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Large Animal Anatomy > Midterm Terms > Flashcards

Midterm Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Jugular Groove Borders

A

sternocephalicus ventrally

Brachiocephalicus dorsally

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2
Q 
Sternocephalicus 
O: 
I: 
Action
Nerve
A 
manubrium of the sternum
I: ramus of the mandible 
Action: Turns head and neck unilaterally 
Flexes head and neck bilaterally
Nerve: ventral branch of the accessory
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3
Q

Brachiocephalicus action and innervation

A

Unilaterally advances limb or turns head
Bilaterally flexes head and neck
Nerve: accessor, axillary, and cervical

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4
Q

cleidomastoideus origin and insertion

A

O: clavicular intersection
I: mastoid process

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5
Q

Cleidobrachialis Origin and Insertion

A

O: claviular intersection
I: Crest of the humerus

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6
Q

Trapezius Cervicis O, I, Action, and Innervation

A

O: funiculus nuchae
I: Spine of the scapula
Action: Elevate and advance scapula
Innervation: Dorsal branch of the accessory

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7
Q

Trapezius Thoracis O, I, Action, and Innervation

A

O: Supraspnous ligament
I: Spine of the scapula
Action: elevate and retract scapula
Innervation: dorsal branch of the accessory

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8
Q

Carotid sheath

A

vagosympathetic trunk, common carotid, recurrent laryngeal, and tracheal lymphatic ducts

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9
Q

Where is a tracheotomy performed?

A

Between cartilages 4 and 6

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10
Q

Where are the cranial deep cervical lymph nodes?

A

On trachea, near thyroid gland

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11
Q

What ligament runs from the end of the funicular nuchal ligament (T3) and caudal?

A

Supraspinous ligament

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12
Q

What ligament keeps scapula to the body?

A

dorsoscapular ligament

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13
Q

What branches make up the brachial plexus?

A

C6, C7, C8, T1, and T2

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14
Q

Borders of the paralumbar fossa

A

costal arch, tuber coxe, and epaxails??

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15
Q

What is seen within the paralumbar fossa?

A

Deep circumflex iliac, and T18-L2

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16
Q

Layers of the abdomen outside in

A 
abdominal tunic
External Abdominal oblique 
Internal abdominal oblique 
Trasversus abdominus 
External lamina of the Rectus Sheath
Rectus Abdominus 
Internal lamina of rectus sheath
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17
Q

What makes up the intenal lamina?

A

transversus abdominus

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18
Q

What makes up the external lamina?

A

Aponeurosis of the external AND internal abdominal oblique

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19
Q

What are the impressions on the kidney?

A

renal, costal, duodenal, and colic

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20
Q

Where are parsites found in the stomach of equid?

A

NON- glandular portion i.e. the blind sac

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21
Q

What separates the stratified squamous epithelium (white) of blind sac from the glandular mucosa?

A

Margo plicatus

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22
Q

What opens into the major duodenal papilla ? The minor?

A

Major: bile and pancreatic
Minor: accessory pancreatic

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23
Q

What of the cecum does the ileum enter?

A

medial

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24
Q

Where does the cecum and colon connect?

A

cecocolic orifice that is at the caudal cecum

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25
Q

What supplies the ventral colon?

A

colic branch of the ileocolic a

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26
Q

What supplies the dorsal colon?

A

right colic a

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27
Q

What structures can be palpated rectally in the equine?

A 
small colon
left D and V colon 
pelvic flexure 
cecum (b and b)
ileum 
jejuneun
bladder 
uterus and horn 
ovary 
pelvic urethra (stallion) 
Prostate 
Vaginal ring (stallion)
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28
Q

Right Ventral Colon Sacculation and Bands

A

Yes, 2 free bands, hidden 2 bands

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29
Q

Left Ventral Colon Sacculation and Bands

A

Yes, 2 free, 2 hidden

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30
Q

Left Dorsal Colon sacculations and bands

A

No, 0 free, 1 hidden

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31
Q

Small Colon Sacculations and Bands

A

Yes, 1,1

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32
Q

What lymph node is on the cranial aspect of thigh between skin and external abdominal oblique?

