Final Exam

Question 1

fervent patriots who seized power in the revolution of 1908, forcing the conservative sultan to implement reforms; they helped pave the way for the birth of modern secular Turkey

Answer 1

Young Turks

Question 2

People of Spanish descent born in the Americas

Answer 2

Creole

Question 3

Term referring to the political and economic systems that perpetuated Western economic domination of nations after their political independence.

Answer 3

Neocolonialism

Question 4

The officers and jailers who tried to establish a colonial gentry and impose rigid class distinctions from England.

Answer 4

Exclusionists

Question 5

The lower strata of the Australian social order in the mid-ninteenth century, made up of former convicts.

Answer 5

Emancipists

Question 6

Fighting behind rows of trenches, mines, and barbed wire; used in World War I with a staggering cost in lives and minimal gains in territory

Answer 6

Trench Warfare

Question 7

Practiced by countries fighting in World War I, a war in which the government plans and controls all aspects of economic and social life in order to make the greatest possible military effort.

Answer 7

Total War

Question 8

The majority group; this was Lenin’s camp of the Russian party of Marxist socialism.

Answer 8

Bolsheviks

Question 9

The application of the total-war concept to a civil conflict; the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work.

Answer 9

War Communism

Question 10

The name given to a highly diverse and even contradictory philosophy that stresses the meaningless of existence and the search for moral values in a world of terror and uncertainty.

Answer 10

Existentialism.

Question 11

Freudian term for the ingrained moral values, which specify what a person should do.

Answer 11

Superego

Question 12

The principle that buildings, like industrial products, should serve the purpose for which they were made as well as possible.

Answer 12

Functionalism.

Question 13

A Jewish collective farm on which each member shared equally in the work, rewards, and defense.

Answer 13

Kibbutz

Question 14

Loosely translated as “soul force,”which Gandhi believed was the means of striving for truth and social justice through love, suffering, and conversion of the opressor

Answer 14

Satyagraha

Question 15

Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s plan to reform capitalism through forceful government intervention in the economy.

Answer 15

New Deal

Question 16

A New Deal-inspired party in France that encouraged unions and launched a far-reaching program of social reform.

Answer 16

Popular Front

Question 17

A radical dictatorship that exercises complete political power and control over all aspects of society and seeks to mobilize the masses for action.

Answer 17

Totalitarianism

Question 18

A movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalism, antisocialism, a dynamic and violent leader, and glorification of the war and the military.

Answer 18

Facism

Question 19

Launched by Stalin in 1928 and termed the “revolution from above,”its goal was to modernize the Soviet Union and generate a Communist society with new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity.

Answer 19

Five-Year Plan

Question 20

Stalin’s forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large state controlled enterprises.

Answer 20

Collectivization

Question 21

An act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis that gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years.

Answer 21

Enabling Act

Question 22

“Lightning war” using planes, tanks, and trucks, first used by Hitler to crush Poland in four weeks.

Answer 22

Blitzkrieg

Question 23

The attempted systematic extermination of all European Jews and other “undesirables” by the Nazi state During World War II.

Answer 23

Holocaust

Question 24

U.S. Policy to contain communism to areas already occupied by the Red Army.

Answer 24

Truman Doctrine

Question 25

American plan for providing economic aid to Europe to help it rebuild.

Answer 25

Marshall Plan

Question 26

Economic restructuring and reform implemented by Soviet premier Gorbachev that permitted an easing of government price controls on some goods, more independence for state enterprises, and the setting up of profit-seeking private cooperatives to provide personal services for consumers.

Answer 26

Perestroika

Question 27

Soviet premier Gorbachev’s popular campaign for openness in the government and the media.

Answer 27

Glastonost

Question 28

Mao Zedont’s acceleration of Chinese development in which industrial growth was to be based on small-scale backyard workshops run by peasants living in gigantic self-contained communes.

Answer 28

Great Leap Forward

Question 29

People, such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey, who prompted solidarity among all blacks and the eventual self-governing union of all African peoples.

Answer 29

Pan Africanists

Question 30

The system of racial segregation and discrimination that was supported by the Afrikaner government in South Africa.

Answer 30

Apartheid

Question 31

Countries not considered part of the either the First World or the developing world that became increasingly assertive regional leaders after the cold war.

Answer 31

Middle Powers.

Question 32

The use of force or violence by a person or organized group with the intention of intimidating societies or governments, often for political purposes.

Answer 32

Terrorism

Question 33

An economy that is part socialist and part capitalist.

Answer 33

Mixed Economy.

Question 34

Cities with populations of 5 million people or more.

Answer 34

Megacities

Question 35

An economy with a few salaried jobs and an abundance of tiny, unregulated businesses such as peddlers and pushcart operators.

Answer 35

Bazaar Economy

Question 36

The issue that those living in extreme poverty are disproportionately women.

Answer 36

Feminization of Poverty