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GEOG 111 > midterm to final exam > Flashcards

midterm to final exam Flashcards

1
Q

el nino

A

development of warm ocean surface waters along coast of ecuado

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2
Q

what is El Niño linked with?

A

southern oscillation

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3
Q

southern oscillation

A

cycling of pacific ocean circulation

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4
Q

La Nina

A

extremely strong trade winds and accumulation of cold water that occurs in central and eastern pacific

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5
Q

how can we measure the southern oscillation?

A

sea-level air pressure differences between tahiti and darwin, australia

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6
Q

hydrologic cycle

A

conceptual model describing storage and movement of water between Biosphere, Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere

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7
Q

Atmospheric humidity

A

Describes amount of water vapour in atmosphere

Enters atmosphere through evaporation or sublimation

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8
Q

2 different measures of atmospheric humidity

A

Mixing ratio/saturation mixing ratio

Relative humidity

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9
Q

Mixing ratio

A

Mass of a specific gas relative to mass of remaining gas

Units expressed as g/kg of dry air

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10
Q

Saturation mixing ratio:

A

Mass of water vapour held in a kg of dry air at saturation

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11
Q

Saturation

A

any addition of water vapour to a mass of air leads to condensation of liquid water or deposition of ice at a given temperature and pressure

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12
Q

what is the saturation mixing ratio affected by?

A

temperature

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13
Q

Relative humidity

A

amount of water in air relative to saturation amount the air can hold at a given temperature (x100)

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14
Q

how is relative humidity measured?

A

sling psychrometer

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15
Q

the 10 processes that water can be moved by

A

Evaporation
Condensation
Prepip
Deposition
Runoff
Infiltration
Sublimation
Transpiration
Melting
Groundwater flow

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16
Q

The 3 processes that act to create water droplets or ice crystals

A

Condensation, freezing and deposition

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17
Q

deposition

A

water moving from gas to solid

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18
Q

relative humidity will continue to increase until what point

A

dew point/frost point is reached

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19
Q

at dew point, what is the relative humidity?

A

100%

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20
Q

condensation nuclei

A

microscopic particles of dust, smoke and salt that allow for water droplets/ice crystals to condense, freeze or depose

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21
Q

what I needed for the formation of ice crystals?

A

Deposition nuclei (six sided particles)

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22
Q

Orographic uplift

A

when air is forced to rise because of the presence of elevated land

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23
Q

air rises and cools as a result of what in orographic uplifting?

A

adiabatic expansion

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24
Q

Convectional uplifting

A

surface heating of air at the ground surface

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25
Q

Convergence of frontal lifting takes place when what?

A

2 masses of air collide

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26
Q

Radiative cooling

A

occurs when the sun no longer supplies the ground and overlying the air with energy

Earth surface loses energy in the form of longwave radiation which causes air above to cool

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27
Q

what process causes fog?

A

radiative cooling

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28
Q

the 5 types of fog

A

Radiation fog or ground fog
Upslope fog
Advection fog
Evaporation fog
Frontal fog

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29
Q

Precipitation

A

any aqueous deposit, in liquid or solid form that develops in a saturated atmosphere and falls to the ground

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30
Q

what causes water droplets to grow in a cloud above freezing temps?

A

turbulent atmospheric mixing through collision and coalescence

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31
Q

what must be present for ice crystals to form in clouds?

A

condensation nuclei and deposition nuclei

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32
Q

Rain

A

liquid deposit that falls from the atmosphere to surface and has to be larger than 0.5 mm in diameter

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33
Q

Ice pellets/sleet

A

transparent/translucent bits of frozen water with a diameter less than 5mm

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34
Q

Snow pellets

A

white, spherical grains of ice 2-5 mm in diameter

bounce when they hit the ground

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35
Q

Hail

A

destructive form of precipitation that is 5-190 mm in diameter

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36
Q

Rain shadow effect

A

orographic uplift results in sharp reduction in rainfall in regions adjacent or on leeward side of slope

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37
Q

Water is removed from the surface of the earth by what 2 processes?

A

evaporation
transpiration

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38
Q

evaporation occurs when these 3 things are present:

A

water is available

lower humidity than saturation

energy

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39
Q

Transpiration

A

water evaporation from plants through stomata

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40
Q

what percent of transpired water that is passed through plant used for growth?

A

1%

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41
Q

Stomata

A

openings on the underside of leaves

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42
Q

Rate of evapotranspiration is controlled by what 4 things?

A

Energy available

Humidity gradient away from surface

Wind speed immediately above surface

Water availability

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43
Q

Sublimation

A

solids evaporating

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44
Q

2 different aspects of evapotranspiration

A

potential and actual

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45
Q

Potential evapotranspiration

A

ability of the atmosphere to remove water from the surface, no control on water supply

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46
Q

actual evapotranspiration

A

how much water is actually evaporated/removed

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47
Q

what is used in water resource management?

A

potential and actual evapotranspiration

Potential - actual = what crop managers use to determine how much water they need

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48
Q

what modifies intensity and distribution of precipitation?

A

vegetation

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49
Q

Interception

A

the capture of precipitation by plant canopy and its subsequent return to atmosphere through evaporation or sublimation

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50
Q

what 6 things will cause variation in precipitation interception?

A

leaf type
canopy architecture
wind speed
available radiation
temperature
humidity of the atmosphere

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51
Q

Precipitation that is not intercepted is influenced by what 3 things?

A

stemflow
canopy drip
through fall

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52
Q

Infiltration

A

movement of water into the soil layer

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53
Q

what happens if rainfall intensity is greater than the infiltration rate?

A

water will accumulate on surface and runoff will begin

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54
Q

what is infiltration controlled by?

A

gravity
capillary action
soil porosity

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55
Q

porosity of solids are controlled by what?

A

texture(size)
structure(shape)
organic content(absorbability)

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56
Q

Strongest force

A

molecular force of elements and compounds on surface of soil minerals

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57
Q

hygroscopic water

A

water retained by strongest force

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58
Q

Matric Force

A

holds soil water from 0.0002 mm to 0.06 mm from surface of soil particles

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59
Q

matric force is caused by what 2 processes?

A

soil particle surface molecular attraction (adhesion and absorption)

Cohesion that water molecules have to each other

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60
Q

matric force declines in strength with what?

A

distance from soil particle

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61
Q

gravitational water

A

Water in excess of capillary and hygroscopic water

62
Q

soil field capacity

A

Amount of water that remains after gravitational water has drained away

63
Q

Throughflow

A

sporadic horizontal flow of water within soil layer

64
Q

what causes through flow?

A

Soil is completely saturated in water

Flows underground until it reaches a river, lake or ocean

65
Q

when do max flow rates of through flow occur?

A

steep slopes and in previous sediments

66
Q

groundwater zone

A

Moisture moving into underlying bedrock reaches area of permanent saturation

67
Q

water table

A

top of groundwater zone

Discharges into a surface body of water like a river channel, lake or ocean

68
Q

Unconfined groundwater

A
69
Q

Confined groundwater

A
70
Q

why does runoff occur at a global scale?

A

because of the imbalance between evaporation and precipitation over the earth’s land and ocean surfaces

71
Q

Streamflow

A

process of water flowing in the organised channels of a stream/river

72
Q

Stream discharge

A

volume of water that passes through channel for a certain period of time

73
Q

Stream discharge formula

A

Q = W x D x V
Q = stream discharge
W = channel width
D = channel depth
V = velocity of flowing water

74
Q

The 6 elements that make up 99% of sea salts

A

Chloride
Sodium
Sulfate
Magnesium
Calcium
Potassium

75
Q

Sea water salinity concentration

A

parts of chloride per 1000 parts water

35 parts per thousand for sea water salinity

76
Q

Density of seawater increases with what 3 things?

A

decreasing temps
increasing salinity
depth in ocean

77
Q

surface ocean currents are driven by what?

A

wind

78
Q

how are dissolved gases in the ocean added to the atmosphere

A

wind
waves

79
Q

Gyre

A

circular ocean patterns

80
Q

how are tides created?

A

slight variations in gravitational attraction between the earth, moon and the sun

81
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

explosion of life on earth

82
Q

when did fossils start to form?

A

3.8 billion years ago

83
Q

when do eukaryotes organize into multicellular organisms?

A

680 million years ago

84
Q

3 domains of living things

A

arachea
bacteria
eukaryotes

85
Q

where do archaea live?

A

very hostile environments

86
Q

what do bacteria lack?

A

chlorophyll

87
Q

how do bacteria obtain energy?

A

fermentation

88
Q

the 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes

A

Protists (single-celled organisms)

Fungi

Plantae (gymnosperms and angiosperms)

Animalia

89
Q

Spatial isolation

A

Isolation due to distance, mountains, barriers, river etc

90
Q

what does spatial isolation cause a reduction in?

A

gene transfer between sub populations

91
Q

Species

A

A group of interbreeding organisms that do not ordinarily breed with members of other groups

92
Q

Population

A

all the individual of a species within one particular area or region at a certain time

93
Q

Community

A

Populations in a specific area or region at a certain time

94
Q

Ecosystem

A

dynamic entity composed of the biotic communities and abiotic environment

95
Q

Geographic range

A

spatial distribution of species

Done through processes of dispersal, colonization, establishment, and extirpation

96
Q

Dispersal

A

ability of organisms to move

97
Q

why do organisms want to disperse?

A

find new habitat

escape the influence of parents/siblings

98
Q

range of most species is limited by what?

A

abiotic factors (temp, moisture, soil, nutrients)

99
Q

2 types of biotic interactions

A

Interspecific (other species)
Intraspecific (same species)

100
Q

5 types of interspecific biotic interactions

A

neutralism
competition
amensalism
mutualism
pathogens, parasites, predators

101
Q

amensalism

A

one species suffers, the other experiences no effect

102
Q

Ecological niche

A

species requirements for all resources and physical conditions

An imaginary space with many dimensions, each dimension or axis represents the range of some environmental condition/resource

103
Q

Fundamental niche

A

total range of environmental conditions that are suitable for existence without the influence of interspecific competition/predation from other species

104
Q

Realized niche

A

part of fundamental niche actually occupied by the species

105
Q

why have species gone extinct?

