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Vertebrate Zoology > Midterm_Laboratory_Act 5 and 6 > Flashcards

Midterm_Laboratory_Act 5 and 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The integument includes?

A

skin and its derivatives,

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2
Q

The skin consists of the?

A

epidermis and dermis.

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3
Q

The dermis is attached to the underlying?

A

hypodermis or subcutis

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4
Q

is the animal’s first line of defense when various parasites, bacteria, viruses, fungi, toxins, and other potentially harmful agents come in contact with the skin.

A

Integumentary system

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5
Q

these are circular growths around the focus

A

circulli or concentric rings

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6
Q

This functions for interlocking with other scales

A

peg

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7
Q

what is the special feature of the exposed part of the cycloid scale?

A

smooth margin

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8
Q

Type of scales in sharks

A

placoid

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9
Q

radii that extend from the focus to margin

A

primary radii

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10
Q

are radii that begin outward from, not at, the focus

A

radii

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11
Q

are toothlike structures on the posterior portion of some scales.

A

Ctenii

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12
Q

Are found in primitive ray-finned fishes such as Polypterus and gar pikes. (type of scale)

A

Ganoid

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13
Q

The primitive scales are covered with a hard, shiny and translucent material of mesodermal origin called

A

ganoin

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14
Q

Ganoid scales fit together like tiles and are arranged in what arrangement?

A

diagonal rows

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15
Q

Ganoid scales are connected by?

A

peg-and-socket joints.

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16
Q

What skin layer do scales originate from?

A

dermal

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17
Q

Ganoin scale consists of a what base?, coated by what shining substance? and openings of that are called?.

A

bony base
ganoin
lateral canal

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18
Q

What scales are found in carps (teleost) and lungfishes (dipnoi)?

A

Cycloid

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19
Q

Cycloid scales are located where?

A

dermal pockets

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20
Q

what scales possess concentric line growths?

A

cycloid and ctenoid

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21
Q

What do you call the cavity inside the cycloid scale?

A

pulp cavity

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22
Q

What scales cover the lateral line?

A

Cycloid scales

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23
Q

What feature of ctenoid scales that cover the lateral line allow passage of small connectives to outside?

A

perforated

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24
Q

Cycloid scales are derived form of?

A

Ganoid

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25
Q

what is lost in cycloid scales from ganoid?

A

ganoin, cosmine and bone cells

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26
Q

Cycloid scales arrangement?

A

lengthwise in diagonal rows

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27
Q

Other name of placoid scales

A

Odontoid scales

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28
Q

Arrangement of placoid scales

A

Regular obliqued rows

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29
Q

What scales form the shark’s entire exoskeleton and give the skin a rough appearance.

A

placoid scales

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30
Q

What is the diamond shaped part of the placoid?

A

Basal plate

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31
Q

The basal plate is derived from what connective tissue layer?

A

Dermis

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32
Q

What is the anterior part of the placoid scale?

A

trident spine

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33
Q

placoid scales are abundantly found in dermis of what animals?

A

elasmobranch fishes

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34
Q

placoid spine is composed of? covered by?

A

dentine covered by vitrodentine

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35
Q

Basal plate is formed of what type of tissue

A

trabecular calcified tissue

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36
Q

What is the space found in the placoid scale spine?

A

pulp cavity

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37
Q

Pulp cavity contains?

A

odontoblasts dentine forming cells, blood capillaries, nerves and lymph channels.

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38
Q

Ctenoid scales are found in what fishes?

A

acanthopterygian fishes.

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39
Q

what fields are exposed in ctenoid scale?

A

posterior fields

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40
Q

They are thin, soft and dermal translucent plates.

A

ctenoid scales

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41
Q

Layers of ctenoid scale

A

fibrous and bone-resembling layer

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42
Q

T or F
Ctenoid scales do not contain ganoin

A

True

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43
Q

Each ctenoid scales is embedded in a small ?.

A

dermal pocket

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44
Q

Arrangement of ctenoid scales

A

obliquely arranged (posterior end ovelaps anterior end of next scale)

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45
Q

The basal end of ctenoid scale is?

A

scalloped

46
Q

what is absent in ctenoid scale that is present in cycloid and placoid scale scale?

A

pulp and dentine

47
Q

These structures are soft and fluffy

A

down feathers

48
Q

why are down feathers soft and fluffy?

A

they dont have barbules and barbicels

49
Q

the structures that hook feather barbs together

A

barbicels

50
Q

Function of down feather

A

insulation

51
Q

Are small, delicate, hair-like feathers which remain sparsely distributed over the body among the contour feathers.

A

filoplumes

52
Q

A filoplume consists of a?

A

short calamus and a long rachis

53
Q

hooks in each of a barbicel

A

hamuli

54
Q

function of filoplumes

A

sensory (via attachment to sensory receptors) to maintain efficient flight

55
Q

is the visible part of the hair that sticks out of the skin.

A

shaft

56
Q

The hair root is in the skin and extends down to the deeper layers of the skin. It is surrounded by the?

A

hair follicle

57
Q

a sheath of skin and connective tissue

A

hair follicle

58
Q

hair follicle is connected to?

A

sebaceous gland

59
Q

Each hair follicle is attached to a tiny muscle called?

A

arrector pili

60
Q

At the base of the hair, the hair root widens to a round?

A

hair bulb

61
Q

supplies the hair root with blood, is found inside the bottom of the hair bulb.

