Midterms Flashcards

1
Q

General Personality DisorAn enduring pattern of behavior and inner experiences that deviates significantly from the individual’s cultural standards

A

General Personality Disorder

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2
Q

When is the onset of General Personality Disorder?

A

adolescence or early adulthood

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3
Q

T or F
The concordance for personality disorders among monozygotic twins was several times that among dizygotic twins.

A

TRUE

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4
Q

Persons who exhibit impulsive traits
Often show high levels of: what hormeones

A

Testosterone
1 7-estradiol
Estrone

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5
Q

According to him Personality traits are related to a fixation at one psychosexual stage of development.

A

Sigmund Freud

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6
Q

According to him Coined the term “character armor”
Describe person’s characteristic defensive styles for protecting themselves from:
Internal impulses
Interpersonal anxiety in significant relationships

A

Wilhelm Reich

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7
Q

Unconscious mental processes that the ego uses to resolve conflicts among the four lodestars of the inner life: instinct (wish or need), reality, important persons, and conscience.

A

Defense mechanisms

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8
Q

Personality Disorder subtype Cluster A (3)
what are the chacteristics?

A

Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal
Characteristic: odd aloof features

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9
Q

Personality Disorder subtype Cluster B (4)
what are the chacteristics?

A

Borderline
Antisocial
Narcissistic
Histrionic
Characteristic: dramatic, impulsive, and erratic features

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10
Q

Personality Disorder subtype Cluster C (3)
what are the chacteristics?

A

Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive-compulsive
Characteristic: anxious and fearful features

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11
Q

Characterized by:
Long-standing suspiciousness
Mistrust of persons

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

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12
Q

They refuse responsibility for their own feelings and assign responsibility to others.
They are often hostile, irritable, and angry.

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

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13
Q

Muscular tension, inability to relax, & a need to scan the environment for clues may be evident
Patient’s manner is often humorless and serious.

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

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14
Q

Although some premises of their arguments may be false, their speech is goal directed and logical.
Thought content shows evidence of projection, prejudice, and occasional ideas of reference

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

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15
Q

It is a harbinger of schizophrenia.

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

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16
Q

Those with paranoid personality disorder have lifelong problems working and living with others.
Common: Occupational and marital problems

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

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16
Q

Begins by early adulthood
Expect to be exploited or harmed by others
Frequently dispute, without any justification, friends’ or associates’ loyalty or trustworthiness

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

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16
Q

Often pathologically jealous and –for no reason –question the fidelity of their spouses/sexual partners
Externalize their emotions and use the defense projection; attribute to others impulses and thoughts that they cannot accept in themselves

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

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16
Q

Characterized by:
A lifelong pattern of social withdrawal
Often seen by others as:
Eccentric
Isolated, or
Lonely

A

Schizoid Personality Disorder

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17
Q

Noteworthy:
Discomfort with human interaction
Introversion
Bland constricted affect

A

Schizoid Personality Disorder

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18
Q

On an initial psychiatric examination
Patients with schizoid personality disorder may appear ill at ease
Rarely tolerate eye contact

A

Schizoid Personality Disorder

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19
Q

Interviewers may surmise
Patients are eager for the interview to end
Affect may be constricted, aloof, or inappropriately serious
Underneath the aloofness, sensitive clinicians can recognize fear

A

Schizoid Personality Disorder

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20
Q

May occasionally use unusual figures of speech
Speech is goal directed
They are likely to give short answers to questions and to avoid spontaneous conversation

A

Schizoid Personality Disorder

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21
Q

Seem to be cold and aloof
They display a remote reserve
Show no involvement with everyday events and the concerns of others

A

Schizoid Personality Disorder

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22
Q

Appear quiet, distant, seclusive, and unsociable.
Their sexual lives may exist exclusively in fantasy, and they may postpone mature sexuality indefinitely

A

Schizoid Personality Disorder

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23
Q

Onset of schizoid personality disorder usually occurs in?