A

environmental change
competition

106
Q

Biodiversity consists of what 3 things?

A

genetic diversity
species diversity
ecosystem diversity

107
Q

Succession

A

directional, non seasonal cumulative change in the types of plant species that occupy a given area through time

108
Q

how does succession begin?

A

with a disturbance

109
Q

Facilitation

A

developing plant communities change the abiotic environment

110
Q

Tolerance

A

a predictable sequence is produced because different species have different strategies for exploiting resources

111
Q

Inhibition

A

all species resist invasions by competitors

112
Q

Ecosystem

A

a dynamic entity composed of a biological community and its associated abiotic environment

113
Q

7 human impacts to ecosystems

A

biodiversity reduction/species extinction

species invasions

changes to the abundance and dominance of species in communities

modification of biogeochemical cycles

modification of hydrologic cycling

Pollution

Climate change

114
Q

Biomass

A

mass of organisms per unit area

Can be expressed in g/m squared

115
Q

Primary productivity of a community

A

amount of biomass produced through photosynthesis/unit area and time

kg/m squared or yr squared

116
Q

Primary production of dry plant biomass amounts to what amount per year?

A

243 billion tonnes/year

117
Q

net primary productivity and how its measured

A

rate of biomass production available for consumption

Subtracting respiration from Gross primary productivity

118
Q

what are the least productive ecosystems limited by?

A

heat energy and water

119
Q

Most productive ecosystems have what?

A

high temps, plenty of water, and available soil nitrogen

120
Q

Factors limiting primary productivity

A

Photosynthesis (dependent on temperature, moisture and soil nutrient )

Temperature (controls rate of plant metabolism)

121
Q

most efficient plants incorporate what % of PAR (photosynthesis active radiation)

A

3-10%

122
Q

what are the most efficient biomes?

A

tropical rainforests
conifer forests

123
Q

how is Gross Secondary Productivity (GSP) measured?

A

amount consumed minus material defectated

124
Q

Grazing Food Chain

A

photosynthetic fixation of light, carbon dioxide and water by plant autotrophs (primary producers)

Primary consumers: herbivores

Secondary consumers: primary carnivores

Tertiary consumers: secondary carnivores

125
Q

Consumers lose significant amounts of energy due to what 4 processes?

A

assimilation inefficiencies

morphological/ physiological maintenance

reproduction

process of finding and capturing food

126
Q

Pyramid of biomass

A

quantifies all of the living biomass found in each of the trophic levels

127
Q

Food webs

A

describe energy flow in ecosystem by modelling who consumes who

128
Q

Nutrient cycling

A

involves a series of abiotic chemical reactions

129
Q

All biogeochemical cycles have what?

A

organic and inorganic components

130
Q

Organisms require the availability of about how many chemical components?

A

20-30 chemical components

131
Q

macronutrients

A

Elements required in relatively large amounts

132
Q

Biological fixation

A

elemental nitrogen converted into organic forms by metabolic processes

133
Q

Immigration regarding nutrients

A

motile animals can add nutrients to an ecosystem

134
Q

4 processes of nutrient outputs to ecosystems

A

Erosion
Leaching
Gaseous losses
emigration/harvesting

135
Q

what is the major chemical constituent of most organic matter?

A

carbon

136
Q

5 forms of carbon sinks

A

Organic molecules in living/dead organisms

CO2 gas in atmosphere

Organic matter soil

Fossil fuels and sedimentary rocks ex. Limestone, dolomite and chalk

CO2 gas dissolved in oceans and as CaCO3 shells or marine organisms

137
Q

how do ecosystems produce sugar?

A

use atmospheric CO2 via photosynthesis

138
Q

where is carbon stored in the atmosphere?

A

lithosphere

139
Q

how is carbon released from an ecosystem?

A

CO2 gas by process of respiration

140
Q

what do amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids have in common?

A

have nitrogen

141
Q

what 2 forms of nitrogen can plants take in?

A

ammonium ion
nitrate ion

142
Q

how do animals receive nitrogen?

A

by consuming other organisms containing nitrogen

143
Q

Earth’s terrestrial biomes and aquatic ecosystems are based on what?

A

temp and precipitation

144
Q

what forest biome is most affected by human activity?

A

Temperate deciduous forest

145
Q

why is ground surface in tundra and alpine waterlogged often?

A

low rates of evapotranspiration

146
Q

Europe and asia grasslands are called what?

A

Steppes

147
Q

South america grasslands are called what?

A

Pampas

148
Q

why is the chaparral biome dry despite being on the west coast?

A

subtropical high pressure zones

149
Q

the 3 layers of thermal stratification

A

Top layer = epilimnion
Middle = thermocline
Bottom = hypolimnion

150
Q

where are closed lakes found?

A

endorheic basins in arid areas ex. Mahoney lake

151
Q

open lakes

A

have outflow streams

GEOG 111 (3 decks)

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