A

Subiliac (pre-femoral) lymph node

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33
Q

Pubovesical pouch

A

body wall and bladder

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34
Q

Vesicogenital pouch

A

bladder and repro tract

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35
Q

rectogenital pouch

A

repro tract and rectum

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36
Q

Proper ligament of the ovary

A

connects ovary to uterine horn and forms triangle with medial mesosalpinx

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37
Q

Branches of the external iliac artery

A 
aorta 
  Ovarian/Testicular
  External Iliac 
      Deep circumflex iliac
      uterine 
      Femoral 
      Deep Femoral
         Pudendoepigastric trunk 
         External Pudendal
   Internal Iliac
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38
Q

Tour of the Ascending colon of equine

A 
cecum 
Right ventral colon 
Sternal flexure 
Left ventral colon 
Pelvic flexure 
Left dorsal colon 
Diaphragmatic flexure 
Right dorsal colon
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39
Q

Components of the spermatic cord

A

ductus deferens, testicular a, pampiniform plexus surrounded by vaginal tunic

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40
Q

What is the inguinal ligament?

A

thickened portion of the aponeurosis external abdominal oblique

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41
Q

Opening between internal abdominal oblique and inguinal ligament?

A

deep inguinal ring

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42
Q

What is formed from a slit in the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique?

A

Superficial inguinal ring

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43
Q

what is equivalent to the sacrotuberous ligament in dogs?

A

sacrosciatic ligament

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44
Q

What is the region between tail and the scrotum or mammary gland?

A

perineum

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45
Q

What is trochanteric bursitis commonly called?

A

whorlbone

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46
Q

what does the pudendal n become?

A

dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris

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47
Q

Where does the internal pudendal terminate?

A

f: vestibular bulb
M: corpus spongiosum

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48
Q

What is the highly vascularized erectile tissue called in the female?

A

vestibular bulb

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49
Q

What is the musculo-fibrous column of tissue between anus and vestibule in the female?

A

Perineal body

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50
Q

External urethral orifice

A

opening of urethra in vestibule region

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51
Q

external uterine orifice

A

opening of uterus (cervix) into vagina

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52
Q

What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the middle gluteal m.?

A

O: aponeurosis of longissimus lumborum, ilium, and sacrosciatic ligament
I: Greater trochanter
Action: extends hip and abducts thigh
Inn: cranial and caudal gluteal

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53
Q

What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the Biceps femoris m?

A

O: sacrum, sacrosciatic ligament, ischial tuber
I: Fascia-latae- patella ligament, calcaneal tuber
Action: Extend hip, abduct thigh
Nerve: caudal gluteal and sciatic

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54
Q

What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the Semitendinosus?

A

O: cd 1-2 and ventral part of ischial tuber
I: tibial crest, crurall fascia, calcaneal tuber
Action: extend hip, flex stifle, extend hock
Nerve: Caudal gluteal and sciatic

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55
Q

What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the Gracilis m.?

A

O: pelvic symphysis (subpelvic tendon)
I: medial patellar ligament and medial surface of tibia
Action: Adduct limb
Neve: obturator

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56
Q

What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the Rectus femoris?

A

O: body of ilium
I: tibial tuberosity
Action: flex hip, extend stifle
N: Femoral

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57
Q

What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the vastus lateralis m.?

A

O: lateral surface of femur
I: tibial tuberosity
Action: extend stifle joint
N: Femoral

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58
Q

What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the vastus medialis m.?

A

O: medial surface of femur
I: tibial tuberosity
Action: extend stifle joint
N: Femoral

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59
Q

What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the vastus intermedius m.?

A

O: cranial surface of femur
I: tibial tuberosity
Action: extend stifle joint
N: Femoral

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60
Q

What lymph nodes are in the femoral triangle?

A

deep inguinal lymph nodes

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61
Q

What ligament aries from the prepubic tendon and enters acetabulum and attaches head of the femur?

A

Accessory ligament, limits abduction, unique to equine

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62
Q

What is the major flexor of the hip?

A

Iliopsoas

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63
Q

What lymph nodes are proximal to the lateral and medial head of the gastrocnemius?

A

popliteal lymph nodes

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64
Q

What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the tibialis cranialis m.?

A

O: lateral condyle of the tibia
I: 3rd metatarsal and tarsal bones of I and II
Action: flex hock joint
Nerve: Deep peroneal n

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65
Q

What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the peroneus tertius?

A

O: extensor fossa of the femur
I: 3rd metatarsal, 3rd tarsal, calcaneus, 4th tarsal
Action: flex hock when stifle is flexed, extend stifle when tarsus is extended
N: branches of deep peroneal (sensory only)

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66
Q

What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the long digital extensor m.?

A

O: extensor fossa of femur
I: extensor provess of 3rd phalanx
Action: extend stifle and digit ; flex hock
Nerve: deep peroneal n

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67
Q

What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the lateral digital extensor.?

