Final Exam Terms Flashcards
Efferent Fibers
nerve transmission AWAY from CNS
Afferent Fibers
transmission TOWARDS the CNS
Somatic afferent
CN that carry sensory information associated with skin, skeletal muscle of the head
Enters via orbital fissure
Oculomotor N
Defect causes pupillary dilation, lateroventral strabismus, and ptosis
Oculomotor N
What can be used as a post rabies exam?
large afferent (sensory) ganglion located in the cranial cavity near the round foramen called the semilunar, gascerian, or trigeminal ganglion
Provides most sensory and motor pathways to the reflexes of chewing and innervate large area of skin of the faec
Mandibular division of the Trigeminal
Exists skull via oval notch of the foramen lacerum
mandibular division (v3)
General sensation to rostral 2/3 of tongue
Lingual branch of V3
Sensory to lower teeth
mandibular alveolar n of mandibular division
Sensation to the mucosa of inside cheek
Buccal n of mandibular division, location of food within oral cavity
Motor to muscles that close the jaw
mandibular division of trigeminal
Motor to rostal belly of diagastricus and mylohyoideus
Mandibular V3
Sensation from skin of chin
Mental N of V3
Sensation to temporomandibular jt
Mandibular Division (V3)
If defective it will cause a sign called “dropped jaw”, not able to close mouth, loss of sensation to lower face, and atrophy of temporalis and masseter m
Mandibular Division V3
Nerve that emerges from the round foramen and alar canal and enters the pterygopalatine fossa
Maxillary Division V2
General sensation from skin of the upper face
Maxillary V2
Largest cutaneous n in the head
infraorbital n
Sensation from the upper lip and nostril and skin over the upper face
Infraorbital N (from V2)
Sensation from lower eyelid, lateral canthus and skin rostral to the ears
Zygomatic N (from V2)
What innervates the horn in cattle?
Corneal N, branch from zygomatic n
Sensation rom all areas in the nasal cavity area except from the ethmoturbinates
Maxillary V2 via caudal and internal nasal nn.
Sensation from upper teeth
Maxillary alveolar N (from V2)
Sensation from hard palate
Palatine N, from V2
Defect will lead to loss of sensation to muzzle and nasal cavity, no palpebral reflex of lateral canthus
Maxillary Division (V2)
Emerges from orbital fissure with II, IV, VI
Ophthalmic Division (V1)
General sensation from the skin of forehead
Ophthalmic Division (V1): lacrimal, frontal–>supraorbital, infratrochlear, and medial canthus
Sensation from ethmoturbinates
ethmoidal n by V1
Provides protective innervation of the eye/corneal reflux
Ophthalmic Division (V1)
Innervation of cornea
long ciliary nerves from V1
Innervation of conjunctiva
Infratrochlear n from V1
Defect leads to loss of corneal reflux
Ophthalmic division
Nerve that leaves in internal acoustic meatus and has its own canal deep in the skill and exits via stylomastoid foramen
Facial N
If you want a horse to stop blinking its eye for ophthalmic exam, block what nerve?
Auriculopalpebral N
Motor to muscles of facial expression and opening of the jaw
Facial N
Taste fibers carried from rostral 2/3 of tongue
Facial N
via chorda tympani n which runs mostly in the lingual n
Innervates mandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal salivary reflexes
Facial N
Skin innervation to concave surface of pinna
Facial N
Innervates caudal belly of diagastricus and occiptomandibularis
facial n
Lateral recumbency or halter tightness might cause this
facial paralysis of buccal branches of facial n
Defect causes lac of rostral flaring on affected side, deviation to the normal side, anesthesia on lower face, halitosis, “droopy lip”, maybe droopy ears and ptosis
Facial N
Sensation to caudal 1/3 of tongue and taste to that region
Glossopharyngeal N via lingual branch
Sensory fibers from the pharynx that is important in eliciting swallowing or gagging reflex
CN IX (glosso) via pharyngeal branch
Motor to skeletal muscle of the pharynx
CN IX (Glosso) via pharyngeal branch
Supplies chemoreceptors in the carotid body and baroreceptors in the carotid sinus
CN IX (G) via carotid sinus n
Parotid salivary gland
CN IX (G)
Defect results in dysphagia
CN IX (G)
Nerve that can be damaged in guttural pouch infection
CN IX (G)
What nerves exit through the foramen lacerum?
Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Mandibular division
Sensory to larynx, important in eliciting cough or choke reflex
Cranial laryngeal (CN X)
Sensory fibers to esophagus and upper GIT, include processes like vomiting, regurgitation, and rumination
Vagus
Sensory to baroreceptors located in the walls of the heart and aortic arch, etc.
Vagus
Supplies all the striated muscles of the larynx
Vagus
What breed is roaring common in
thoroughbreds
Defect causes dysphagia, laryngeal hemiplasia
vagus
in the ruminant what could result in cutting vagus n
fatal vagal indigestion
What CN have parasympathetics
III, VII IX, X
4 nasal meatuses
dorsal, middle, ventral, common
Where is a nasogastric tube passed?
ventral nasal meatus and common nasal meatus to advance into the nasopharynx
Motor to orbicularis oculi and levator anguli oculi medialis muscle
Palpebral branch of auriculopalpebral n (from CN VII)
Sensation to upper rostral half of face and incisor teeth
Infraorbital N (V2)
Nerve can be blocked in the pterigopalatine fossa
Maxillary N
Sensation to entire lower jaw and dentition
mandibuloalveolar n (from V3)
What two nerves are commonly blocked for opthalmic examination?
palpebral branch of the auriculopalpebral n (branch of CN VII) and supraorbital n (sensory from V1)
What is tarsorrhaphy?
suturing eyelids together
What nerves need to be blocked for tarsorhaphy?
supraorbital and zygomaticofacial
Name paranasal sinuses
Frontal
Rostral Maxillary
Sphenopalatine
Caudal maxillary
Tooth infection can spread to any one of these sinuses due to connection with nasal cavity
rostral and/or caudal maxillary sinuses
Roots of 3th and 4th cheek teeth go into this sinus
rostral maxillary sinus
Roots of 5th and 6th cheek teeth go into this sinus
caudal maxillary sinus
Access to apex of root can be obtained by trephination/sinus flap innervations through frontal sinus for all BUT
the 6th cheek tooth which is by the frontomaxillary aperature
What nerves need to be blocked in dehorning?Arteries?
corneal n and dorsal and ventral branches of the corneal artery
What nerves need to be blocked in small ruminants?
Corneal AND infratrochlear n
How many maxillary sinuses are there in bovine
1 maxillary sinus
Anatomical limits of the Guttural Pouch
Dorsal: skull and atlas
Ventral: pharynx and cranial esophagus
lateral: pterygoid muscles, parotid and mandibular glands
medial: oppose each other and ventral straight muscles of the head
Important structures coursing through the guttural pouch
CN: VII, IX, X, XI, and XII
Sympathetic trunk
Internal and external carotid
Purulent infection of the guttural pouch
empyema
Fungal infection of the guttural pouch
mycosis
Accumulation of air in the guttural pouch
tympany
Borders of Viborgs triangle
cranially: caudal border of mandible
ventrally: linguofacial v
Caudal: sternocephalicus tendon
Laryngeal hemiplagia results in paralysis of what muscle?
cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m
removal of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis, suture placed through muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage and anchored at the caudal portion of the median ridge of the cricoid cartilage, which stimulates the function of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
laryngeal prosthesis (tie back)
excision of laryngeal saccule that results in formation of granulation tissue between the vestibular and vocal folds that holds glottis open
Ventriculectomy
Where is the epiglottis of the horse normally located during respiration?
