Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GEOG 111 > MIDTERM 1 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 sub disciplines of geography developed by Immanuel Kant?

A

Physical
Mathematical
Moral
Political
Commercial
Theological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The Quantitative Revolution

A

measurement became central focus of research in physical geography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The 4 academic traditions of geography

A

Spatial
Area Studies
Human-Land
Earth Science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

5 themes of modern geography

A

Location
Region
Human-land tradition
Movement
Place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

System

A

any ordered interrelated set of things and their attributes linked by flows of energy and matter as distinct from the surrounding environment outside the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The 3 types of systems

A

isolated
opened
closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Closed system example

A

earth systems in terms of matter and resources (no new nothing has entered earth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Open system example

A

photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The 2 kinds of feedback loops

A

Positive
Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

negative feedback loop

A

new information discourages response in a system
ex. more lynx in populations means less hares in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

new information increases response in system
ex. ice albedo loop:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

steady state equilibrium

A

Rates of system where input/outputs are equal, and amount of material in system is more constant over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

The state of natural systems oscillates around a mean condition, but will trend over time (will stay the same, but on a trend)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

nebula hypothesis

A

spinning mass makes one plane, gravity forms protosun, accretion forms planets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is our knowledge of the universe based on?

A

optical and radio telescopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 components the Milky Way is compromised of

A

disk
nuclear buldge
halo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Disk

A

Plane of rotation consisting of young stars, globular clusters, gas and dust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nuclear bulge

A

dense mass of young and old stars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Halo

A

Thin cloud of stars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What components made up the early atmosphere?

A

H2O
HCN
NH3
CH4
S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What new components made up the second atmosphere?

A

CO2
N2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What caused an increase in O2 into atmosphere from 1% to 21%

A

Development of evolution and growth of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The 4 “spheres” of earth

A

Lithosphere/geosphere
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Biosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Lithosphere/geosphere

A

The rocky group of earth
Consists of 3 components:
-igneous
-sedimentary
-metamorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Atmosphere

A

gaseous envelope of air that surrounds earth
where weather occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Water moves around earth by what processes?

A

Evaporation
condensation
Run-off
precipitation
Infiltration
Groundwater flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Biosphere

A

contains all living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is responsible for diversity and complexity in living things?

A

Evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

2 types of energy

A

Kinetic
Potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

7 different forms of energy

A

Heat
Electricity
Sound
Energy of chemical reactions
Magnetic attraction
Energy of atomic reactions
Light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the 3 ways energy can be transferred?

A

Conduction
Convection
Radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Conduction

A

Energy transferred directly from molecule to molecule; represents flow of energy along temp gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Convection

A

Transfer of energy by vertical mass motions of a gaseous/liquid medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Radiation

A

Emission/propagation of energy in form of electromagnetic waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the biggest form of energy transfer on earth

A

radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

radioactive decay

A

loss of subatomic particles from an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

ions

A

elements with a + or - charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

molecules

A

structures of matter larger than 1 atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

compounds

A

different elements joining together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The other 4 states of matter

A

Plasma
Supercooled liquid (glass)
Supercritical fluid
Bose-einstein condensate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what 2 forms can matter be found in

A

Organic
Inorganic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

examples of organic compounds

A

Lipids
Carbs
Proteins
Nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what organic compound is found in the hydrocarbon family?

A

Lipids/fats

45
Q

What atoms make up carbohydrates

A

carbon
oxygen
hydrogen

46
Q

What atoms make up proteins

A

nitrogen
carbon
hydrogen
minor elements

47
Q

what atoms make up nucleic acids

A

carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
oxygen
phosphorus

48
Q

what do you get when you package together the 4 organic compounds

A

a cell

49
Q

where do the processes of metabolism and hereditary occur?

A

inside a cell

50
Q

prokaryotes

A

The simple organisms
-Bacteria
-archaea
-cyanobacteria

51
Q

eukaryotes

A

Cells of plants and animals are complicated in structure/function

52
Q

what forms of energy do organisms use to create sugars fats and proteins

A

chemical
light

53
Q

tissue

A

group of cells that have become specialized to perform a certain function

54
Q

3 properties of matter

A

Volume
mass
density

55
Q

Langley

A

intensity of radiation measured per minute and equal to one calorie

56
Q

Watt

A

measurement of intensity of radiation over a square metre surface; 1 watt is equal to 1 joule of work/sec

57
Q

heat

A

energy transferred between objects

58
Q

heat capacity

A

ratio of amount of heat energy absorbed by that substance to corresponding temperature rise

heat energy absorbed:temperature rise

59
Q

specific heat

A

heat capacity of unit mass of substance or heat needed to raise temp of 1g of substance 1 degree celsius

60
Q

sensible heat

A

heat that can be measured by a thermometer ; sensed by humans

61
Q

latent heat

A

energy required to change a substance to a higher state of matter

62
Q

specific heat example

A

water heating up slower than land, water cooling of slower than land

63
Q

The capture and use of energy in living systems is dominated by what?

