Final Exam Flashcards
fervent patriots who seized power in the revolution of 1908, forcing the conservative sultan to implement reforms; they helped pave the way for the birth of modern secular Turkey
Young Turks
People of Spanish descent born in the Americas
Creole
Term referring to the political and economic systems that perpetuated Western economic domination of nations after their political independence.
Neocolonialism
The officers and jailers who tried to establish a colonial gentry and impose rigid class distinctions from England.
Exclusionists
The lower strata of the Australian social order in the mid-ninteenth century, made up of former convicts.
Emancipists
Fighting behind rows of trenches, mines, and barbed wire; used in World War I with a staggering cost in lives and minimal gains in territory
Trench Warfare
Practiced by countries fighting in World War I, a war in which the government plans and controls all aspects of economic and social life in order to make the greatest possible military effort.
Total War
The majority group; this was Lenin’s camp of the Russian party of Marxist socialism.
Bolsheviks
The application of the total-war concept to a civil conflict; the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work.
War Communism
The name given to a highly diverse and even contradictory philosophy that stresses the meaningless of existence and the search for moral values in a world of terror and uncertainty.
Existentialism.
Freudian term for the ingrained moral values, which specify what a person should do.
Superego
The principle that buildings, like industrial products, should serve the purpose for which they were made as well as possible.
Functionalism.
A Jewish collective farm on which each member shared equally in the work, rewards, and defense.
Kibbutz
Loosely translated as “soul force,”which Gandhi believed was the means of striving for truth and social justice through love, suffering, and conversion of the opressor
Satyagraha
Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s plan to reform capitalism through forceful government intervention in the economy.
New Deal
A New Deal-inspired party in France that encouraged unions and launched a far-reaching program of social reform.
Popular Front
A radical dictatorship that exercises complete political power and control over all aspects of society and seeks to mobilize the masses for action.
Totalitarianism
A movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalism, antisocialism, a dynamic and violent leader, and glorification of the war and the military.
Facism
Launched by Stalin in 1928 and termed the “revolution from above,”its goal was to modernize the Soviet Union and generate a Communist society with new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity.
Five-Year Plan
Stalin’s forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large state controlled enterprises.
Collectivization
An act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis that gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years.
Enabling Act
“Lightning war” using planes, tanks, and trucks, first used by Hitler to crush Poland in four weeks.
Blitzkrieg
The attempted systematic extermination of all European Jews and other “undesirables” by the Nazi state During World War II.
Holocaust
U.S. Policy to contain communism to areas already occupied by the Red Army.
Truman Doctrine
American plan for providing economic aid to Europe to help it rebuild.
Marshall Plan
Economic restructuring and reform implemented by Soviet premier Gorbachev that permitted an easing of government price controls on some goods, more independence for state enterprises, and the setting up of profit-seeking private cooperatives to provide personal services for consumers.
Perestroika
Soviet premier Gorbachev’s popular campaign for openness in the government and the media.
Glastonost
Mao Zedont’s acceleration of Chinese development in which industrial growth was to be based on small-scale backyard workshops run by peasants living in gigantic self-contained communes.
Great Leap Forward
People, such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey, who prompted solidarity among all blacks and the eventual self-governing union of all African peoples.
Pan Africanists
The system of racial segregation and discrimination that was supported by the Afrikaner government in South Africa.
Apartheid
Countries not considered part of the either the First World or the developing world that became increasingly assertive regional leaders after the cold war.
Middle Powers.
The use of force or violence by a person or organized group with the intention of intimidating societies or governments, often for political purposes.
Terrorism
An economy that is part socialist and part capitalist.
Mixed Economy.
Cities with populations of 5 million people or more.
Megacities
An economy with a few salaried jobs and an abundance of tiny, unregulated businesses such as peddlers and pushcart operators.
Bazaar Economy
The issue that those living in extreme poverty are disproportionately women.
Feminization of Poverty