A

early childhood or adolescence

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24
Q

is the premorbid personality of the patient with schizophrenia

A

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

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25
Q

From the study by Thomas McGlashan
reported that 10% of those with ____ personality disorder eventually committed suicide

A

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

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25
Q

Some maintain a stable ___ personality throughout their lives and marry and work, despite their oddities

A

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

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26
Q

inability to conform to the social norms that ordinarily govern many aspects of a person’s adolescent and adult behavior

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

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26
Q

characterized by continual antisocial or criminal acts, but the disorder is not synonymous with criminality

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

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27
Q

Seem to be normal and even charming and ingratiating
Disordered life functioning
Typical experiences
Lying, truancy, running away from home, thefts, fights, substance abuse, and illegal activities

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

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28
Q

Patients with this disorder can fool even the most experienced clinicians.
They can appear composed and credible
Beneath the veneer, lurks tension, hostility, irritability, and rage.

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

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29
Q

Exhibit no anxiety or depression
Common:
Suicide threats and somatic preoccupations
Heightened sense of reality testing
Impress observers as having good verbal intelligence
“Con Men” → extremely manipulative

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

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29
Q

Clinicians must adjust for the distorting effects of socioeconomic status, cultural background, and sex.

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

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30
Q

Diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder
Not warranted when the ff can explain the symptoms:
Intellectual disability
Schizophrenia, or
Mania

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

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30
Q

Usually occurring in late adolescence

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

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31
Q

Stand on the border between neurosis and psychosis
Characterized by extraordinarily unstable affect, mood, behavior, object relations, and self-image

A

Borderline Personality Disorder

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31
Q

Also called
“Ambulatory schizophrenia”
Coined by Helene Deutsch
“Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia”
Described by Paul Hoch and Phillip Politan)
“Psychotic character disorder”
Described by John Frosch)

A

Borderline Personality Disorder

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32
Q

Always appear to be in a state of crisis
Common: Mood swings
Micropsychotic episodes
Behavior is highly unpredictable

A

Borderline Personality Disorder

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33
Q

T or F
Borderline personality disorder is fairly stable; patients change little over time. Longitudinal studies show no progression toward schizophrenia, but patients have a high incidence of major depressive disorder episodes.

A

TRUE

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33
Q

Repetitive self-destructive acts
Cannot tolerate being alone
Prefer a frantic search for companionship
Accept a stranger as a friend or behave promiscuously
Chronic feelings of emptiness and boredom and the lack of a consistent sense of identity (identity diffusion)

A

Borderline Personality Disorder

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34
Q

Characteristics:
excitable and emotional and behave in a colorful, dramatic, extroverted fash­ion.
inability to maintain deep, long-lasting attachments.

A

Histrionic Personality Disorder

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35
Q

Diagnosis:
Affective display is common
When pressed to acknowledge certain feelings (e.g., anger, sadness, and sexual wishes), they may respond with surprise, indigna­tion, or denial.

A

Histrionic Personality Disorder

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36
Q

Clinical features:
high degree of attention-seeking behavior
Temper tantrums, tears, accusations (when they are not the center of attention)
Exaggeration of thoughts and feelings

A

Histrionic Personality Disorder

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37
Q

Clinical features:
Seductive behavior
Vain,, self-absorbed, and fickle.
Need for reassurance is endless.

A

Histrionic Personality Disorder

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38
Q

Persons with this disorder are:
Sensation seekers
They may get into trouble with the law
Abuse sub­stances
Act promiscuously.

A

Histrionic Personality Disorder

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39
Q

Characteristics:
heightened sense of self-importance, lack of empathy, and grandiosefeelings of uniqueness.
self-esteem is fragile and vulnerable to even minor criticism.

