midterms Flashcards by yj ฅ⁠^⁠•⁠ﻌ⁠•⁠^⁠ฅ ♡

are highly organized units But in multicultural organisms, they do not function in isolation

cells

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cellls work
together in-group of similar cells called

tissue

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is a group of similar cell and their intercellular substance
that have a similar embryological origin and function together to perform a specialized activity.

tissue

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A science that
deals with the study of a tissue is

histology

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covers body surface, lines body cavity & ducts and form glands.

epithelial tissue

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it forms the outer covering of external body surface and outer covering of some
internal organs. It lines body cavity, interior of respiratory & gastro intestinal tracts, blood vessels & ducts and
make up along with the nervous tissue

Covering and lining epithelium:

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It is a
tissue from which gametes (egg & sperm) develops.

Covering and lining epithelium:

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it is specialized for absorption, and
filtration with minimal wear & tear. It is a single layered

Simple epithelium

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cube shaped

Cuboidal:

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Those glands that empties their secretion in to ducts/tubes that empty at the surface of covering.

Exocrine

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They ultimately secret their products into the blood system.

Endocrine

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is found primarily in the fetus and located in the umbilical cord of the fetus where it supports the cord.

Mucous (Wharton’s Jelly) connective tissue

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It is differentiated from mesenchyme and does not change after birth. composes
connective tissue proper, cartilage, osseous (bone) & vascular (blood) tissue

Adult connective tissue

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has a more or less fluid intercellular martial and fibroblast.

connective tissue proper

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Posses freely branching elastic fibers. They stretch and snap back in to original
shape. They are components of wall of arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes & lungs. It also forms vocal cord.
Elastic connective tissue allows stretching, and provides support & suspension.

Elastic connective tissue:

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have no blood vessels and nerves. It consists of a dense network of
collagenous fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondriotin sulfate.

cartilages

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called gristle, most abundant, blue white in color & able to bear weight.

Hyaline cartilage

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they are found at the symphysis pubis, in the inter-vertebral discs and knee. It provides support
and protection.

Fibro cartilage

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the chondrocyte are located in thread like network of elastic fibers. provides strength and elasticity and maintains the shape of certain organs like epiglottis, larynx, external
part of the ear and Eustachian tube.

Elastic cartilage

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are nerve
cells, sensitive to various stimuli.

neurons

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are thin pliable layers of epithelial and/or connective tissue.

membranes

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contains loose connective tissue covered by a layer of mesothelium.

Serous membrane (serosa)

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Serosa is composed of 2 layers

visceral layer
parietal layer

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are serous
membrane that line thoracic and heart cavity respectively.

Pleura and pericardium

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Unlike to other membranes this membrane does not contain epithelium

Synovial membrane

consist the skin and its derivatives. These include hair, nails, and several types of glands.

The Integumentary system

s the largest organ in the body occupying almost 2m2 of surface area thickens of 2mm.

skin

is the outer layer of the skin that is made of stratified squamous epithelium

epidermis

a strong, flexible, connective tissue mesh work of collagen, reticular and elastic fibers. Most part of the skin is composed of this

dermis/ true skin

is next to stratum basale of the epidermis. It contains loose connective tissue with in the bundles of collagenous fibers.

papillary layer

5 Functions of Skin

Protection Temperature regulation: Synthesis Excretion: Sensory reception:

Skin’s color is determined by 3 factors

1. The presence of melanin a dark pigment produced by specialized cell called melanocyte 2. The accumulation of yellow pigment carotene. 3. The color of blood reflected through the epidermis

main function of melanin

screen out excessive ultraviolet rays.

Glands of the skin are the

sudoriferous and sebaceous glands.

Most common Secretion is mostly water with solutes Cools body down are small, simple coiled tubular glands distributed over nearly the entire body, and they are absent over nail beds, margins of lips of vulva, tips of penis.

eccrine glands

Develops scent as bacteria metabolize secretion Stimulated when frightened, during pain, during emotional upset are odiferous, found at the armpits, in the dark region around nipples, the outer lips of the vulva, and the anal and genital regions.

Apocrine glands

are simple branched alveolar glands found in the dermis.

