Midterm W15

Question 0

Empiricism

Answer 0

A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation

Question 1

Natural philosophy

Answer 1

An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, it’s
Purpose and how it functioned; it encompassed what we call “science” today

Question 2

Enlightenment

Answer 2

The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced new ways of thinking based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress

Question 3

Philosophes

Answer 3

A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow creatures in the Age of Enlightenment

Question 4

Salons

Answer 4

Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy

Question 5

Public sphere

Answer 5

An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic and political issues

Question 6

General wheel

Answer 6

A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have replaced the power of the monarch

Question 7

Haskalah

Answer 7

A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn

Question 8

Enclosure

Answer 8

The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers’ access to land

Question 9

Chattel

Answer 9

An item of personal property; a term used in reference to enslaved people that conveys the idea that they are subhuman, like animals, and therefore may be treated like animals

Question 10

Age-grade systems

Answer 10

Among the societies of Senegambia, grow of men and women whom the society initiated into adulthood at the same time.

Question 11

Tuareg

Answer 11

Along with the moors, Warriors who controlled the north-south trans-Saharan trade in salt

Question 12

Swahili

Answer 12

Meaning “people of the coast,” the term used for the people living along the East African coast and on nearby islands

Question 13

Middle passage

Answer 13

African slaves’ voyage across the Atlantic to the Americas, a long and treacherous journey during which slaves endured appealing and often deadly conditions

Question 14

Sorting

Answer 14

A collection of batch of British goods that would be traded for a slave or for a quantity of gold, ivory, or dye wood

Question 15

Ottomans

Answer 15

Ruling house of the Turkish empire that lasted from 1299 to 1922

Question 16

Sultan

Answer 16

An Arabic word originally used by the Seljuk Turks to mean authority or dominion; it was used by the ottomans to connote political and military supremacy

Question 17

Devshirme

Answer 17

A process whereby the sultan’s agents swept the provinces for Christian youths to become slaves

Question 18

Janissaries

Answer 18

Turkish for “recruits” ; they formed an elite army corps

Question 19

Safavid

Answer 19

The dynasty that encompassed all of Persia and other regions; its state was shi’ism

Question 20

Concubine

Answer 20

A woman who is a recognized spouse but of lower status than a wife

Question 21

Quizilbash

Answer 21

Nomadic Sufi tribesmen who were loyal to and supportive of the early Safavid state

Question 22

Ulama

Answer 22

Religious scholars whom Sunnis trust to interpret the qur’an and the Sunna, the deeds and sayings of Muhammad

Question 23

Mughal

Answer 23

A term meaning “Mongol”, used to refer to the Muslim empire of India, although its founders were primarily Turks, afghans, and Persians.

Question 24

Jizya

Answer 24

A poll tax on non-Muslims

Question 25

Factory-forts

Answer 25

A term first used by the British for the trading post at Surat that was later applied to all European walled settlements in India

Question 26

Sepoys

Answer 26

The native Indian troops who were used as infantrymen

Question 27

Civil service examinations

Answer 27

A highly competitive series of tests held at the prefecture, province, and capital levels to select men to become officials

Question 28

Banners

Answer 28

Units of the Qing army, composed of soldiers, their families and slaves

Question 29

Daimyo

Answer 29

Regional lords in Japan; many had built their power by seizing what they needed and promoting irrigation and trade to raise revenues

Question 30

Alternate residence system

Answer 30

Arrangement in which lords lived in Edo every other year and left their wives and sons there as hostages

Question 31

Antifederalists

Answer 31

Opponents of the American constitution who felt it diminished individual rights and accorded too much power to the federal government at the expense of the states

Question 32

Estates general

Answer 32

Traditional representative body of the three estates of France that met in 1789 in response to imminent state bankruptcy

Question 33

National Assembly

Answer 33

French representative assembly formed in 1789 by the delegates of the third estate and some members of the clergy, the second estate

Question 34

Jacobin club

Answer 34

A political club during the French Revolution to which many of the deputies of the legislative assembly belonged

Question 35

Sans-culottes

Answer 35

The labor in poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches the men of the aristocracy and middle class; the term came to refer to the militant radicals of the city

Question 36

Reign of terror

Answer 36

The period form 1793 to 1794, during

Question 37

Thermidorian reaction

Answer 37

A reaction to the violence of the reign of terror in 1794,crediting in he execution of Robespierre and the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls

Question 38

Napoleonic code

Answer 38

French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789,048!.80@3/ of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property

Question 39

Continental system

Answer 39

A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military

Question 40

Industrial revolution

Answer 40

A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron between 1780 and 1850

Question 41

Water frame

Answer 41

A spinning machine created by Richard awkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used eager power; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill: a factory

Question 42

Tariff protection

Answer 42

A government’s way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products

Question 43

Economic nationalism

Answer 43

Policies aimed at protecting and developing a country’s economy

Question 44

Luddites

Answer 44

Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in1812 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.

Question 45

Separate spheres

Answer 45

A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner

Question 46

Liberalism

Answer 46

A philosophy who’s principal ideas were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative government sand equality before the the all as well as such individual freedoms as freedom of the press, freedom, of speech, freedom of assembly, Dan freedom of arbitrary arrest

Question 47

Nationalism

Answer 47

The idea that each people had its own genius and Its own specific unity, which manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire from an independent political state

Question 48

Bourgeoisie

Answer 48

The well-educated, prosperous, middle-class groups

Question 49

Modernization

Answer 49

The changes that enable a country to compete effectively with the leading countries of the time

Question 50

Dreyfus affair

Answer 50

A divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason, the Catholic Church sided with the anti-Semites against Dreyfus; after Dreyfus was declared innocent, the French government severed all ties between the state and the church.

Question 51

Zionism

Answer 51

The movement toward Jewish political nationhood started by Theodore Herzl