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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40
Q

According to DSM-5
range from less than 1 to 6 percent in community samples
may impart an unrealistic sense of omnipotence, grandiosity, beauty, and talent to their children

offspring of such parents may have a higher than usual risk for developing the disorder themselves

offspring of such parents may have a higher than usual risk for developing the disorder themselves

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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41
Q

Have a grandiose sense of self-importance
Consider themselves special and expect special treatment
Their sense of entitlement is striking
They handle criticism poorly and may become enraged when someone dares to criticize them, or they may appear completely indifferent to criticism

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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42
Q

Want their own way
Frequently ambitious to achieve fame and fortune
Their relationships are tenuous, and they can make others furious by their refusal to obey conventional rules of behavior

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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43
Q

Interpersonal exploitiveness is commonplace
hey cannot show empathy, and they feign sympathy only to achieve their own selfish ends
Because of their fragile self-esteem, they are susceptible to depression

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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43
Q

Interpersonal difficulties, occupational problems, rejection, and loss are among the stresses that narcissists commonly produce by their behavior—stresses they are least able to handle

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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43
Q

T or F
Narcissistic personality disorder is chronic and easy to treat.

A

FALSE
Narcissistic personality disorder is chronic and difficult to treat.

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44
Q

Patients with the disorder must constantly deal with blows to their narcissism resulting from their own behavior or from life experience
Aging is handled poorly

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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45
Q

patients value beauty, strength, and youthful attributes, to which they cling inappropriately
They may be more vulnerable, therefore, to midlife crises than are other groups

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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46
Q

Psychiatrists such as Kernberg and Heinz Kohut have advocated using psychoanalytic approaches to effect change, but much research is required to validate the diagnosis and to determine the best treatment

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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46
Q

Lithium (Eskalith) has been used with patients whose clinical picture includes mood swings
Because patients with narcissistic personality disorder tolerate rejection poorly and are susceptible to depression, antidepressants, especially serotonergic drugs, may also be of use

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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47
Q

Persons with avoidant personality disorder show extreme sensitivity to rejection and may lead socially withdrawn lives

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

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48
Q

Although shy, they are not asocial and show a great desire for companionship, but they need unusually strong guarantees of uncritical acceptance
Commonly described as having an inferiority complex

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

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49
Q

They seem vulnerable to the interviewer’s comments and suggestions and may regard a clarification or interpretation as criticism

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

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49
Q

In clinical interviews, patients’ most striking aspect is anxiety about talking with an interviewer
Their nervous and tense manner appears to wax and wane with their perception of whether an interviewer likes them

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

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50
Q

Hypersensitivity to rejection by others
The central clinical feature of avoidant personality disorder
Timidity
Patients’ main personality trait
Desire the warmth and security of human companionship
Justify their avoidance of relationships by their alleged fear of rejection

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

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50
Q

When talking with someone:
They express uncertainty
Show a lack of self-confidence
May speak in a self-effacing manner

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

50
Q

Hypervigilant about rejection
They are afraid to speak up in public or to make requests of others
They are apt to misinterpret other persons’ comments as derogatory or ridiculing

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

51
Q

Refusal of any request
Leads them to withdraw from others and to feel hurt
In the vocational sphere
Patients with avoidant personality disorder often take jobs on the sidelines

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

52
Q

These persons are generally unwilling to enter relationships unless they are given an unusually strong guarantee of uncritical acceptance
Consequently, they often have no close friends or confidants

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

52
Q

They rarely attain much personal
Advancement or exercise much authority but seem shy and eager to please

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

53
Q

Able to function in a protected environment
Some marry, have children, and live their lives surrounded only by family members

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

54
Q

If their support system fails:
Subject to depression, anxiety, and anger
Phobic avoidance is common
Patients with the disorder may give histories of social phobia or incur social phobia in the course of their illness

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

54
Q

Passive-dependent personality

A

Dependent Personality Disorder

55
Q

Persons who have this disorder will have to:
Subordinate their own needs to those of others
Get others to assume responsibility for major areas of their lives

A

Dependent Personality Disorder

56
Q

Lack of confidence
May experience intense discomfort when alone for more than a brief period

A

Dependent Personality Disorder

57
Q

Freud described as an oral-dependent personality dimension

A

Dependent Personality Disorder

58
Q

Characterized by:
Dependence
Pessimism
Fear of sexuality
Self-doubt
Passivity
Suggestibility
Lack of perseverance

