Midterm_Laboratory_Act 5 and 6 Flashcards
1
Q
The integument includes?
A
skin and its derivatives,
2
Q
The skin consists of the?
A
epidermis and dermis.
3
Q
The dermis is attached to the underlying?
A
hypodermis or subcutis
4
Q
is the animal’s first line of defense when various parasites, bacteria, viruses, fungi, toxins, and other potentially harmful agents come in contact with the skin.
A
Integumentary system
5
Q
these are circular growths around the focus
A
circulli or concentric rings
6
Q
This functions for interlocking with other scales
A
peg
7
Q
what is the special feature of the exposed part of the cycloid scale?
A
smooth margin
8
Q
Type of scales in sharks
A
placoid
9
Q
radii that extend from the focus to margin
A
primary radii
10
Q
are radii that begin outward from, not at, the focus
A
radii
11
Q
are toothlike structures on the posterior portion of some scales.
A
Ctenii
12
Q
Are found in primitive ray-finned fishes such as Polypterus and gar pikes. (type of scale)
A
Ganoid
13
Q
The primitive scales are covered with a hard, shiny and translucent material of mesodermal origin called
A
ganoin
14
Q
Ganoid scales fit together like tiles and are arranged in what arrangement?
A
diagonal rows
15
Q
Ganoid scales are connected by?
A
peg-and-socket joints.
16
Q
What skin layer do scales originate from?
A
dermal
17
Q
Ganoin scale consists of a what base?, coated by what shining substance? and openings of that are called?.
A
bony base
ganoin
lateral canal
18
Q
What scales are found in carps (teleost) and lungfishes (dipnoi)?
A
Cycloid
19
Q
Cycloid scales are located where?
A
dermal pockets
20
Q
what scales possess concentric line growths?
A
cycloid and ctenoid
21
Q
What do you call the cavity inside the cycloid scale?
A
pulp cavity
22
Q
What scales cover the lateral line?
A
Cycloid scales
23
Q
What feature of ctenoid scales that cover the lateral line allow passage of small connectives to outside?
A
perforated
24
Q
Cycloid scales are derived form of?
A
Ganoid
25
what is lost in cycloid scales from ganoid?
ganoin, cosmine and bone cells
26
Cycloid scales arrangement?
lengthwise in diagonal rows
27
Other name of placoid scales
Odontoid scales
28
Arrangement of placoid scales
Regular obliqued rows
29
What scales form the shark's entire exoskeleton and give the skin a rough appearance.
placoid scales
30
What is the diamond shaped part of the placoid?
Basal plate
31
The basal plate is derived from what connective tissue layer?
Dermis
32
What is the anterior part of the placoid scale?
trident spine
33
placoid scales are abundantly found in dermis of what animals?
elasmobranch fishes
34
placoid spine is composed of? covered by?
dentine covered by vitrodentine
35
Basal plate is formed of what type of tissue
trabecular calcified tissue
36
What is the space found in the placoid scale spine?
pulp cavity
37
Pulp cavity contains?
odontoblasts dentine forming cells, blood capillaries, nerves and lymph channels.
38
Ctenoid scales are found in what fishes?
acanthopterygian fishes.
39
what fields are exposed in ctenoid scale?
posterior fields
40
They are thin, soft and dermal translucent plates.
ctenoid scales
41
Layers of ctenoid scale
fibrous and bone-resembling layer
42
T or F
Ctenoid scales do not contain ganoin
True
43
Each ctenoid scales is embedded in a small ?.
dermal pocket
44
Arrangement of ctenoid scales
obliquely arranged (posterior end ovelaps anterior end of next scale)
45
The basal end of ctenoid scale is?
scalloped
46
what is absent in ctenoid scale that is present in cycloid and placoid scale scale?
pulp and dentine
47
These structures are soft and fluffy
down feathers
48
why are down feathers soft and fluffy?
they dont have barbules and barbicels
49
the structures that hook feather barbs together
barbicels
50
Function of down feather
insulation
51
Are small, delicate, hair-like feathers which remain sparsely distributed over the body among the contour feathers.
filoplumes
52
A filoplume consists of a?
short calamus and a long rachis
53
hooks in each of a barbicel
hamuli
54
function of filoplumes
sensory (via attachment to sensory receptors) to maintain efficient flight
55
is the visible part of the hair that sticks out of the skin.
shaft
56
The hair root is in the skin and extends down to the deeper layers of the skin. It is surrounded by the?
hair follicle
57
a sheath of skin and connective tissue
hair follicle
58
hair follicle is connected to?
sebaceous gland
59
Each hair follicle is attached to a tiny muscle called?
arrector pili
60
At the base of the hair, the hair root widens to a round?
hair bulb
61
supplies the hair root with blood, is found inside the bottom of the hair bulb.
hair papilla
62
what skin type covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet and is lightly pigmented
thick
63
melanin-producing cells located in the stratum basale.
melanocytes
64
Negro skin layer that is lightly pigmented with dark brown granules of melanin.
stratum basale
65
Coiled tubular gland with simple or stratified cuboidal epithelium (lightly stained) and duct cells (dark staining).
sweat gland
66
Skin elements that are common in thin skin.
hair follicle and sebacoues gland
67
Skin type that covers most of the body and is heavily pigmented.