A

O: lateral collateral ligament of stifle joint, and adjacent area of tibia and fibula
I: tendon of insertion of long digital extensor
Action: Extend digit and flex hock
n: superficial peroneal n

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68
Q

What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the gastrocnemius m.?

A

O: Supracondyloid fossa of femur
I: calcaneal tuberosity
Action: flex stifle; extend hock
N: tibial n

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69
Q

What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the superficial digital flexor m.?

A 
O: Supracondyoid fossa of femur 
I: Calcaneal tuber 
Proximal extremity of 2nd phalanx 
Distal extremity of 1st phalanx
Action: Flex digit; extend hock; flex stifle 
N: Tibial N
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70
Q

What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the deep digital flexor m.?

A

O: lateral condyle and lateral border of tibia and fibula
I: flexor surface of 3rd phalanx
Action: flex digit;extend hock
N: Tibial n

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71
Q

What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the interosseus (suspensory ligament) m.?

A

O: Distal row of tarsal bones, and proximal extremity of 3rd metatarsal bone
I: Abaxial surface of proximal sesamoids and conjoined tendon of insertion of long and lateral digital extensor mm.
Action: Support the fetlock (prevent overextension)
Nerve: Branches of tibial (sensory only)

72
Q

how does the medial patellar ligament attach to patella?

A

Patellar fibrocartilage

73
Q

Lateral femorotibial joint

A

between lateral collateral ligament and the common tendon of the long digital extensor and peroneus tertius

74
Q

Medial femorotibial joint

A

between medial patellar and medial collateral ligaments near the tibial insertions

75
Q

Femoropatellar joint

A

under medial patellar ligament

76
Q

Medial branch of the tendon of tibialis cranialis is also called?

A

cunean tendon

77
Q

What can you cut to relieve chronic bursitis

A

cunean tendon

78
Q

what 2 “muscles” are involved in the reciprocal mechanism?

A

SPF and peroneus tertius

79
Q

Where does teh calcanean bursa lie under?

A

SPF tendon

80
Q

The tarsal sheath covers what tendon?

81
Q

tarsocrural joint

A

between tibia and trochlea of the talus, largest and most moveable

82
Q

What joint does the tarsocrural joint communicate with?

A

proximal intertarsal joint

83
Q

proximal intertarsal joint

A

joint in hock between the talus and calcaneus and the central/4th tarsal bones

84
Q

Distal intertarsal joint

A

joint in hock between the central tarsal bone and T1,2, and 3

85
Q

Tarsometatarsal joint

A

joint in hock between the distal row of tarsal bones and the metatarsal bones

86
Q

Dorsal pouch of the tarsocrural joint

A

between peroneus tertitus and medial malleolus of the tibia

87
Q

medioplantar pouch of the tarsocrural joint

A

between tibia and tarsal sheath, just proximal to the sustentaculum tali

88
Q

lateroplantar pouch of the tarsocrural joint

A

between lateral malleolus and the calcaneus

89
Q

Strong wide ligament on lateral side of tarsus between the calcaneus and 4th tarsal and metatarsal bones

A

long plantar ligament

90
Q

Attaches to the left longitudinal groove of the rumen

A

superficial leaf of greater omentum

91
Q

attaches to right longitudinal groove of the rumen

A

deep leaf of the greater omentum

92
Q

What is the space between deep and superficial leaves of the greater omentum that encloses the ventral sac of rumen?

A

omental bursa

93
Q

Opening of the esophagus into the reticulum

94
Q

A mound of smooth muscle, erectile tissue and fat inside the abomasum?

A

torus pyloricus

95
Q

At what point is the superficial and deep leaf of the greater omentum continuous?

A

caudal duodenal flexture

96
Q

4 signs of peripheral neuropathy?

A
  • Hyporeflexia, hypotonia
  • “Denervation” atrophy
  • Unilateral motor and/ or sensory deficits Normal -Function cranial and caudal to nerve lesion site
97
Q

Spinal formula of dog

A

C8, T13, L7,S3,Cd5

98
Q

Spinal formula of horse?

A

C8,T18,L6,S5,CD7

99
Q

Spinal formula of bovine?

A

C8,T13,L6,S5

100
Q

Where does the 1st cervical nerve arise from?

A

lateral vertebral foramen on the atlas

101
Q

Where does the 2nd cervical nerve emerge in horse? in dog?

A

lateral vertebral foramen on axis, in dog intervertebral foramen of 1st and 2nd vertebrae

102
Q

What supplies the ventral axial muscles, thoracic and pelvic limbs, and skin?

A

Ventral primary Branch, largest primary

103
Q

What are the 4 primary branches of the periphery?