A

Dependent Personality Disorder

59
Q

Pervasive pattern of dependent and submissive behavior.
Cannot make decisions w/o excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others

A

Dependent Personality Disorder

59
Q

Avoid positions of responsibility
Become anxious if asked to assume leadership role

A

Dependent Personality Disorder

60
Q

Prefer to be submissive
They find it difficult to perseverance at tasks but may find it easy to perform for someone else

A

Dependent Personality Disorder

60
Q

Their relationship is distorted by their need to be attached to another person

A

Dependent Personality Disorder

61
Q

DDx is difficult because dependence is seen in many psychiatric disorder like histrionic and borderline PD.

A

Dependent Personality Disorder

62
Q

Characterized by:
Emotional constriction
Orderliness
Perseverance
Stubbornness
Indecisiveness

A

Obsessive - Compulsive PersonalityDisorder

63
Q

Essential feature:
Pervasive pattern of perfectionism and inflexibility

A

Obsessive - Compulsive PersonalityDisorder

63
Q

Freud described an anal-dependent personality dimension

A

Obsessive - Compulsive PersonalityDisorder

63
Q

Defense mechanism:
Rationalization
Isolation
Intellectualization
Reaction formation
Undoing

A

Obsessive - Compulsive PersonalityDisorder

63
Q

Preoccupied with rules, regulations, orderliness, neatness, details and achievement perfection
Rules are to be followed rigidly and cannot tolerate what they consider infractions.
Capable to prolonged work (routinized and not require adaptations)

A

Obsessive - Compulsive PersonalityDisorder

63
Q

Anxious of being not in control of the interview
Answers to questions are unusually detailed.

A

Obsessive - Compulsive PersonalityDisorder

63
Q

Stiff, formal and rigid demeanor
Affect: constricted
Lack of spontaneity
Mood: serious

A

Obsessive - Compulsive PersonalityDisorder

63
Q

Limited interpersonal skills (few friends)
Often lack of sense of humor
Alienate persons, unable to compromise and insist others to submit to their needs

A

Obsessive - Compulsive PersonalityDisorder

64
Q

Authoritarian
They indecisive and ruminate about making decisions

A

Obsessive - Compulsive PersonalityDisorder

65
Q

characterized by covert obstructionism, procrastination, stubbornness, and inefficiency
such behavior is a manifestation of passively expressed underlying aggression

A

Passive-Aggressive Personality

66
Q

No data are available about epidemiology. Sex ratio, familial patterns, and prevalence have not been adequately studied

A

Passive-Aggressive Personality

67
Q

CLINICAL FEATURES
characteristically procrastinate
resist demands for adequate performance
find excuses for delays, and find fault with those on whom they depend, yet they refuse to extricate themselves from the dependent relationships

A

Passive-Aggressive Personality

67
Q

No epidemiological data are currently available; however, depressive personality type seems to be common, to occur equally in men and women, and to occur in families in which depressive disorders are found.

A

Depressive Personality

67
Q

Persons with depressive personality are characterized by lifelong traits that fall along the depressive spectrum. They are pessimistic, anhedonic, duty-bound, self-doubting, and chronically unhappy

A

Depressive Personality

67
Q

Cause of depressive personality is unknown, but the same factors involved in dysthymic disorder and major depressive disorder may be at work

A

Depressive Personality

68
Q

CLINICAL FEATURES
Patients with depressive personality feel little of the normal joy of living and are inclined to be lonely and solemn, gloomy, submissive, pessimistic, and self-deprecatory.
They are prone to express regrets and feelings of inadequacy and hopelessness.

A

Depressive Personality

68
Q

Often meticulous, perfectionistic, overconscientious, and preoccupied with work; feel responsibility keenly, and are easily discouraged under new conditions.
Fearful of disapproval; tend to suffer in silence; and perhaps to cry easily, although usually not in the presence of others.

A

Depressive Personality

68
Q

A tendency to hesitation, indecision, and caution betrays an inherent feeling of insecurity.

