MIDTERMS Flashcards
It is a multidisciplinary subject that deals with occurrence, circulation, storage, and distribution of surface and ground water here on earth.
Hydrology
It is a well draining soil type that holds moisture.
Loam
Soil type that gets waterlogged and holds nutrients .
Clay
Soil type that drains quickly and holds fewer nutrients.
Sand
Soil type that is easily compacted and fertile.
Silt
It is the arrangement of natural and artificial physical features of an area.
Topography
It is the study of landforms, their processes, form and sediments at the surface of the earth.
Geomorphology
Is the science dealing with atmosphere and its phenomena, including both weather and climate.
Meteorology
It is the science that deals with earth’s physical feature and substance, its history, and the processes that act on it.
Geology
The branch of science that deals with the physical and biological properties and phenomena of the sea.
Oceanography
Study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment.
Ecology
A branch of physics concerned
with the mechanics of fluids
and the forces on them.
Fluid mechanics
A branch of physics that deals with the motion of fluids and the forces acting on solid bodies immersed in fluids and in motion relative to them.
Hydrodynamics
is a specific kind of civil engineering
that involves the design of new
systems and equipment that help
manage human water resources.
Water Resources Engineering
Prime requirement for the
existence of life.
Water
Who in Middle East had early water management practice?
Sumerians and Egyptians
Huang He
Yellow River
The first
serious students of hydrology
The Greek Philosophers
Proposed the conversion of moist
air into water deep inside mountains
Aristotle
Suggested the idea of an
underground sea as the source of all surface
waters
Homer
Romans had __ aqueducts
constructed over a period of 500
years.
11
A watercourse constructed to carry water from a source to a distribution point far away.
Aqueduct
discovered the relationship between Area,
Velocity and Flow Rate during the Italian Renaissance.
Leonardo da Vinci
first recorded measurement of rainfall and surface
flow in the 17th Century.
Perrault
used a small pan to estimate evaporation in the
Mediterranean Sea and made several conclusions.
Halley
gaged the velocity of flow in the Seine River in Paris
Mariotte
Law for flow in porous media
Darcy’s Law
developed capillary flow
equation to describe flow in small channels
Hagen - Poseuille Equation
Equation developed to describe pipe
flow around 1850s
Darcy - Weisbach Equation
Period before AD 1400
Period of Speculation
PERIODS IN THE HISTORY OF
HYDROLOGY
Period of Speculation
Period of Observation
Period of Measurement
Period of Experimentation
Period of Modernization
Period of Empiricism
Period of Rationalization
Period of Theorization
produced a significant step forward for the field of hydrology,
as government agencies began to develop their own
programs of hydrologic research.
Period of Rationalization
is the major hydrologic link between oceans and
continents on the planet, facilitating the cycle of water
movement on Earth.
Atmosphere
is the
lowest layer of our
atmosphere.
Troposphere
LAYERS OF EARTH’S
ATMOSPHERE
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
Ionosphere
Most meteors burn up here.
Mesosphere
Many satellites orbit here.
Thermosphere
outermost
layer of the Earth’s atmosphere.
Exosphere
What temperature does water freezes in C°?
0°
What temperature does water boil in C°?
100°
is not a distinct
layer like the other layers of the atmosphere
Ionosphere
is both a major catalyst and a balancing factor of
atmospheric processes that create the weather in the lower
atmosphere
Water Vapor Content
is a measure of the amount of
water vapor in the atmosphere
and can be expressed in several
ways.
Humidity
The mass of water vapor in a unit volume of air
Absolute Humidity
The mass of the water vapor compared to the total mass
of air parcel
Specific Humidity
The mass of the water vapor compared to the total mass
of the rest of the air parcel
Water mixing ratio
True or False? High pressure system brings clouds and precipitation.
False - Low Pressure System
Their tops are rounded, puffy, and a brilliant white
when sunlit, while their bottoms are flat and relatively
dark
Cumulus Cloud
They hang low in the sky as a flat,
featureless, uniform layer of grayish cloud.
Stratus Cloud
These are low, puffy, grayish or whitish clouds that
occur in patches with blue sky visible in between. Dark, honeycomb appearance.
Stratocumulus Cloud
white or gray patches that dot the sky in large,
rounded masses or clouds that are aligned in parallel
bands.
Altocumulus Cloud
cover the sky in a dark gray
layer. They can extend from the low and middle layers
of the atmosphere and are thick enough to blot out the
sun.
Nimbostratus Cloud
Appear as gray or bluish-gray sheets of
cloud that partially or totally cover the sky at mid-levels.
Altostratus
They are
made up of tiny ice crystals rather than water droplets. Latin for “curl of
hair”
Cirrus
Clouds often arranged in rows that live at high
altitudes and are made of ice crystals.
Cirrocumulus
Are transparent, whitish clouds
that veil or cover nearly the entire sky. Halo.
Cirrostratus
Are one of the few clouds that
span the low, middle, and high layers.
Cumulonimbus
Is essentially a low cloud with a base
that is very near the ground, often reducing the
visibility in the area around it.
Fog
The general circulation of wind across the earth is caused by ______ & ______.
✓ Uneven heating of earth’s surface through solar input
✓ Earth’s rotation
A phenomenon that causes fluids, like water and air, to curve as they travel across or above Earth’s surface
Coriolis Effect
Best known for his work on the supplementary forces that are detected in a rotating frame of reference.
Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis
are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude.
Westerlies/Anti-trades
are the permanent east-to-west prevailing winds that flow in the Earth’s equatorial region
Easterlies
These latitudes are characterized by calm winds and little precipitation
Horse latitudes
Tropical Storm that form over the Southern Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.
Cyclones
Tropical storm that form over the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Ocean.
Hurricane
Are narrow bands of high-speed winds that circle each hemisphere like great rivers, at elevations extending from 2.5 or 3 miles to above the tropopause.
Jet streams
Tropical storm that form over the Northwest Pacific Ocean.
Typhoons
Boundary between one air mass and another.
Frontal zone or front
Denotes all forms of water that reach the earth from the atmosphere.
Precipitation
A plot of rainfall intensity (in/hr) vs. time
Hyetograph
This type of rain gauge generates an
electric signal (i.e., a pulse) for each
unit of precipitation collected, and
allows automatic or remote
observation with a recorder or a
counter
Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge
type of gauge used at non-automated observatories.
Ordinary Rain Gauge
this type of rain gauge can also be used to measure snow, it is alternatively known as snow gauge
Cylindrical Rain Gauge
rain gauge that enables automatic, continuous measurement and recording of precipitation.
Siphon Rain Gauge
3 STAGES OF THUNDERSTORMS
Cumulus Stage
Mature Stage
Dissipating Stage
is a necessary source for precipitation and is generally provided from evaporation and transpiration
Atmosphere moisture
Stages of Cyclone
Wind Shear
Indention in Front (Wave)
Cold and Warm Front Advance
Cold Front catches up with warm front
Occlusion of warm front
Dissipation
3 Globe Cells
Polar
Mid-latitude
Hadley