Dorsal to the soft palate
Medial compartment of the guttural pouch contains
CN IX, X, and XII and internal carotid artery
Lateral compartment of the guttural pouch contains
external carotid a
What divides the guttural pouch into medial and lateral compartment
stylohyoid bone
Frontal sinus communicates with
(frontal=choncofrontal in radiographs)
caudal maxillary
sphenopalatine sinus
Rostral maxillary sinus communicates with
ventral conchal sinus
Rostral and Caudal maxillary sinuses each share a slit like communication with the
middle meatus nasal cavity
temporary dentition in the horse
3-0-3/3-0-3, 24 teeth total
Permanent dentition in the horse
3-1-3(4)-3
3-1-3-3
Total: 40-42
What is the wolf tooth
On maxilla of some horses, 1st premolar
In the modified triadan system ##4 is the
canine teeth
In the modified triadan system ##5 is the
wolf tooth
Vertebral formula in horse
C7-T18-L5-6-S5-Cd15-21
What region of the thorax does the intrathoracic trachea lie in?
cranial mediastinum
How many lung lobes in the horse?
Right cranial and caudal, accessory, left cranial caudal, 5 lung lobes
Fetlock joint
between metacarpal and P1
Pastern joint
B/t P1 and P2
Palmar Digital Nerve Block
blocks medial and lateral digital nerves
Nerve bock that densities palmar portions of hoof, digital cushion, palmar portions of coffin/pastern joints, deep digital flexor, navicular bursa
Palmar Digital
Nerve block that is located
midway between fetlock and coronet, dorsal to the flexor tendons and distal to the ligament of ergot
Nerve block that blocks medial and lateral digital nerves and their dorsal branches
Abaxial Sesamoid nerve block
Nerve block that desenitizes the entire hoof, coffin, and pastern joint
Abaxial Sesamoid nerve block
Nerve block that is located palmar aspect of the limb at abaxial surfaces of proximal sesamoids
Abaxial Sesamoid nerve block
Nerve block that blocks lateral and medial palmar nerves and lateral and medial palmar metacarpal n
Distal Metacarpal or Low 4-pt block
Nerve block that desensitizes entire limb distal to the carpus
Proximal Metacarpal or High Pt 4 point Block
Nerve block that desensitizes fetlock joint and ALL structures below
Distal Metacarpal or Low 4-pt block
Nerve block that is located in groove between the suspensory ligament and flexor tendons, at distal end of cannon; immediately distal to buttons of splint bones
Distal Metacarpal or Low 4-pt block
Nerve block that blocks lateral and medial palmar n and lateral and medial palmar metacarpal n
Proximal metacarpal or high 4 pt block
Nerve block that is located in groove b/w suspensory lig and flexor tendon slightly distal to carpus
Proximal metacarpal or high 4 pt block
Does the navicular bursa communicate with the coffin joint?
NO
How many pouches need to be blocked in the carpal joint?
2
Nerve block that blocks: Lateral and medial plantar n, Lateral and medial plantar metatarsal n, Medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal n
6 pt block for HINDlimb
What 2 joints in the hock communicate?
tarsometatarsal and tibiotarsal
Hock joint has how many tarsal joints?
4
What joint do you have to be careful injecting because of the saphenous vein
tibiotarsal
Most important function is to enable swallowing, but also attaches a visceral space (larynx) to skeleton
Hyoid apparatus
Rostral opening ot the larynx
addutus laryngeus
Space between epiglottis and glottic cleft
vestibule
what 2 muscles act of the vocal folds
ventricularis and vocalis
Route of left recurrent laryngeal n
vagosympathetic trunk downward in the carotid sheath, around the aortic arch and heads back towards the head in the carotid sheath.
