MIDTERMS Flashcards
An age class created by direct seeding or by planting seedlings or cuttings.
Artificial Regeneration
The area of the cross section of a tree stem, including the bark, generally at breast height (4.5 feet above the ground).
Basal Area
A standard height from ground level for recording diameter, girth, or basal area of a tree, generally 4.5 feet.
Breast Height
A release treatment made in an age class not past the sapling stage in order to free the favored trees from less desirable individuals of the same age class who overtop them or are likely to do so
Cleaning
Tree Any tree that is selected to become a component of a future commercial harvest.
Crop-tree
The part of a tree or woody plant bearing live branches and foliage.
Crown
A class of tree based on crown position relative to the crowns of adjacent trees.
Crown class
The ground area covered by the crowns of trees or woody vegetation as delimited by the vertical projection of crown perimeters and commonly expressed as a percent of the total ground area
Crown Cover
The amount and compactness of foliage of the crowns of trees and/or shrubs.
Crown Density
The planned interval between partial harvests in an uneven-aged stand
Cutting Cycle
A stand of trees containing a single age class in which the range of tree ages is usually less than 20 percent of rotation.
Even-Aged Stand
A cutting made in a stand pole-sized or larger primarily to improve composition and quality by removing less desirable trees of any species
Improvement cutting
A collective term for any treatment designed to enhance growth, quality, vigor, and composition of the stand after establishment or regeneration and prior to final harvest
Intermediate Treatments (Tending)
An age class created from natural seeding, sprouting, suckering, or layering.
Natural Regeneration
The natural or artificial restocking of an area with trees (syn. Regeneration).
Reforestation
Seedlings or saplings existing in a stand; or the act of establishing young trees naturally or artificially (syn. Reforestation).
Regeneration
A cutting method by which a new age class is created. The major methods are Clear cutting, Seed Tree, Shelterwood, Selection, and Coppice
Regeneration (Reproduction) Period
In even-aged systems, the period between regeneration establishment and final cutting.
Rotation
The removal of dead trees or trees being damaged or dying due to injurious agents other than competition, to recover value that would otherwise be lost.
Salvage Cutting
The removal of trees to improve stand health by stopping or reducing the actual or anticipated spread of insects and disease
Sanitation Cutting
A knowledge of the nature of the forest and forest trees, and how they grow, reproduce, and respond to changes in their environment.
Silvics
The art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests and woodlands to meet the diverse needs and values of landowners and society on a sustainable basis.
Silviculture
A planned process whereby a stand is tended, harvested, and re- established. The system name is based on the number of age classes
Silvicultural System
A measure of actual or potential forest productivity expressed in terms of the average height of a certain number of dominants and co-dominants in the stand at an index age.
Site Index
A hand or mechanized manipulation of a site designed to enhance the success of regeneration
Site Preparation
The productive capacity of a site, usually expressed as volume production of a given species.
Site Quality (Productivity
A standing dead tree from which the leaves and most of the branches have fallen.
Snag
A contiguous group of trees sufficiently uniform in age class distribution, composition, and structure, and growing on a site of sufficiently uniform quality, to be a distinguishable unit
Stand
A quantitative, absolute measure of tree occupancy per unit of land area in such terms as numbers of trees, basal area, or volume
Stand Density
A term comprising all intermediate cuttings made to improve the composition, structure, condition, health, and growth of even- or uneven-aged stands.
Stand Improvement
An indication of growing-space occupancy relative to a pre-established standard. Common indices of stocking are based on percent occupancy, basal area, relative density, and crown competition factor.
Stocking
A cultural treatment made to reduce stand density of trees primarily to improve growth, enhance forest health, or recover potential mortality.
Thinning
The period of time between successive thinning envies, usually used in connection with even-aged stands
Thinning Interval
A stand is composed of two distinct age classes that are separated in age by more than 20 percent of rotation.
Two-Aged Stand
A planned sequence of treatments designed to maintain and regenerate a stand with two age classes.
Two-Aged System
The root pruning of seedlings in a nursery bed to limit root depth extension.
Undercutting
A stand of trees of three or more distinct age classes, either intimately mixed or in small groups.
Uneven-Aged Stand
A planned sequence of treatments designed to maintain and regenerate a stand with three or more age classes
Uneven-Aged System
A release treatment in stands not past the sapling stage eliminates or suppresses undesirable vegetation regardless of crown position.
Weeding
What is the general aim of silviculture?
~to ensure that the most available growing space is filled with useful plants for as much of the stand’s life as is practical.
~to ensure that the dynamic structure of the stand meets the needs of the landowner
What are the “useful plants”?
Timber
Forage
Forest vegetation
Basic goals of the silvicultural system
~Meets the goals and objectives of the landowner
~Provides for regeneration
~Considers forest health issues
~Uses growing space and site productivity effectively
Basic goals of the silvicultural system
~provides for the timely availability of many forest resources (not just timber)
~produces predictable harvests over the long term.
~balances biological/ecological and economic concerns to ensure the renewability of resources.
Objectives of silvicultural practices
Control species composition
Control of stand density
Restocking of unproductive areas
Protection and salvage
Control of rotation length
Facilitate the harvesting, management, and use of forest
Protection of the site and indirect benefits
Maintenance of aesthetic beauty
An objective of silvicultural practice that choose species most suited to the area economically and biologically
Choose species composition
An objective of silvicultural practice that prioritizes the provision and maintenance of just enough trees to stock the area at each stage of the life of the land.
Control of stand density
An objective of silvicultural practice that prevent severe forest losses from damaging agencies
Protection and salvage
An objective of silvicultural practice that requires reforestation, re- the establishment of a forest on vacant logged-over areas and unproductive areas.
Restocking of unproductive areas
An objective of silvicultural practice that determine the optimum size and age by which trees are harvested accordingly. Proper management shortens the rotation period
Control of rotation length
An objective of silvicultural practice that plan the growth of the stand so that any use of them is on a more efficient, economical, and orderly or predictable basis.
Facilitate the harvesting, management, and use of the forest
What are the fields of silviculture?
Reproduction or establishment of forest land
Reproduction/ Regeneration cutting
Cutting is made with the purpose of removing and utilizing old and creating environmental conditions favorable to the establishment of reproduction.
Regeneration cutting
The time during which reproduction cuttings are made to establish a new stand.
Regeneration or reproduction Period
Period during which a single crop oe regeneration is allowed to grow. Period from establishment to harvesting.
Rotation
Treatment of the stand during the portion of the rotation not included in the period of regeneration. Various cuttings are made during development from the period of regeneration up to maturity.
Intermediate Cuttings
refers to mainly to thinning operation done in immature crops.
Tending
3 main ideas of silvicultural system
a.The method of regeneration of the individual crops constituting the forest
b.The form of crop produced
c.And the orderly arrangement of crops over the whole forest
a procedure by which a stand is established or renewed.
Reproduction Method
Functions of the silvicultural system
Regeneration
Tending
Harvest
What are the functions of the forest?
Productive function
Protective function
Social function
A forest function that has an equal or greater importance than its productive function
Protective function
A forest function that assists in controlling soil erosion, protects water supplies, and provides habitat for flora and fauna
Protective function
A forest function that gives employment and facilities for field sports and recreation
Social function
Classification of forest according to origin
High forest and (coppice) low forest
Types of high forest
Clear cutting
Seed Tree
Shelterwood
Selection
Types of low forest
Simple coppice
Compound coppice
Pollarding
The Philippines is losing approximately __________ hectares of forest cover every year
47,000
The country is down to less than_________ of the original forest cover in the 1900s
24 percent
What is the canopy density of open forest?
10-40 %
What is the canopy density of closed forest?
60-100%
A plant association predominantly of trees or other woody vegetation, a
collection of stands.
Forest
An aggregation of trees or other growth occupying a specific area and
sufficiently uniform in species composition, size, age, arrangement, and condition as to be distinguished from the forest or other growth on adjoining areas.
Stand
The composition of stands is conceived of as being either pure or mixed
Stand composition
A stand in which at least 80% of the trees in the main canopy are of single species.
Pure stand
A stand in which less than 80% of the trees in the canopy are of a single species.
Mixed stand
The density of stocking expressed in number of trees, basal area,
volume, or other criteria, on a per-acre basis
Stand density
Stands in which all the growing space is effectively occupied but which still have ample room for the development of the crop trees.
