Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

cognitive psychology > midterms > Flashcards

midterms Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

cognitive psychology

A

the study of mental processes, determining the characteristics and properties of the mind as well as how it operates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

wilhem wundt

A

first person to apply scientific method into understanding the human mind

approach: structuralism
method: analytic introspection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

structuralism

A

description of the contents of consciousness

overall experience is determined by sensations, combinations of basic elements

“periodic table of the mind”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

analytic introspection

A

a technique whereby trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to a stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

problems with introspection

A
  • only applies to conscious processing
  • poor reliability between subjects
  • subjective
  • hard to relate to physiology
  • made little progress in understanding the mind
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

john watson

A

behaviorism

he rejects introspection as a method
focuses on observable behavior
ignores tjose that are no observable
parsimony important to him

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

parsimony

A

the most simple explanation is the correct one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

behaviorism

A

B.F. Skinner

behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments
rewarded > increase in the action
punished > decrease in action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

challenges to behaviorism

A

Tolman; cognitive maps and rats

rat learned the maze layput rather than the reward of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chomsky

A

language

children do not only learnlanguage through imitation and reinforcement, thus thinks that children implicitly lesnr rules of language and language must then be determined by an inborn biological program

not learned through behaviorism or social learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cognitive apprach

A

focus on what occurs inside the mind before action

onformation processing approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

information processing approach

A

sequences of mental operations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Donder

A

reaction time as a behavioral measure

simple vs choice

simple: flash of light and respond
choice: light from the left or right

difference in RT between the simple and choice conditions indicate devison making time

decision making time = choice RT - simple RT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

limitations of experimental cognitive psychology

A
  • ecological validity (white-room effect) only applicable in lab settings, not generalisable
  • provide indirect evidemce that may not demonstrate neurological and computational plausibility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

neurophsyochology

A

study of the behavior of people with brain damage, provodes insights into the functioning of different parts of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

action potential

A

all or none
active for ~1millisecond

travel all the way down without changing their height or shape
action potentials always remainnthe same even if the stimulus is stronger -> just have more impulses rather than stronger ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

neurons

A

basic building blocks of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cajal

A

discovered that nerve nets were not continuous, but individual cells with synpases in between

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

resting potential

A

when there are no signals, -70mV realative to outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

graded potential

A

proportional to stimulus strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

specificity coding

A

idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

population coding

A

the representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

sprase coding

A

object is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

localisation of function

A

specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

double dissociation

A

when damage to one part of the brain causes function A to be absent while function B is present
AND
damage to another area causes function B to be absent while function A is present

allows us to identify functions that are controlled by different parts of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

FFA

A

fusiform face area (recognition of faces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

PPA

A

parahippocampal place area (recognition of places)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

fMRI

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging

uptake of oxygen indicates brain areas that are active during an activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalography

measure brain waves (bc neurons use electricity and action potentials)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

perception

A

experiences that result from stimulation of the sense

  • can change based on added info
  • involves (often unconscious) process similar to reasoning or problem solving
  • occur in conjunction with actions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

bistable state

A

switch between 2 images in an ambiguous figure

rabit vs duck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

inverse projection problem

A

refers to the task of determinng the object responsible for a particular image on the retina

start from the retinal image -> extend outward to the source of that image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

why is it difficult to desogn a perceiving machine?

A
  • objects can be hidden or blurred
  • ambiguous
  • angles (viewpoint invariance)
  • humans can make use of environmental cues and pre-existing knowledge to add context and understand the image
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

top-down processing

A

perception starts with the brain, based on knowledge, esperience, and expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

bottom-up processing

A

perception starts with the senses

relies on incoming raw data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Helmholtz

A

theory of unconscious inference (top-down)

likelihood principle: we perceive the object that is “most likely”
unconscious interference: perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Bayesian inference

A

one’s estimate of the probabilityis due to

  • prior probability (initial belief about the probability of an outcome)
  • likelihood of a given outcome

cough -> lung disease vs cold vs heart burn example

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

oblique effect

A

ppl perceive horizontals and verticles easier than other orientations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

light-from-above assumption

A

assume light always comes from above sl we perceive images with that in mind too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

semantic regularities in scene schemas

A

in a kitchen setting
we expect a bread
but when we are flashed with a pic with a letterbox there (looks v much like a loaf) we will assume we saw a bread and think it is bread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