A

Depressive Personality

68
Q

Self-critical and derogatory and likely to denigrate their work, themselves, and their relationships with others.
Their physiognomy often reflects their mood-poor posture, depressed facies, hoarse voice, and psychomotor retardation.

A

Depressive Personality

68
Q

Complain of chronic feelings of unhappiness.
Admit to low self-esteem and difficulty finding anything in their lives about which they are joyful, hopeful, or optimistic.

A

Depressive Personality

69
Q

Some personality types are characterized by elements of sadism or masochism or a combination of both.

A

Sadomasochistic Personality

69
Q

The achievement of sexual gratification by inflicting pain on the self. So-called moral masochists generally seek humiliation and failure rather than physical pain.

A

MASOCHISM

Sadomasochistic Personality

69
Q

. It is not an official diagnostic category in DSM-5, but it can be diagnosed as personality disorder not otherwise classified.

A

Sadomasochistic Personality

69
Q

The desire to cause others pain by being either sexually abusive or generally physically or psychologically abusive.

A

Sadism
Sadomasochistic Personality

70
Q

Beginning in early adulthood, persons with sadistic personality show a pervasive pattern of cruel, demeaning, and aggressive behavior that is directed toward others

A

Sadistic Personality

70
Q

fascinated by violence, weapons, injury, or torture.

To be included in this category, such persons cannot be motivated solely by the desire to derive sexual arousal from their behavior; if they are so motivated, the paraphilia of sexual sadism should be diagnosed.

A

Sadistic Personality

71
Q

Clinical observations indicate that elements of both sadistic and masochistic behavior are usually present in the same person.

A

Sadomasochistic Personality

71
Q

Physical cruelty or violence is used to inflict pain on others, not to achieve another goal, such as mugging a person to steal.

A

Sadistic Personality

71
Q

Observed as exploratory activity in response to novelty, impulsiveness, extravagance in approach to cues of reward, and active avoidance of frustration.

A

NOVELTY SEEKING

71
Q

Involves heritable bias in the inhibition of behavior in response to signals of punishment and nonreward

A

HARM AVOIDANCE

72
Q

Reflects maintenance of behavior in response to cues of social reward.

A

REWARD DEPENDENCE

73
Q

Reflects maintenance of behavior despite frustration, fatigue, and intermittent reinforcement.

A

PERSISTENCE

74
Q

Defined by the acute onset of fluctuating cognitive impairment and a disturbance of consciousness
● A syndrome, not a disease

A

DELIRIUM

75
Q

Hallmark symptom- impairment of consciousness, occurring in association with global impairments of cognitive
functions

A

DELIRIUM

76
Q

● Common psychiatric symptoms abnormality of mood, perception, and behavior

A

DELIRIUM

76
Q

● Sudden onset, brief, fluctuating course
● Rapid improvement once causative factors identified and eliminated

A

Delirium

77
Q

defined as a progressive impairment of cognitive functions occurring in clear consciousness

A

Dementia

77
Q

Global impairment of intellect is the essential feature, manifested as difficulty with memory, attention, thinking, and comprehension.

A

Dementia

78
Q

5 percent in the general population older
than 65 years of age,
– 20 to 40 percent in the general population
older than 85 years of age.

A

Epidemiology of Dimentia

78
Q

Other mental functions can often be affected, including mood, personality, judgment, and social behavior.

A

Dementia

78
Q

most common form of dementia.
This incurable, degenerative, terminal disease was first described by a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois ____ in 1906

A

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

78
Q

s a slowly progressive disease of the brain that is characterized by impairment of memory and eventually by disturbances in reasoning, planning, language, and perception.

A

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

78
Q

Many scientists believe that _____ disease results from an increase in the production or accumulation of a specific protein (beta-amyloid protein) in the brain that leads to nerve cell death.