A

dorsal primary
ventral primary
meningeal branch
communicating branch

104
Q

Functional components of cutaneous nerves

A

visceral afferents and efferents
somatic afferents
NO somatic efferents

105
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

area innervated by complete spinal segment

106
Q

What is a cutaneous area?

A

named nerve innervates that area

107
Q

What are the functional components of muscle branches?

A

somatic afferents AND efferents

Visceral efferents and afferents

108
Q

Where can muscle nerves originate?

A

dorsal or ventral primary branches BUT NOT from meningeal or communicating branches

109
Q

Mixed nerves can give rise to muscle and cutaneous nerves proximally or distally?

110
Q

No distribution to sweat glands, smooth muscles of skin, or BV of head, body wall, and extremities–what autonomic division?

111
Q

What autonomic division? to cardiac, all glands, and smooth muscles

A

sympathetic

112
Q

What are the receptors and NT for parasympathetics?

A

ach and muscarinic receptor

113
Q

What are the receptors and NT for sympathetics?

A

E and NE and adrenergic

114
Q

What receptors and NT are between pre and post ganglions of both sympathetics and para?

A

ach and nicotinic

115
Q

Where are most of the preganglion sympathetic fibers destined for head and cervical regions located?

A

lateral horn of T1-T5 and leave via ventral roots

116
Q

What are the post ganglions called that are located alongside vertebral column within sympathetic trunk?

A

paravertebral

117
Q

What are the post ganglions called that are located between sympathetic trunk and effector organ?

A

Prevertebral, para and sym

118
Q

What are the post ganglions called that are located mostly in intrinsic neural plexuses?

A

terminal, mostly para

119
Q

What is the sympathetic pathway to the C1/C2?

A

Preganglion fibers from T1-T5 region travel through cervicothoracic ganglion–>cranially in sympathetic trunk–> synapse in cranial cervical ganglion–> communicating branch to C1/2

120
Q

What is the sympathetic pathway to the head?

A

Preganglion fibers from T1-T5 region travel through cervicothoracic ganglion–>cranially in sympathetic trunk–> synapse in cranial cervical ganglion–> internal carotid plexus–> distribute distally amoing most CN (except I, II and VII) and smaller BV

121
Q

What if there was significant damage to the vagosympathetic trunk?

A

Would eliminate supply to the cranial cervical ganglion and entire sympathetic supply to the head will be removed. Also, damage supply to parasympathetic supply to visceral organs as far distally as transverse colon

122
Q

What causes Horners?

A

Loss of sympathetics to the head/eye

123
Q

What are some signs of Horners?

A

contsriction of pupil on that side, prolapse of 3rd eyelid, ptosis, endopthalmia

124
Q

what is different about Horners in horses?

A

Most species there is a lack of sweating because the sympathetic to sweat gland NT at the end is Ach. In horses, it is believed to be NE and excessive sweating is caused by denervation supersensitivity because there is circulating E from adrenal due to stress.

125
Q

Sympathetic pathway supplying abdominal/pelvic cavities

A

Pregangs located in the lateral horn of T8-L3–> run cadually through sympathetic pathway–> leave as thoracic splanchnic or as lumbar splanchnic … see notes for more

126
Q

Sympathetic pathway supplying L4-C4?

A

pregang from lateral horm of L1-L3–>sympathetic trunk–> synapse in chain ganglion of L4-S1–>run back to the spinal nerve of that segment via communicating branch for distribution to the body wall

127
Q

Parasympathetic pathway to visceral organs as far distally as the transverse colon

A

pregangs in vagus->vagosympathetic trunk-> dorsal and ventral vagal trunk-> abdominal autonomic plexuses and does not synapse-> terminal ganglion in effector organ–> organ

128
Q

Parasympathetic pathway to visceral organs distal to transverse

A

pregang from S1-S2 in dog and S3-4 in horse–>pelvic n (not communicating branches)->pelvic plexus where some synapse or eventually synapse in terminal ganglion

129
Q

What is communicating branch is damaged?

A

Not going to lose somatic or sensor function just visceral function

130
Q

What is the organ in cow that is associated with the left?

131
Q

What is the organ in cow that is associated cranially?

132
Q

What is the organ in cow that is associated ventrally?

133
Q

What is the function of the pillars in the rumen?

A

provide smooth muscle to a structure to contract against

134
Q

Ruminoreticular orifice

A

cranial sac to reticulum

135
Q

What supplies the cuadal half of the rumen and blind sacs?

A

Celiac–>splenic–>right ruminal artery

136
Q

What supplies cranial half of rumen?

