Midterms Flashcards
General Personality DisorAn enduring pattern of behavior and inner experiences that deviates significantly from the individual’s cultural standards
General Personality Disorder
When is the onset of General Personality Disorder?
adolescence or early adulthood
T or F
The concordance for personality disorders among monozygotic twins was several times that among dizygotic twins.
TRUE
Persons who exhibit impulsive traits
Often show high levels of: what hormeones
Testosterone
1 7-estradiol
Estrone
According to him Personality traits are related to a fixation at one psychosexual stage of development.
Sigmund Freud
According to him Coined the term “character armor”
Describe person’s characteristic defensive styles for protecting themselves from:
Internal impulses
Interpersonal anxiety in significant relationships
Wilhelm Reich
Unconscious mental processes that the ego uses to resolve conflicts among the four lodestars of the inner life: instinct (wish or need), reality, important persons, and conscience.
Defense mechanisms
Personality Disorder subtype Cluster A (3)
what are the chacteristics?
Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal
Characteristic: odd aloof features
Personality Disorder subtype Cluster B (4)
what are the chacteristics?
Borderline
Antisocial
Narcissistic
Histrionic
Characteristic: dramatic, impulsive, and erratic features
Personality Disorder subtype Cluster C (3)
what are the chacteristics?
Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive-compulsive
Characteristic: anxious and fearful features
Characterized by:
Long-standing suspiciousness
Mistrust of persons
Paranoid Personality Disorder
They refuse responsibility for their own feelings and assign responsibility to others.
They are often hostile, irritable, and angry.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Muscular tension, inability to relax, & a need to scan the environment for clues may be evident
Patient’s manner is often humorless and serious.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Although some premises of their arguments may be false, their speech is goal directed and logical.
Thought content shows evidence of projection, prejudice, and occasional ideas of reference
Paranoid Personality Disorder
It is a harbinger of schizophrenia.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Those with paranoid personality disorder have lifelong problems working and living with others.
Common: Occupational and marital problems
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Begins by early adulthood
Expect to be exploited or harmed by others
Frequently dispute, without any justification, friends’ or associates’ loyalty or trustworthiness
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Often pathologically jealous and –for no reason –question the fidelity of their spouses/sexual partners
Externalize their emotions and use the defense projection; attribute to others impulses and thoughts that they cannot accept in themselves
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Characterized by:
A lifelong pattern of social withdrawal
Often seen by others as:
Eccentric
Isolated, or
Lonely
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Noteworthy:
Discomfort with human interaction
Introversion
Bland constricted affect
Schizoid Personality Disorder
On an initial psychiatric examination
Patients with schizoid personality disorder may appear ill at ease
Rarely tolerate eye contact
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Interviewers may surmise
Patients are eager for the interview to end
Affect may be constricted, aloof, or inappropriately serious
Underneath the aloofness, sensitive clinicians can recognize fear
Schizoid Personality Disorder
May occasionally use unusual figures of speech
Speech is goal directed
They are likely to give short answers to questions and to avoid spontaneous conversation
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Seem to be cold and aloof
They display a remote reserve
Show no involvement with everyday events and the concerns of others
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Appear quiet, distant, seclusive, and unsociable.
Their sexual lives may exist exclusively in fantasy, and they may postpone mature sexuality indefinitely
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Onset of schizoid personality disorder usually occurs in?
early childhood or adolescence
is the premorbid personality of the patient with schizophrenia
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
From the study by Thomas McGlashan
reported that 10% of those with ____ personality disorder eventually committed suicide
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Some maintain a stable ___ personality throughout their lives and marry and work, despite their oddities
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
inability to conform to the social norms that ordinarily govern many aspects of a person’s adolescent and adult behavior
Antisocial Personality Disorder
characterized by continual antisocial or criminal acts, but the disorder is not synonymous with criminality
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Seem to be normal and even charming and ingratiating
Disordered life functioning
Typical experiences
Lying, truancy, running away from home, thefts, fights, substance abuse, and illegal activities
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Patients with this disorder can fool even the most experienced clinicians.