A

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

78
Q

⦿ Progressive
⦿ Incurable
⦿ Neurodegenerative disease
- presence of extracellular amyloid plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
⦿ Most common form of Dementia

A

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

79
Q

10 WARNING SIGNS OF ALZHEIMER’S

A

⦿ Memory loss
⦿ Difficulty performing familiar tasks
⦿ Problems with language
⦿ Disorientation to time and place
⦿ Poor or decreased judgment
⦿ Problems with abstract thinking
⦿ Misplacing things
⦿ Changes in mood or behavior
⦿ Changes in personality
⦿ Loss of initiative

80
Q

Frequent recent memory loss, particularly of recent
conversations and events.
⦿ Repeated questions, some problems expressing and
understanding language.

A

Predementia

80
Q

-daily activities are affected and the most noticeable is a deficit in memory.
⦿ duration period is 2-4 years

A

Predementia

80
Q

Writing and using objects become difficult and depression
and apathy can occur.
⦿ Drastic personality changes may accompany functional
decline.
⦿ Need reminders for daily activities and difficulties with
sequencing impact driving early in this stage.

A

Predementia

81
Q

-there is worsening of impairment of learning and memory in this case.

A

Early/Mild Dementia

82
Q

-Progressive deterioration eventually hinders independence
-Speech difficulties become evident due to an inability to recall vocabulary

A

Moderate dementia

82
Q

duration is 2-10 years.
⦿ Can no longer cover up problems.
⦿ Pervasive and persistent memory loss impacts life across settings.
⦿ Rambling speech, unusual reasoning, confusion about current events, time,
and place.

A

Early/Mild Dementia

82
Q

⦿ Increased memory loss and confusion.
⦿ Problems recognizing family and friends.
⦿ Inability to learn new things.

A

Moderate dementia

82
Q

⦿ Difficulty carrying out tasks that involve multiple steps (such as
getting dressed).
⦿ Problems coping with new situations.
⦿ Delusions and paranoia.

A

Moderate dementia

83
Q

⦿ Impulsive behavior.
⦿ In moderate AD, damage occurs in areas of the brain that control language, reasoning, sensory processing, and conscious thought

A

Moderate dementia

84
Q

-patient is completely dependent on their caregivers.
-communication skills greatly deteriorate
-extreme apathy and exhaustion
-eventually leads to becoming bedridden

A

Advance/Severe dementia

84
Q

⦿ Generally incapacitated with severe to total loss of verbal skills.
⦿ Unable to care for self. Falls possible and immobility likely.
⦿ Problems with swallowing, incontinence, and illness.

A

Advance/Severe dementia

85
Q

⦿ Extreme problems with mood, behavioral problems, hallucinations, and delirium.
⦿ Patients need total support and care, and often die from infections or pneumonia

A

Advance/Severe dementia

85
Q

⦿ This is considered as the severe stage and the duration is 1-3 years.
⦿ Confused about past and present. Loss of recognition of familiar
people and places

A

Advance/Severe dementia

85
Q

Three major competing hypotheses

A
  1. Cholinergic hypothesis
  2. Amyloid hypothesis
  3. Tau hypothesis
85
Q

Dimentia can be diagnosed with?

A

⦿ patient history, collateral history from relatives, and clinical observations, presence of characteristic neurological and neuropsychological features
⦿ computed tomography (CT)
⦿ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
⦿ single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT)
⦿ positron emission tomography (PET)

85
Q

RISK FACTORS for Dimentia

A

-Age
-Environmental toxins
-Down syndrome
-Family history
-Head injury
-Low education level
-Genetics (heredity)

86
Q

One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease is the
accumulation of ___between nerve cells
(neurons) in the brain.

A

AMYLOID PLAQUES

86
Q

– is a general term for protein fragments that the body
produces normally.
– Beta amyloid is a protein fragment snipped from an
amyloid precursor protein (APP).

A

Amyloid

87
Q

insoluble twisted fibers found inside the brain’s
cells.
* consist primarily of a protein called tau, which
forms part of a structure called a microtubule

A

NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES

88
Q
A
88
Q
A
88
Q
A
88
Q
A
89
Q
A
89
Q
A
90
Q
A
90
Q
A
91
Q
A
91
Q
A
91
Q
A
92
Q
A
92
Q
A
93
Q
A