A

Splenic–>left ruminal artery and reticular

137
Q

What supplies the greater curvature of the omasum and lesser curvatures f the abomasum

A

left gastric artery all other curvatures is the left gasroepiploic

138
Q

what supplies the distal half of abomasum

A

Celiac-> hepatic

lesser is the right gastric and the greater is right gastroepiploic

139
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the rumen?

140
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the rumen?

A

celicomesenteric ganglion

141
Q

Borders of Paralumbar fossa in the bovine?

A

cranial: last rib
Dorsal: lateral border of large spinal muscles from last rib to tuber coxae
caudoventral: ridge of muscular part of the internal abd oblique from last rib to tuber coxae

142
Q

What is the nerve supply to the flank in cow?

A

T13 intercostal, L1, and L2

143
Q

4 types of nerve blocks from paralumbar fossa?

A

inverted L
Paravertebral
Epidural
Line

144
Q

Epidural block?

A

L1 and L2 in the interarcuate space, could block femoral. Paralysis to extensor muscles

145
Q

Inverted L block?

146
Q

Paravertebral block

A

intervertebral space T13, L1, L2 and transverse processes of L1, L2, and L3

147
Q

Layers of incision for lapronomy

A 
skin 
superficial fascia with cutaneous trnci 
deep fascia 
external 
Internal 
transverse 
retroperiotoneal fat 
Parietal peritoneum
148
Q

Somethings that require surgery on the right side in the cow?

A

LDA, RDA, cecal torsion

149
Q

Somethings that require surgery on the left side in the cow?

A

Rumenotomy, LDA, C-section

150
Q

2 ways to fix displacement

A

omentopexy

abomasopexy (abomasum to wall)

151
Q

Proper site for liver biopsy

A

Adult 10th an11th intercostal space; calf: right paralumbar fossa or right 12th intercostal

152
Q

Proper site for liver biopsy in horse?

A

right 12th intercostal space with its intersection with imaginary line to point of the shoulder
left 8th intercostal space at level of the deltoid tuberosity

153
Q

Spinal nerve origin of the femoral nerve

154
Q

Spinal nerve origin of the obturator n?

155
Q

Spinal nerve origin of the sciatic n?

156
Q

Spinal nerve origin of the pudendal n?

157
Q

Femoral Nerve muscle innervations?

A

flexors of hip (iliopsoas, rectus femoris)

Extensors of stifle (quads)

158
Q

Femoral Nerve skin innervations?

A

via saphenous, skin of medial thigh, median crus, dorsomedial skin of the tarsus and metatarsus

159
Q

Obturator Nerve muscle innervations?

160
Q

Obturator Nerve skin innervations?

161
Q

Cranial gluteal Nerve muscle innervations?

A

Partially supplies all heads of gluteal muscles (abductors of the hip), and tensor fascia latae

162
Q

Cranial gluteal Nerve skin innervations?

163
Q

Caudal gluteal Nerve muscle innervations?

A

Partially to extensors of the hip (biceps femoris, middle gluteal, semitendinosus)
Abductors of the hip

164
Q

Caudal gluteal Nerve skin innervations?

165
Q

Sciatic Nerve muscle innervations?

A

Supplies most of hindlimb either directly or indirectly via tibial and common peroneal divisions
Flexors of the stifle: biceps femoris (caudal), semitendinosus, popliteus, gastrocnemius
Extensors and flexors of the tarsus
Extensors and flexors of the digit

166
Q

Sciatic Nerve skin innervations?

A

almost all skin from stifle down to the hoof (except medial strip innervated by the saphenous)

167
Q

What nerve dives between medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius

168
Q

Innervation of tarsal joint?

A

deep peroneal n

169
Q

What innervates the fetlock joint?

A

med and lateral dorsal metatarsal nerves and medial and lateral plantar

170
Q

What innervates pastern and coffin joints?

A

plantar: medial and lateral plantar digital
Dorsal: medial and lateral digital nerves

171
Q

Vertebral formula for the horse?

A

C7, T18, L6 S5 CD 15-21

172
Q

Vertebral formula for the dog?

A

C7, T13, L7, S3, Cd20

173
Q

What forms Viborg’s triangle?

A

Caudally: sternocephalicus tendon of insertion
Cranially: ramus of mandible
Ventrally: linguofacial vein

174
Q

Between the brachiocephalicus (cleidobrachialis) laterally and descending pectoral m medially

A

Pectoral groove

175
Q

Femoral triangle boundaries

A

caudally: pectineus
Laterally: quads
Medially: external abdominal oblique aponeurosis

Large Animal Anatomy (4 decks)

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