They can appear composed and credible
Beneath the veneer, lurks tension, hostility, irritability, and rage.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Exhibit no anxiety or depression
Common:
Suicide threats and somatic preoccupations
Heightened sense of reality testing
Impress observers as having good verbal intelligence
“Con Men” → extremely manipulative
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Clinicians must adjust for the distorting effects of socioeconomic status, cultural background, and sex.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder
Not warranted when the ff can explain the symptoms:
Intellectual disability
Schizophrenia, or
Mania
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Usually occurring in late adolescence
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Stand on the border between neurosis and psychosis
Characterized by extraordinarily unstable affect, mood, behavior, object relations, and self-image
Borderline Personality Disorder
Also called
“Ambulatory schizophrenia”
Coined by Helene Deutsch
“Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia”
Described by Paul Hoch and Phillip Politan)
“Psychotic character disorder”
Described by John Frosch)
Borderline Personality Disorder
Always appear to be in a state of crisis
Common: Mood swings
Micropsychotic episodes
Behavior is highly unpredictable
Borderline Personality Disorder
T or F
Borderline personality disorder is fairly stable; patients change little over time. Longitudinal studies show no progression toward schizophrenia, but patients have a high incidence of major depressive disorder episodes.
TRUE
Repetitive self-destructive acts
Cannot tolerate being alone
Prefer a frantic search for companionship
Accept a stranger as a friend or behave promiscuously
Chronic feelings of emptiness and boredom and the lack of a consistent sense of identity (identity diffusion)
Borderline Personality Disorder
Characteristics:
excitable and emotional and behave in a colorful, dramatic, extroverted fashion.
inability to maintain deep, long-lasting attachments.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Diagnosis:
Affective display is common
When pressed to acknowledge certain feelings (e.g., anger, sadness, and sexual wishes), they may respond with surprise, indignation, or denial.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Clinical features:
high degree of attention-seeking behavior
Temper tantrums, tears, accusations (when they are not the center of attention)
Exaggeration of thoughts and feelings
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Clinical features:
Seductive behavior
Vain,, self-absorbed, and fickle.
Need for reassurance is endless.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Persons with this disorder are:
Sensation seekers
They may get into trouble with the law
Abuse substances
Act promiscuously.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Characteristics:
heightened sense of self-importance, lack of empathy, and grandiosefeelings of uniqueness.
self-esteem is fragile and vulnerable to even minor criticism.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
According to DSM-5
range from less than 1 to 6 percent in community samples
may impart an unrealistic sense of omnipotence, grandiosity, beauty, and talent to their children
offspring of such parents may have a higher than usual risk for developing the disorder themselves
offspring of such parents may have a higher than usual risk for developing the disorder themselves
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Have a grandiose sense of self-importance
Consider themselves special and expect special treatment
Their sense of entitlement is striking
They handle criticism poorly and may become enraged when someone dares to criticize them, or they may appear completely indifferent to criticism
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Want their own way
Frequently ambitious to achieve fame and fortune
Their relationships are tenuous, and they can make others furious by their refusal to obey conventional rules of behavior
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Interpersonal exploitiveness is commonplace
hey cannot show empathy, and they feign sympathy only to achieve their own selfish ends
Because of their fragile self-esteem, they are susceptible to depression
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Interpersonal difficulties, occupational problems, rejection, and loss are among the stresses that narcissists commonly produce by their behavior—stresses they are least able to handle
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
T or F
Narcissistic personality disorder is chronic and easy to treat.
FALSE
Narcissistic personality disorder is chronic and difficult to treat.
Patients with the disorder must constantly deal with blows to their narcissism resulting from their own behavior or from life experience
Aging is handled poorly
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
patients value beauty, strength, and youthful attributes, to which they cling inappropriately
They may be more vulnerable, therefore, to midlife crises than are other groups
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Psychiatrists such as Kernberg and Heinz Kohut have advocated using psychoanalytic approaches to effect change, but much research is required to validate the diagnosis and to determine the best treatment
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Lithium (Eskalith) has been used with patients whose clinical picture includes mood swings
Because patients with narcissistic personality disorder tolerate rejection poorly and are susceptible to depression, antidepressants, especially serotonergic drugs, may also be of use
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Persons with avoidant personality disorder show extreme sensitivity to rejection and may lead socially withdrawn lives
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Although shy, they are not asocial and show a great desire for companionship, but they need unusually strong guarantees of uncritical acceptance
Commonly described as having an inferiority complex
Avoidant Personality Disorder
They seem vulnerable to the interviewer’s comments and suggestions and may regard a clarification or interpretation as criticism
Avoidant Personality Disorder
In clinical interviews, patients’ most striking aspect is anxiety about talking with an interviewer
Their nervous and tense manner appears to wax and wane with their perception of whether an interviewer likes them
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Hypersensitivity to rejection by others
The central clinical feature of avoidant personality disorder
Timidity
Patients’ main personality trait
Desire the warmth and security of human companionship
Justify their avoidance of relationships by their alleged fear of rejection
Avoidant Personality Disorder