Sebaceous (Oil) glands

is composed of Keratinized threads of cells, which develops from the epidermis.

hair

hair has 2 parts

shaft and roots

functions of hair

- Insulation against cold in scalp - Against glare in eye brows Screen against foreign particles (eye lashes) - In the nostrils trap dust particles in the inhaled air - Protect openings from foreign particles.

is composed of the matrix of epithelial cells.

bulb

Scalp hair grows ____per day (an average scalp contain __ hairs).

0.4 m.m 125.000

like hair are modifications of the epidermis. They are made of hard keratin.

nail

Nail grows __ a week.

0.5 m.m

Epithelial layer covering underneath of the fore-hang nail is

hyponychyem.

The proximal part of nail is

lunula,

- a type of skin cancer that affects the cells of the stratum basale

Basal Cell Carcinoma

-form of skin cancer that arises when pigment-producing cells—known as melanocytes

melanoma

- is a chronic skin condition caused by an overactive immune system that speeds up the life cycle of skin cells. Symptoms include flaking, inflammation, and thick, white, silvery, or red patches of skin.

PSORIASIS

treatments psoriasis

steroid creams, light therapy and oral medications, de-stress, avoid smoking/alcohol

Functions of Skin

Protects from injuries Acts as barrier and regulates what enters/leaves body. Regulates body temperature. Synthesizes, stores vitamins. Sensory functions

3 Major Layers of skin

epidermis dermis hypodermis

Deepest layer mainly made of fat tissue and blood vessels

hypodermis

hypodermis is also called

Subcutaneous

Found in Stratum Basale Produces melanin for protection from UV radiation. Responsible for skin color. Melanoma.

Melanocyte

skin cells in epidermis

melanocyte Keratinocyte

mature skin cell. Accumulate keratin (protein) as they move outwards. They eventually fall or rub off. They form four distinct layers.

Keratinocyte

Functions of the skeletal system:

support protection movement sstorage blood cell formation

is specialized connective tissue that has the strength of cast iron and lightness of pinewood.

bone

Lowest epidermal layer, near dermis Good nutrient supply Reproduces by mitosis Cuboidal, columnar in shape Moves to upper epidermis in 27 days.

stratum basale

Living cells Dividing 8-10 cells thick Polygonal in appearance

Stratum Spinosum

Poor nutrient supply. Flatten layer of cells. 3-5 cells thick. No cell division. Keratin accumulates

Stratus Granulosum

Found only in very thick skin. Translucent. Highly keratinized. Dead cells

Lucidum

25-30 cells thick. Cells are filled with keratin and hardened. Sloughed off constantly. Outer most layer of epidermis.

Stratum Corneum

- Associated with follicle - Secretes an oily substance called sebum

Sebaceous Gland

Produces water, salts Respond to temperature Respond to pain, emotions

sweat gland

are called long as its length is greater than its width. - The most obvious long bones are in the arm and leg. - They act as levers that pulled by contraction of muscles.

long bone

are about equal in length, width and thickness, which are shaped with regular orientation. They occur in the wrist and ankl

short bones

are thin or curved more often they are flat. This includes ribs, scapulae, sternum and bone of cranium.

flat bones

they do not fit neatly into any other category. - Examples are the vertebral, facial, and hipbon

irregular bones

are small bones embedded within certain tendons, the fibrous cord that connects muscle to bones. - Typical sesamoid bones are patella and pisiform carpal bone, which are in the tendon of quadriceps femuris and flexor carp ulnaris muscle respectively.

sesamoid bones

are most commonly found in the feet. - They usually occur in the developing bone and do not fuse completely - They look like extra bones or broken on X-ray - Sutural (wormian) bones are examples of accessory bones

accessory bones

Sensory Structures of Dermis Deep touch/pressure:

Pacinian corpuscles

Sensory Structures of Dermis Light touch/pressure

Meisner’s corpuscles

Sensory Structures of Dermis Warm temperature: Cold temperature pain

free nerve ending

is composed of cells embedded in a matrix of ground substances and fibers.

bone tissue

forms the outer sheet of a bone. It is very hard and dense.

compact bone tissue

is in the form of an open interlaced pattern that withstands maximum stress and supports in shifting stress.

spongy bone