Where do all laryngeal muscles insert
muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
What muscle opens the glottis?
cricoarytenoideus dorsalis, only one that opens
When aryepiglottic fold becomes folded over the tip of epiglottis
epiglottic entrapement
What muscles atropy in laryngeal hemiplagia
ipsilateral cricoarytenoideus dorsalis and ipsilateral side of glottis will be unable to open
Where can a pulse be taken on the face?
facial artery
What veins are at risk in repulsion of upper and lower teeth
transverse facial, facial, deep facial, buccal
What are the large veins positioned under the masseter and how is it important in grazing?
Because the masseter muscle acts like a pump when the horses head is down grazing to help pump them against gravity
What muscle is tetanically contracted during yellow start-thistle poisoning?
occipitomandibularis
What 2 lymph nodes are enlarged during strangles?
medial and lateral retropharyngeal l.n
What s strangles
streptococcal infection
Origin of the levator labii?
zygomatic, lacrimal, and superioris maxillary bones
insertion of levator labii
upper lip
action of levator labii
raise upper lip
innervation of levator labii
facial n
Buccinator origin
maxilla and mandible
Masseter origin
facial crest and zygomatic arch
Occipitomandibularis origin
jugular process of occipital bone
Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis origin
lamina of cricoid cartilage
Cricoarytenoideus laterialis origin
arch of cricoid cartilage
Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis insertion
arytenoid cartilage (muscular process)
Cricoarytenoideus laterialis insertion
arytenoid cartilage (muscular process)
Occipitomandibularis insertion
caudal border of mandible
masseter insertion
ramus of mandible
Buccinator insertion
commissure of mouth
Buccinator action
retract the commissure of the mouth and flatten cheeks
masseter action
close mouth
Occipitomandibularis action
open mouth
Cricoarytenoideus laterialis action
close the glottis
Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis action
open glottis
Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis innervation
Recurrent laryngeal
Cricoarytenoideus laterialis innervation
recurrent laryngeal
Occipitomandibularis innervation
recurrent laryngeal
Masseter innervation
mandibular division of trigeminal
buccinator innervation
facial n
what meatus is a nasogastric tube passed through in the horse
ventral
The nasal cavity is continuous with the nasopharynx at the large orifices through the palatine bone known as
choanae
What divides the guttural pouch into the medial and lateral component
stylohyoid bone
Which large vessels can you see through the semi- transparent wall of the guttural pouch ?
internal medially and external carotid is on lateral surface
Communication between frontal and caudal maxillary sinus
frontomaxillary opening
How do the caudal and rostral maxillary sinuses indirectly communicate
nasomaxillary aperature in the middle nasal meatus
What makes up the glottis?
vocal folds, vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage
What is the laryngeal cavity divided into?
Vestibule
Glottic cleft (space between r and l glottic structures)
Infraglottic cavity
used to test depth of anesthesia and usually performed by touching the lateral angle and looking for an eye blink
Palpebral reflex
T/F Permanent canine teeth are often rudimentary or absent in mares
TRUE
layers of the tooth
cement, enamel, dentine
Age of teeth is best determined with the upper or lower arcade
lower
Shoulder joint
joint between the scapula and humerus
Elbow joint
joint between humerus and radius
carpal joint
the knew or radiocarpal joint, intercarpal joints, and the carpometacarpal joints
Another name for the fetlock joint
metacarpophalangeal joint
Damage to suprascapular n results in a condition called..
“sweeny” which produces a striking atrophy of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles such that the spine of he scapula is prominently visible.
T/F Shoulder joint has no true collateral ligaments
True
What acts as the lateral collateral ligament of the shoulder?
Infraspinatus tendon
What artery dives between the teres major and subscapularis?
subscapular artery
Initially runs with the subscapular artery and then with the caudal circumflex humeral a.
Axillary N
Innervates muscles that flex the shoulder
axillary n
Innervates the skin as far distal as the fetlock
Medial cutaneous antebrachial n, cutaneous branch of the musculocutaneous
Innervates the major EXTENSORS of the elbow, triceps brachii
Radial n
Innervates extensors of the carpus and digit (AND ulnaris lateralis)
deep radial n
____can become pinched if the animal is in lateral recumbency without proper padding leading to _____ and what is the hallmark sign?