A

hair papilla

62
Q

what skin type covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet and is lightly pigmented

A

thick

63
Q

melanin-producing cells located in the stratum basale.

A

melanocytes

64
Q

Negro skin layer that is lightly pigmented with dark brown granules of melanin.

A

stratum basale

65
Q

Coiled tubular gland with simple or stratified cuboidal epithelium (lightly stained) and duct cells (dark staining).

A

sweat gland

66
Q

Skin elements that are common in thin skin.

A

hair follicle and sebacoues gland

67
Q

Skin type that covers most of the body and is heavily pigmented.

A

Thin skin

68
Q

Melanin is transferred to other keratinocytes in membrane-bound organelles called?

A

melanosomes

69
Q

Thin skin heavily pigmented epithelial layer with dark brown granules of melanin.

A

stratum basale

70
Q

epithelial layer where pigment is present in all layers of the epidermis.

A

stratum spinosum

71
Q

Lizard epidermis contain?

A

horny epidermal scales

72
Q

Layer from which new skin develops.

A

Malphigian layer

73
Q

Frog skin nature of skin

A

mucosal

74
Q

Frog epidermis composition

A

germinativum, spinosum and corneum

75
Q

Frog dermis is largely comprised of what type of tissue?

A

connective tissue

76
Q

Frog dermis is formed by?

A

collagenous fibers

77
Q

Collagenous fiber two layers are?

A

spongious and compact dermis

78
Q

spongious and compact dermis are connected by?

A

collagenous columns

79
Q

Frog Glands within the dermal layer include?

A

mucosal, poison and small mixed glands

80
Q

The upper part of the shell. This forms the dome of the turtle.

A

Carapace

81
Q

The lower part of the shell, which covers the underside of the turtle.

A

Plastron

82
Q

This connects the carapace and the plastron. It is part of the plastron.

A

bridge

83
Q

The actual suture between the bridge and the plastron is called the?

A

Anterior bridge gut

84
Q

The carapace is the dorsal (back), convex part of the shell structure of a turtle, consisting of the animal’s?

A

ossified ribs fused with the dermal bone

85
Q

slender blind tubes that secrete digestive enzymes

A

pyloric caeca

86
Q

secretes bile that breaks down fat

A

liver

87
Q

Intestine in carnivorous fishes vs herbivores

A

Short, straight intestines and coiled intestines

88
Q

In sharks, this organ increase surface area for digestion and absorbing nutrients

A

spiral valve

89
Q

How many heart chambers in fish?

A

2

90
Q

This process takes place in gills

A

gas exchange

91
Q

oxygenated blood is carried through the?

A

arteries

92
Q

allow oxygen and nutrients to reach the cells

A

capillaries

93
Q

It carry deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide back to the heart

A

veins

94
Q

Fish have what type of circulatory system?

A

Closed circulatory system

95
Q

The fishes heart consist of four parts:

A

the sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and the bulbus arteriosus.

96
Q

are the structural component of the gill

A

gill arches

97
Q

prevent debris from entering the fish through the gills

A

rakers

98
Q

what part of the fish absorbs oxygen from the water?

A

filament

99
Q

connect the central nervous system with all of the organs

A

nerves

100
Q

reduce brightness, protect during feeding

A

Nictitating membrane

101
Q

sense pressure changes, vibrations

A

lateral line

102
Q

nostrils and olfactory sacs function?

A

smell

103
Q

Part of the fish for hearing and balance

A

inner ear

104
Q

part of fish that Controls buoyancy

A

swim bladder

105
Q

Reproductive system
1. makes sex cells
2. makes eggs
3. makes sperm

A

Reproductive system
1. GONADS
2. ovary
3. testis

106
Q

Respiratory system
1. breathing oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuses here

A

gills

107
Q

Skeletal system
1. protects spinal cord
2.protect skin
3. protection
4. protection
5. steering and movement
6. steering and movement
7. steering
8. movement
9. protects gills

A

Skeletal system
1. VERTEBRAE
2. SCALES
3. ANTERIOR DORSAL FIN
4. POSTERIOR DORSAL FIN
5. PECTORAL FIN
6. PELVIC FIN
7. ANAL FIN
8. CAUDAL FIN
9. OPERCULUM

108
Q

Circulatory system
1. pumps blood
2. pumps blood to body
3. pumps blood to ventricle

A

Circulatory system
1. HEART
2. VENTRICLE
3. ATRIUM

109
Q

Excretory system
1. filters liquid waste

A

Excretory system
1. KIDNEY

110
Q

Nervous system
1. controls body
2. sends and receives messages
3. allows fish to float at any level
4. senses vibrations and pressure
5. smell
6. vision

A

Nervous system
1. BRAIN
2. SPINAL CORD
3. SWIM BLADDER
4. LATERAL LINE
5. NOSTRIL
6. EYE

111
Q

Digestive system
1. opening for food
2. forces food from mouth to stomach
3. breaks down food
4. stores bile made in liver
5. breaks down fat
6. makes bile and digestive enzymes detoxes you
7. filters out old and dead red blood cells, dumps them in the intestine. that is why your poop is reddish brown 6 million per second.
8. breaks down and absorbs food
9. opening for wastes
10. stores food, cushions organs, insulates ( helps keep warm)

A

Digestive system
1. MOUTH
2. esophagus
3. STOMACH
4. GALL BLADDER
5. bile
6. LIVER
7. spleen
8. INTESTINE
9. ANUS
10. fat

Vertebrate Zoology (3 decks)

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