrum and in some instances with cholesteatoma
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
inflammation of the inner ear causing vertigo, vomiting, loss of balance and deafness
Labyrinthitis (Otitis Interna)