(gestalt) law of good continuation

A

lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

(gestalt) law of pragnanz

A

every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

(gestalt) law of similarity

A

simialr things appear to be grouped together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

(gestalt) law of closure

A

tendency to see visual item as part of a larger object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

figure-ground

A

background vs foreground show different objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

heuristics

A 
rule of thumb
mental shortcuts 
provides best-guess solution
fast
often correct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

algorithm

A

procedure guaranteed to solve a problem
slow
definite result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

recognition-by-components theory

A

put together the smaller pieces ro form the big picture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

geons

A

3d volumes, put together to form an object

36 diff variations present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

local viewpoints

A

thatcher illusion

we can identify objects from many different orientations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what and where pathways

A

temporal lobe: what (ventral) pathway, identifying

pareital lobe: where (dorsal) pathway, location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

attention

A

the ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations

53
Q

selective attention

A

attending to one thing while ignoring others

54
Q

divided attention

A

paying attention to more than one thing at a time

55
Q

distraction

A

one stimulus interfering with the precoessing of another stimulus

56
Q

cocktail party effect

A

the ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli

57
Q

Cherry; dichotic listening

A

asked participants to focus on the message in one ear (attended ear) and repeat what was said (shadowing)
particpants could not report the contents of the message in the unattended ear (but could describe simple physical characteristics of thr voice)

58
Q

Broadbent’s Filter Model of Attention

A

msg | sensory memory | filter | detector | memory

sensory memory holds all incoming info for a fraction of a second -> transfers to the filter
filter identifies the message that is being sttended to and pass to detector
detector process info (meaning) -> STM & LTM

59
Q

Treisman’s Attenuation Model of Attention

A

msg | attenuator | dictionary unit | memory

attenuator analyse msg based on characteristics, language, and meaning
attended msg -> dictionary unit (full strength)
unattended msg -> weak

60
Q

late processing model

A
  1. given an ambiguous sentence with 2 meanings
  2. have a biaisng word in the unattended ear
  3. meaning of biasing word affected the partcipant’s interpretation of the sentence
61
Q

processing capacity

A

amount of info people can handle

62
Q

perceptual load

A

difficulty of a task

63
Q

overt attention

A

shifting attention from one place to another

64
Q

fixation

A

short pauses on points of interest

65
Q

saccades

A

rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another

66
Q

pre cueing

A

directing sttention without moving the eyes

67
Q

covert attention

A

shifting attention while keeping eyes still

68
Q

exogenous attention

A

the redirection of attention toward an unexpected stimulus

69
Q

inattentional blindness

A

being unaware of clearly visible stimuli if not directing attention to them

a stimulus that is not attended to is not perceived

70
Q

binding

A

the process by which features such as colour, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object

71
Q

feature integration theory (FIT)

A

object | pre attentive | focused attentive | perception

pre attentive stage: automatic, occurs before we focus attention on an object
focused attentive stage: attention plays a key role, allows features to be combined correctly

72
Q

patient RM

A

Balint’s syndrome

inability to focus attention on indiv onjects, high number of illusory conjunctions reported

73
Q

illusory conjunctions

A

combining features of separate objects together

occur because features and free-floating

74
Q

parallel process

A

identifying unique features

75
Q

serial process

A

identifying target among conjunctive items

76
Q

memory

A

process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli

77
Q

sensory memory

A

initial stage, holds all incoming info for seconds or fraction of a second

eg, in movies (snapshots of pictures but we make it into ancoherent smooth video)

78
Q

persistence of vision

A

continued perception of a visual stimulus even after it is no longer present

light trail

79
Q

STM

A

holds 5-9, (7+-2)

15-20 seconds

80
Q

STM peterson & peterson (brown peterson)

A

3 letters 3 numbers
count the number backwards by intervals of 3
recall the 3 letters
after 3 secs delay (of counting numbers) 80% accurate
after 18 sec dalay 12% accurate

81
Q

chunking

A

chunk is defined as a collection of elements that are strongly associated with one another but are weakly associated with elements in other chunks

82
Q

working memory

A

limited capacity, temporary storage

manipulation of information

83
Q

baddeley

A
  • central executive
  • phonological loop*
  • visuo-spatial sketchpad*
  • episodic buffer
84
Q

phonological loop

A

phonological store: buffer for auditory info

articulatory rehearsal: refresh and transfer

85
Q

word length effect

A

shorter words easier to recall
language with shirter articulation (syllables) easier to recall
bc faster to rehear after remembering