Fully stocked stands
Stands in which the growing space is so completely utilized that growth has slowed down and many trees, including dominants, are being suppressed.
Overstocked stands
Stands in which the growing space is not effectively occupied by crop trees.
Understocked stands
Stands are usefully described and considered from the standpoint of the age classes of which they are composed. Generally, two stand forms are recognized. These are:
Stand form
Stands in which there exists relatively small age differences between individual trees.
Even-aged stands
Stands in which there exists relatively large age differences between individual trees. At least 3 age classes are present. A similar meaning is alleged stand.
Uneven-aged stand
Stands in which there are two distinct age classes.
Two-aged stands
Stands may be classified by origin; whether from seed or sprouts and suckers, or a combination of the two. Also descriptive of origin are natural or planted, and virgin or second growth.
Stand origin
the topographic location of the stand.
Stand location
What are the 2 broad topographic positions of stand?
upland and bottomland
Uppermost branches and leaves of tall trees which act like a roof over the forest ground.
Canopy
The layer of vegetation in a forest which is just below the canopy. It consists of smaller trees and tree saplings
Understory
The ground surface of forest and has many kinds of small leafless plants such as mosses, liverworts and lichens, etc
Forest Floor
A forest that regenerated from seeds
High forest
A forest that regenerated from vegetative parts of the tree
Coppice forest
This forest is regenerated naturally
Natural forest
This forest is obtained artificially
Man-made forest
Classification of forest according to species composition
Pure forest/ stand and mixed forest
What are the species of mixed forest?
Principal species
Accessory species
Auxiliary species
The most important species in mixed forest either by frequency, volume, or silviculture value
Principal species
A species of less importance
Accessory species
A species of inferior quality or size and having less silviculture value or importance
Auxiliary species
Classification of forest according to age classes
Even-aged forest
Uneven-aged forest
Classification of forests according to the objective of management
Production forest
Protection forest
Social forest
A forests where the produce is utilised by neighbouring society
Social forest
Classification of forest on the basis of growing stock
Normal Forest
Abnormal forest
an ideal forest with regard to growing stock, age class distribution and increment and from which the annual or periodic removal of produce equals to the increment and can be continued indefinitely without endangering future yields.
Normal forest
The growing stock, age, class, distribution of stems, increment, etc. are either in excess or more usually in deficit than the normal forest
Abnormal forest
3 classification of forest according to climate
Temperate forest
Tropical Forest
Boreal forest
What is the temperature of temperate forest?
Varies because of 4 distinct seasons found across eastern north america and eurasia
Precipitation is abundant and lends to fertile soil that is able to support diverse flora like maples, oak, and birch. Deer, squirrels, and bears
Temperate forest
What is the temperature of tropical forest?
20-31 degrees Celsius (68-88)
It has a significant role in removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Boreal forest
Conifers, spruce, fir, and pine trees are the predominant needle-leaf plant species _______. Moose and deer are just a couple of examples of large herbivorous mammals in this environment.
Boreal forest
Six types of forest in the Philippines
Dipterocarp
Molave
Pine
Mangrove
Beach
Mid-mountain
Exposed to strong winds, the trees are mostly dwarfed and usually covered with mosses, liverworts, filmy ferns, and epiphytic orchids.
Mid-mountain forest
Occurs on tidal flats at the mouths of streams and on the shores of protected bays.
Mangrove forest
The forest (stand) is composed mostly of about seven species of the Rhizophoraceae family
Mangrove forest
The forest (stand), as a rule, is open and scattered, averaging 45 m3 per hectare.
Pine forest
This type of forest is more open than the dipterocarp type and the volume of timber per unit is much less, averaging 30 m3 per hectare
Molave forest
It occurs in regions where there are distinct wet and dry seasons, each of several months’ duration
Molave forest
This is the forest type in which members of the Dipterocarp family form the predominating timber species, about 75 percent by volume.
Dipterocarp forest
They thrive under a variety of conditions, from moist river bottoms to hilly and mountainous country, and make up the upper story in more or less pure stands
Dipterocarp forest
It maintains forests that change over time through edge insertions and deletions
Dynamic tree data structures
