Midterm W15 Flashcards
Empiricism
A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation
Natural philosophy
An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, it’s
Purpose and how it functioned; it encompassed what we call “science” today
Enlightenment
The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced new ways of thinking based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress
Philosophes
A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow creatures in the Age of Enlightenment
Salons
Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy
Public sphere
An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic and political issues
General wheel
A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have replaced the power of the monarch
Haskalah
A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn
Enclosure
The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers’ access to land
Chattel
An item of personal property; a term used in reference to enslaved people that conveys the idea that they are subhuman, like animals, and therefore may be treated like animals
Age-grade systems
Among the societies of Senegambia, grow of men and women whom the society initiated into adulthood at the same time.
Tuareg
Along with the moors, Warriors who controlled the north-south trans-Saharan trade in salt
Swahili
Meaning “people of the coast,” the term used for the people living along the East African coast and on nearby islands
Middle passage
African slaves’ voyage across the Atlantic to the Americas, a long and treacherous journey during which slaves endured appealing and often deadly conditions
Sorting
A collection of batch of British goods that would be traded for a slave or for a quantity of gold, ivory, or dye wood
Ottomans
Ruling house of the Turkish empire that lasted from 1299 to 1922
Sultan
An Arabic word originally used by the Seljuk Turks to mean authority or dominion; it was used by the ottomans to connote political and military supremacy
Devshirme
A process whereby the sultan’s agents swept the provinces for Christian youths to become slaves
Janissaries
Turkish for “recruits” ; they formed an elite army corps
Safavid
The dynasty that encompassed all of Persia and other regions; its state was shi’ism
Concubine
A woman who is a recognized spouse but of lower status than a wife
Quizilbash
Nomadic Sufi tribesmen who were loyal to and supportive of the early Safavid state
Ulama
Religious scholars whom Sunnis trust to interpret the qur’an and the Sunna, the deeds and sayings of Muhammad
Mughal
A term meaning “Mongol”, used to refer to the Muslim empire of India, although its founders were primarily Turks, afghans, and Persians.
Jizya
A poll tax on non-Muslims
Factory-forts
A term first used by the British for the trading post at Surat that was later applied to all European walled settlements in India
Sepoys
The native Indian troops who were used as infantrymen
Civil service examinations
A highly competitive series of tests held at the prefecture, province, and capital levels to select men to become officials
Banners
Units of the Qing army, composed of soldiers, their families and slaves
Daimyo
Regional lords in Japan; many had built their power by seizing what they needed and promoting irrigation and trade to raise revenues
Alternate residence system
Arrangement in which lords lived in Edo every other year and left their wives and sons there as hostages
Antifederalists
Opponents of the American constitution who felt it diminished individual rights and accorded too much power to the federal government at the expense of the states
Estates general
Traditional representative body of the three estates of France that met in 1789 in response to imminent state bankruptcy
National Assembly
French representative assembly formed in 1789 by the delegates of the third estate and some members of the clergy, the second estate
Jacobin club
A political club during the French Revolution to which many of the deputies of the legislative assembly belonged
Sans-culottes
The labor in poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches the men of the aristocracy and middle class; the term came to refer to the militant radicals of the city
Reign of terror
The period form 1793 to 1794, during
Thermidorian reaction
A reaction to the violence of the reign of terror in 1794,crediting in he execution of Robespierre and the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls
Napoleonic code
French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789,048!.80@3/ of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property
Continental system
A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military
Industrial revolution
A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron between 1780 and 1850
Water frame
A spinning machine created by Richard awkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used eager power; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill: a factory
Tariff protection
A government’s way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products
Economic nationalism
Policies aimed at protecting and developing a country’s economy
Luddites
Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in1812 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
Separate spheres
A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner
Liberalism
A philosophy who’s principal ideas were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative government sand equality before the the all as well as such individual freedoms as freedom of the press, freedom, of speech, freedom of assembly, Dan freedom of arbitrary arrest
Nationalism
The idea that each people had its own genius and Its own specific unity, which manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire from an independent political state
Bourgeoisie
The well-educated, prosperous, middle-class groups
Modernization
The changes that enable a country to compete effectively with the leading countries of the time
Dreyfus affair
A divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason, the Catholic Church sided with the anti-Semites against Dreyfus; after Dreyfus was declared innocent, the French government severed all ties between the state and the church.
Zionism
The movement toward Jewish political nationhood started by Theodore Herzl