Radial nerve
radial paralysis
knuckled over foot (toe dragging)
_____ and _____ N innervates flexors of the carpus and digit
ulnar and median n
There is an anastomosis between the _______ and _____ nerves. After joining, the combined nerve continues distally as ________
palmar branch of the ulnar nerve
lateral palmar branch (from the median)
lateral palmar
What is the origin of the supraspinatus?
Supraspinatus fossa and spine of the scapula
What is the Insertion of the supraspinatus?
greater and lesser tubercules of humerus
What is the action of the supraspinatus?
extend shoulder, cranial shoulder stabilizer
What is the innervation of the supraspinatus?
suprascapular
What is the origin of the infrapinatus
infraspinatus fossa
What is the insertion of the infrapinatus
greater tubercule of humerus
What is the action of the infrapinatus
abduct the arm and act as a lateral collateral ligament of the shoulder
What is the innervation of the infrapinatus
suprascapular n
What is the origin of the deltoideus
spine of scapula and aponeurosis over infra m
What is the insertion of the deltoideus
deltoid tuberosity
What is the action of the deltoideus
flex shoulder and abduct arm
What is the innervation of the deltoideus
axillary n
What is the origin of the subscapularis
subscapular fossa
What is the innervation of the subscapularis
subscapular n
What is the insertion of the subscapularis
lesser tubercule
What is the action of the subscapularis
adduct the humerus, medial shoulder stabilizer
What is the origin of the biceps brachii
supraglenoid tubercule
What is the insertion of the biceps brachii
radial tuberosity, tendon of extensor carpi radialis via lacertus fibrosis
What is the action of the biceps brachii
flex elbow, extend shoulder and carpus
What is the innervation of the biceps brachii
proximal branch of musculocutaneous
What is the origin of the triceps brachii long head?
caudal border of scapula
What is the origin of the triceps brachii lateral head?
lateral surface of humerus
What is the origin of the triceps brachii medial head?
medial surface of humerus
What is the insertion of the triceps brachii?
olecranon
What is the action of the triceps brachii long head?
extend elbow and flex shoulder
What is the action of the triceps brachii lateral and medial heads head?
extend elbow
What is the innervation of the triceps brachii?
radial
What is the origin of extensor carpi radialis ?
lateral epicondyle of humerus
What is the innervation of extensor carpi radialis ?
metacarpal tuberosity of MC3
What is the action of extensor carpi radialis ?
extend carpus and flex elbow
What is the innervation of extensor carpi radialis ?
radial
What is the origin of ulnaris lateralis?
lateral epicondyle of the humerus
What is the insertion of ulnaris lateralis?
accessory carpal bone C4 and MC4
What is the action of ulnaris lateralis?
flex carpus and extend elbow
What is the innervation of ulnaris lateralis?
radial
What is the origin of common digital extensor?
lateral epicondyle of the humerus; lateral tuberosity of radius;lateral surface of body of ulna
What is the insertion of common digital extensor?
extensor process of 3rd phalanx
What is the action of common digital extensor?
extend digit and carpus and flex the elbow
What is the origin of flexor carpi radialis?
medial condyle of humerus
What is the insertion of flexor carpi radialis?
second metacarpal bone
What is the action of flexor carpi radialis?
flex carpus and extend elbow
What is the innervation of flexor carpi radialis?
median n
What is the innervation of common digital extensor?
radial n
What is the origin of superficial digital flexor?
medial epicondyle of humerus, caudal surface of radius
What is the insertion of superficial digital flexor?
Proximal part of 2nd phalanx and distal part of 1st phalanx
What is the action of superficial digital flexor?
flex digit and carpus and extend elbow
What is the origin of deep digital flexor?
medial epicondyle of the humerus, olecranon, caudal surface of radius
What is the insertion of deep digital flexor?
flexor surface of 3rd phalanx
What is the action of deep digital flexor?
flex digit and carpus and extend the elbow
What is the innervation of deep digital flexor?
median and ulnar n
What is the innervation of superficial digital flexor?
ulnar n
What is the origin of the interosseus?
palmar surface of 3rd metacarpal bone and distal row of carpal bones
What is the insertion of the interosseus?
abaxial surfaces of proximal sesmoids and tendon of common digital extensor
What is the action of the interosseus?
support fetlock, prevent overextension
What is the innervation of the interosseus?
palmar metacarpal n (sensory only)
Reflected skin over fetlock
ergot
vestiges of metacarpal pad
ergot
vestiges of carpal pad
chesnut
skin over medial carpal region
chesnut
What is used as a landmark in nerve blocking?
Paired ligaments of ergot attaches ergot cartilage to the hoof
What 2 nerves are very important in their innervation of the fetlock joint, emerge at the distal epiphysis aka buttons of the splint bones
lateral and medial palmar metacarpal nn
Dorsal branches of the medial and lateral digital n innervate
skin over the dorsal surface of the foot
a controversial treatment for lameness in which the proximal cut of the digital nerve can develop a painful tangle of nerve endings called neuroma.
neurectomy or nerving
palpating the digital nerves are important because
to see if they have been cut, see if nerving has been done to the horse
What is the major arterial supply of the forelimb? hindlimb?
medial palmar a
dorsal metatarsal a
What arteries are used to obtain a pulse?
medial and lateral digital arteries
T/F Median palmar n and a pass over the deepest layer of the flexor retinaculum within the carpal canal.
FALSE, under
In live animal what joint can be accessed with a needle placed just cranial to the infraspinatus tendon and proximal to the greater tubercule of the humerus
shoulder
Does the intertubercular bursa communicate with the shoulder joint?
NO
Medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the elbow joint are placed _____ to the axis of rotation of the joint, making elbow _____ more difficult than elbow ______
caudal; flexion;extension
Function to reduce the friction of muscle tendons crossing joints
synovial sheath
Tendons of the superficial digital flexor are _____; the deep are ______
flat; round
Which antebrachial muscle does not have any association with a synovial sheath and why?
ulnaris lateralis, because it ends at the accessory carpal bone, therefore does not cross a joint
Is the carpometacarpal joint moveable?
NO
Does the midcarpal and carpometacarpal joint communicate?
Yes
What layer of the hoof is the thickest?
stratum externum
What is known as the insensitive lamina
stratum internum
Equivalent to the epidermis in the hoof
epidermis
equivalent to the dermis in the hoof
corium
equivalent to the subcutis in the hoof
cushion
innermost unpigmented layer of the stratum medium and unpigmented stratum internum
white line
Nails when shoeing should be driven
outside white line to avoid the sensitive lamina
raised band where the coronary dermis that can be seen touching the concave coronary groove
coronary band
What is known as the sensitive lamina
laminar dermis
Where is the sensitive lamina located?
dorsal surface of the coffin bone
Condition where you see scar horn over the laminar dermis, the hoof wall has separated from the basal epidermis
laminitis
Severe laminitis would cause
the doffin bone to rotate or sink away from the wall of the hoof and eventually drive through the sole due to the pill of the deep digital flexor tendon
serves as attachment sites for several ligaments and help form the bulbs.
cartilage of the hook aka collateral cartilages
help square the hoof upon contact with the ground
extensor branches
Long muscle tendons are held in place by what 2 things
retinacula and ligaments
What is the sleeve of the DDF formed by the SDF called?
manica flexoria
Connects proximal sesamoids
palmar annular ligament
crosses the pastern joint and inserts on complimentary fibrocartilage of PII
straight sesamoidean ligament
palmar surface of P1
oblique sesamoidean ligament
commonly site of inflammation near the hoof
navicular bursa called navicular disease
what suspends the navicular bone
collateral navicular ligaments and unpaired distal navicular ligament