Thin skin
68
Melanin is transferred to other keratinocytes in membrane-bound organelles called?
melanosomes
69
Thin skin heavily pigmented epithelial layer with dark brown granules of melanin.
stratum basale
70
epithelial layer where pigment is present in all layers of the epidermis.
stratum spinosum
71
Lizard epidermis contain?
horny epidermal scales
72
Layer from which new skin develops.
Malphigian layer
73
Frog skin nature of skin
mucosal
74
Frog epidermis composition
germinativum, spinosum and corneum
75
Frog dermis is largely comprised of what type of tissue?
connective tissue
76
Frog dermis is formed by?
collagenous fibers
77
Collagenous fiber two layers are?
spongious and compact dermis
78
spongious and compact dermis are connected by?
collagenous columns
79
Frog Glands within the dermal layer include?
mucosal, poison and small mixed glands
80
The upper part of the shell. This forms the dome of the turtle.
Carapace
81
The lower part of the shell, which covers the underside of the turtle.
Plastron
82
This connects the carapace and the plastron. It is part of the plastron.
bridge
83
The actual suture between the bridge and the plastron is called the?
Anterior bridge gut
84
The carapace is the dorsal (back), convex part of the shell structure of a turtle, consisting of the animal's?
ossified ribs fused with the dermal bone
85
slender blind tubes that secrete digestive enzymes
pyloric caeca
86
secretes bile that breaks down fat
liver
87
Intestine in carnivorous fishes vs herbivores
Short, straight intestines and coiled intestines
88
In sharks, this organ increase surface area for digestion and absorbing nutrients
spiral valve
89
How many heart chambers in fish?
2
90
This process takes place in gills
gas exchange
91
oxygenated blood is carried through the?
arteries
92
allow oxygen and nutrients to reach the cells
capillaries
93
It carry deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide back to the heart
veins
94
Fish have what type of circulatory system?
Closed circulatory system
95
The fishes heart consist of four parts:
the sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and the bulbus arteriosus.
96
are the structural component of the gill
gill arches
97
prevent debris from entering the fish through the gills
rakers
98
what part of the fish absorbs oxygen from the water?
filament
99
connect the central nervous system with all of the organs
nerves
100
reduce brightness, protect during feeding
Nictitating membrane
101
sense pressure changes, vibrations
lateral line
102
nostrils and olfactory sacs function?
smell
103
Part of the fish for hearing and balance
inner ear
104
part of fish that Controls buoyancy
swim bladder
105
Reproductive system
1. makes sex cells
2. makes eggs
3. makes sperm
Reproductive system
1. GONADS
2. ovary
3. testis
106
Respiratory system
1. breathing oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuses here
gills
107
Skeletal system
1. protects spinal cord
2.protect skin
3. protection
4. protection
5. steering and movement
6. steering and movement
7. steering
8. movement
9. protects gills
Skeletal system
1. VERTEBRAE
2. SCALES
3. ANTERIOR DORSAL FIN
4. POSTERIOR DORSAL FIN
5. PECTORAL FIN
6. PELVIC FIN
7. ANAL FIN
8. CAUDAL FIN
9. OPERCULUM
108
Circulatory system
1. pumps blood
2. pumps blood to body
3. pumps blood to ventricle
Circulatory system
1. HEART
2. VENTRICLE
3. ATRIUM
109
Excretory system
1. filters liquid waste
Excretory system
1. KIDNEY
110
Nervous system
1. controls body
2. sends and receives messages
3. allows fish to float at any level
4. senses vibrations and pressure
5. smell
6. vision
Nervous system
1. BRAIN
2. SPINAL CORD
3. SWIM BLADDER
4. LATERAL LINE
5. NOSTRIL
6. EYE
111
Digestive system
1. opening for food
2. forces food from mouth to stomach
3. breaks down food
4. stores bile made in liver
5. breaks down fat
6. makes bile and digestive enzymes detoxes you
7. filters out old and dead red blood cells, dumps them in the intestine. that is why your poop is reddish brown 6 million per second.
8. breaks down and absorbs food
9. opening for wastes
10. stores food, cushions organs, insulates ( helps keep warm)
Digestive system
1. MOUTH
2. esophagus
3. STOMACH
4. GALL BLADDER
5. bile
6. LIVER
7. spleen
8. INTESTINE
9. ANUS
10. fat