86
Q

phonological similarity effect

A

easier to recall words that do not sound similar to each other (do not rhyme)

87
Q

articulatlry suppression

A

have participant repeat a word/irrelevant sound then asked to recall
pevent them from rehearsing
eleminates the word length effect and phonological similarity effect

88
Q

visuo-spatial sketchpad

A

holds visual and spatial info

if the image is roated in a lesser degree, easier and faster to identify if 2 are the same or not

89
Q

central executive

A

attention controller, controls suppression of irrelevant info
focus, divide, switch attention

90
Q

episodic buffer

A

a way of increasing storage capacity and a gateway to communicate to LTM

91
Q

long term memory

A

cam hold large amount of info for years and even decades

92
Q

encoding

A

storing info in long term memory

93
Q

retrieval

A

process of remembering info

94
Q

control processes

A

dynamic processes associated with the structural features that can be controlled by the person

eg; rehearsal, strategies that help you rmb

95
Q

sperling experiment

A

3x4 numbers and letters
recall
try again but only asked to recall a specific row

recall all: 33%
one row: 75%
delay one row: 25%

96
Q

modal model of memory

A

input | sensory memory | STM | LTM
. output

STM rehearsal to rmb
STM <> LTM

97
Q

proactive interference

A

occurs when info learned prev and stored in LTM interferes w learning of new info

98
Q

evaluation of modal model

A

oversimplified
claims STM is modality free
control/manipulation process not clearly specified
claims rehearsal necessary for transfer to LTM

99
Q

primacy effect

A

rmb words that were stated first better

more time to rehearse

100
Q

recency effect

A

rmb words at the end of the list better

words stored in STM

101
Q

patient HM

A

hippocampus removal
x LTM
ok STM
can kesrn nee skill but thinks hes doing it for the first time always

102
Q

patient KF

A

damaged parietal lobe
ok LTM
x STM
STM only hold up to 2 things

103
Q

episodic memory

A

memory for events snd experiences

104
Q

semantic memory

A

memory for facts

105
Q

pateint KC

A

hippocampus
lost episodic
ok semantic

106
Q

patient LP

A

lost semantic

ok episodic

107
Q

remember/know procedure

A

10 yrs rmb > know

50 yrs know > rmb

108
Q

procedural memory

A

skill memory

109
Q

priming

A

the presentation of one stimulus changes the way a person responds to another stimulus

110
Q

propaganda effect

A

more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as true simply because they have been exposed to it before

111
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

cannot rmb anything after amnesia

lose ability to learn

112
Q

reterograde amnesia

A

memory loss before brain damage

113
Q

serial position curve

A

primacy effect and recency effect

u shaped curve

114
Q

explicit LTM

A

episodic, semantic

115
Q

implicit LTM

A

priming, procedural, conditioning

116
Q

Craig

A

levels of processing theory
letter
rhyme
semantic

117
Q

self-reference effect

A

memory is better when you link words to yourself

118
Q

generation effect

A

generate info yourself better than passively reading or receiving it

119
Q

Bransford & Johnson

A

mental framework

given random passage that seems not to make sense
when paired with a pic, makes more sense
pic > passage > recall better
passage > pic > x recall
passage alone > x recall
120
Q

free recall

A

general qn and asked to remember the details

121
Q

cued recall

A

given some trigger words

122
Q

recognition

A

like in mcq

123
Q

coding specificity

A

environmental context dependent memory

learn in water, better recall in water
leanr on land, better recall on land

124
Q

memory and emotion

A

when a memory is associated with a strong emotion, it is better able to be recalled

125
Q

flashbulb memories

A

memory for cicumstances surrounding how a person heard about an event
very complete
very accurate
immune to forgetting

details fade but they believe flashbulb memory is accurate and more vivid (confident)

126
Q

factors that determine what gets into LTM

A
  • emotion (impt)
  • repetition
  • depth of process (semantic meaning) (impt)
  • effort/desire to learn
127
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

repetition

128
Q

savings in relearning

A

faster to remember something you have already learnt

129
Q

to improve learning and memory

A
  • elaborate
  • organise
  • generate and test
  • encoding specificity
  • take breaks
  • distributed learning

cognitive psychology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions