Midterm Week 4 OBGYN Flashcards
Gametes are also called what type of cells and how many sets of chromosomes do they contain?
They’re called haploid cells and contain only one set of chromosomes
The female gametes and male gametes are formed by a process called what?
Meiosis
What is the process called of a separation that creates multiple unique cells with 23 chromosomes each?
Meiosis
Human cells are also called what type of cells and how many sets of chromosomes does it contain?
They are called diploid cells and contain two sets of chromosomes. 23 from the mother and 23 from the father which is equivalent to 46 chromosomes.
Human diploid cells are formed by what process? This process is a duplication that creates two cells with the same number of 46 chromosomes.
Mitosis
What occurs around day 14 that triggers ovulation?
LH SURGE
What happens after the LH surge triggers ovulation around day 14th?
The dominant (graafian ) follicle rupture and releases the ovum.
After the dominant follicle ruptures, what happens to it and what does it become?
The dominant follicle fills with blood and becomes the corpus luteum.
What does the corpus Luteum start to produce during ovulation?
Progesterone
What part of the fallopian tube directs the ovum into the fallopian tube?
The fimbriae
Where does fertilization usually occur in the fallopian tube and after how long after ovulation does fertilization occur?
Fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla of the fallopian tubes within 24 to 36 hours after ovulation
What does the process of fertilization involve to form a zygote?
The process involves the fusion of male and female gametes
What are the normal pregnancy months weeks and trimesters?
Nine months
40 weeks possibly 42 weeks
In the first trimester, it’s week 1 through 12
In the second trimester, it’s weeks 13 through 26
In the third trimester, it’s weeks 27 through 42
What is the male and female reproductive cell called in the early embryonic stages?
Gamete
What is reffered as single cell fertilized ovum prior to mitosis division?
Zygote
Dividing fertilized ovum at two cell and four cell stages?
Blastomere
What is the word for mass of dividing cells?
Morula
An organized collection of cells which implants into the endometrium seven days after fertilization.
Blastocyst
What does the outer lining of the blastocyst consist of?
Trophoblast
What does trophoblast produce to extend the life of the corpus luteum?
hCG
What is the inner fluid filled cavity that contains the inner cell mass and what does it become?
The blastocyst is the fluid filled cavity that contains the inner cell mass, which then becomes the yolk sack, the amnion, and the embryonic disk.
Where does the blastocyst implant itself?
In the endometrium
What tissue invades the endometrium?
Trophoblastic tissue
What are the three types of Decidua and what do they do?
Basalis - develops where the blastocyst implants
Capsularis - closes over and surrounds the blastocyst
Parietalis - results from hormonal influence on the uninvolved endo tissue
This is a reaction of the endometrium which identifies early sign of possible pregnancy in an ultrasound. What happens during this reaction?
Decidual reaction. The endometrium is preparing itself for implantation of the conceptus
What is HCG produced by throughout the pregnancy?
The placenta
In the first trimester, HCG maintains what so that it can continue to produce progesterone?
Corpus luteum
While the placenta is developing, what cells produce hCG?
Trophoblastic cells
Where can HCG be detected and how early can it be detected?
HCG can be detected in the maternal urine and blood as early as 23 days menstrual or 6 to 8 days following fertilization
In a normal pregnancy what is the level of the HCG and how many millimeters does it have to reach?
The normal hCG level doubles every 48 to 72 hours onto it reaches 10,000 to 20,000 mL.
What happens to the HCG in ectopic pregnancies?
HCG levels usually increase less and our lower in atopic pregnancies than in healthy pregnancies
What is used to determine or differentiate between normal and abnormal pregnancies and to monitor resolution of ectopic pregnancies?
HCG
What is the first sonographic findings of a intrauterine pregnancy?
Gestational sack
What is an implanted fluid filled chorionic structure?
Gestational sack
When should the gestational sack be seen which is sometimes referred to as the discriminatory zone?
It should be seen when the hCG reaches a certain level
A gestational sack should be visible visualized in the uterus when the hCG levels reach how much for a transabdominal ultrasound?
1800 mL
In which ultrasound does a gestational sack should be visualized in the uterus when the hCG levels are 1000 to 2000 mL?
Transvaginal ultrasound
What is shown within the uterus in the first sonographic evidence of a normal intrauterine pregnancy?
Gestational sac
Where would the gestational sack be located in an ultrasound?
It should be located towards the uterine fundus or the mid uterus. Showing a double sack sign( double decidual sign) -echogenic, intact borders.
How much should the gestational sack grow per day in the first trimester?
0.8 mm
What is a gestational sack?
Fluid filled blastocyst
What do you see in a intradecidual decidual sign ultrasound?
Intrauterine fluid collection lying within the echogenic decidua and posterior to a thin echogenic line representing the collapsed uterine cavity.
What is seen in a double sack sign ultrasound?
Intrauterine fluid collection with an inner echogenic ring directly around the collection and an outer ring in the peripheral aspect of the decidua.
What are the four membranes that protect a nourish, the embryo and later the fetus?
Amnion
Yolk sac
Allantois
Chorion
This is a small membrane whose blood vessels become part of the umbilical cord.
Allantois
This surrounds the entire embryo, and closing it in the fluid filled space called the amniotic cavity.
Amnion
This develops largely from the trophoblast and becomes the embryo’s major contribution to the placenta.
Chorion
This is a site of early blood cell formation, where they differentiate into immature cells that will eventually become sperm or oocytes.
Yolk sac
When does the amnion and the chorion begins to fuse?
By the middle of the first trimester
When is the amnion and chorion fusion completed by?
By 12 to 16 weeks
Is a sonographic identification of the separation of the two membranes (amnion and chorion) before 16 week a normal finding?
Yes