A

photosynthesis
respiration

64
Q

Field of thermodynamics

A

studies the behaviour of energy flow on natural systems

a number of physical laws have been established from this

65
Q

The 3 laws of thermodynamics
(and 4th)

A
  1. energy cannot be created or destroyed
  2. Natural processes involving energy transfer only have 1 direction
    3.No kinetic energy, we reach a state called absolute zero
  3. law of temp and thermal equilibrium:
    Allows us to define temperature scales and thermometers
66
Q

3 different types of radiation

A

Infra-red radiation
Microwaves
X ray radiation

67
Q

what radiation makes up 48% of light

A

infrared

68
Q

what type of radiation makes up 7% of the suns emissions

A

ultraviolet

69
Q

Amount of electromagnetic emission emitted by a body is directly related to what?

A

Temperature

70
Q

What creates heat energy? (atomic level)

A

Absorption of photon by an atom

71
Q

Wien’s law

A

Wavelength of maximum emission of any body is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature

72
Q

Inverse square law

A

as radiation travels away from a body its intensity decreases exponentially

73
Q

Almost all energy that drives systems found on earth originate from what?

A

Sun

74
Q

solar flares

A

giant ejection of gases from the sun

75
Q

How are earths seasons controlled?

A

changes in duration and intensity of solar radiation/insolation

76
Q

angle of incidence

A
77
Q

how is nitrogen created in the atmosphere

A

lightning through precipitation

nitrogen fixing bacteria

78
Q

How is oxygen moved throughout the earth/atmosphere

A

photosynthesis/respiration

79
Q

what is the 5th most abundant gas in the atmosphere

A

carbon dioxide

80
Q

primary sources for methane that exists in the atmosphere

A

rice cultivation, domestic grazing animals, termites, landfills, coal mining, oil/gas extraction

81
Q

Sources that increase nitrous oxide in atmosphere

A

Land use conversion, fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, soil fertilisation

82
Q

Aerosols

A

small solid particles and liquid droplets in the air

83
Q

The 4 layers of earth

A

troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere

84
Q

where does most weather occur?

A

troposphere

85
Q

what layer is 80% of earths mass

A

troposphere

86
Q

environmental lapse rate

A

air cools 6.5 celsius per 1000m

87
Q

0-11km from earths surface

A

troposphere

88
Q

11-50km earths surface

A

stratosphere

89
Q

why does temp increases with altitude in stratosphere?

A

O3 concentrations

O3 molecules absorb ultraviolet sunlight creating heat energy

90
Q

50-80km above earths surface

A

mesosphere

91
Q

what is the coldest layer in the atmosphere?

A

mesosphere

92
Q

what layer of earths surface is the last of the homosphere?

A

mesosphere

93
Q

over 1000km above earths surface

A

thermosphere

94
Q

what is the hottest layer in the atmosphere?

A

thermosphere

95
Q

what influences all atmospheric processes?

A

gravity

96
Q

what happens to density and pressure of air as you move away from earths surface?

A

decreases

97
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

weight of the atmosphere

98
Q

instrument that measures air pressure

A

barometer

99
Q

3 atmospheric processes that modify solar radiation

A

Scattering
Absorption
Reflection

100
Q

scattering

A

Small particles of gas molecules diffuse incoming radiation without altering the wavelength

dependent on:
wavelength of radiation
size of particles

101
Q

absorption

A

A process where solar radiation is retained and converted into heat energy

102
Q

reflection

A

sunlight is redirected 180 degrees (sent straight back)

103
Q

what causes our skies to look blue

A

scattering of solar radiation particles

104
Q

what is the reflectivity of a cloud

A

40-90%

105
Q

what atmospheric process causes 100% loss in insolation

A

reflection

106
Q

Direct solar radiation

A

sun reaching earth’s surface

107
Q

Diffused solar radiation

A

radiation that reaches earth’s surface after layered by process of scattering

108
Q

how much energy taken in by the sun can actually do work

A

50%

109
Q

What produces specific patterns of insolation receipt?

A

Combined effect of earth-sun geometry and the atmosphere modification

GEOG 111 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions