Midterm Study Guide Flashcards
The process by which cultural traditions are passed from one generation to the next is known as?
Enculturation
A characteristic that discredits a person making him or her be seen as abnormal undesirable
Stigma
Practical, Everyday Needs
Instrumental Needs
Five Needs Served by Communication
Physical, Relational, Identity, Spiritual, Instrumental
A formal description of a process
Model
The originator of a thought or an idea
Source
To put an idea into language or gesture
Encode
Verbal and nonverbal elements of communication to which people give meaning
Message
A pathway through which messages are conveyed
Channel
The party who interprets a message
Receiver
To interpret or give meaning to a message
Decode
Anything that interferes with encoding or decoding of a message
Noise
Types of noise
Physical (kids/tv), Psychological (stress/anxiety), Physiological (hunger/fatigue)
Verbal and Nonverbal responses to a message
Feedback
The physical or psychological environment in which communication occurs
Context
A communication context involving many channels at once
channel-rich context
A communication context involving few channels at once
channel-lean context
A representation of an idea
Symbol
Literal information that is communicated by a message
Content dimension
Signals about the relationship in which a message is being communicated
Relational Dimension
Communication about communication
Metacommunication
A rule about behavior that has been clearly articulated
Explicit Rule
A rule about behavior that has not been clearly articulated but is nonetheless understood
Implicit Rule
Communication that occurs between two people within the context of their relationship and that, as it evolves, helps them to negotiate and define their relationship
Interpersonal Communication
Communication with oneself
Intrapersonal Communication
Communication from one source to a large audience
Mass Communication
Communication occurring within small groups of three or more people
Small group communication
A pair of people
Dyad
Communicating in ways that are effective and appropriate for a given situation
Communication Competence
Awareness of one’s behavior and how it affects others
Self-monitoring
The ability to think and feel as others do
Empathy
A code of morality or a set of ideas about what is right
Ethics
The system of learned and shared symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from another
Culture
A group of people who share symbols, language, values, and norms
Society
A group of people with whom one identifies
In-group
A group of people with whom one does not identify
Out-group
Systematic preference for characteristics of one’s own culture
Ethnocentrism
An individual’s perception of his or her ancestry or heritage
Ethnicity
An individual’s status as a citizen of a particular country
Nationality
Standards for judging how good, desirable, or beautiful something is. Cultural ideas about what ought to be.
Values
Rules or expectations that guide people’s behavior in a culture
Norms
Groups of people who share values, customs, and norms related to mutual interests or characteristics beyond their national citizenship
Co-Cultures
One’s tendency to presume that others think the same way he or she does
Similarity Assumption
A culture that emphasizes individuality and responsibility to oneself
Individualistic Culture
A culture that places greater emphasis on loyalty to the family, workplace, or community than on the needs of the individual
Collectivistic Culture
A culture in which verbal communication is expected to be explicit and is often interpreted literally
Low-context Culture
A culture in which verbal communication is often ambiguous and meaning is drawn from contextual cues, such as facial expressions and tone of voice
High-context Culture
A culture in which power is not highly concentrated in specific groups of people
Low-power distance culture
A culture in which much or most of the power is concentrated in a few people, such as royalty or a ruling political party
High-power distance culture
A concept that treats time as a finite commodity that can be earned, saved, spent, and wasted.
Monochronic
A concept that treats time as an infinite resource rather than a finite commodity
Polychronic
The degree to which people try to avoid situations that are unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable.
Uncertainty Avoidance
Verbal and nonverbal behaviors, such as idioms and gestures, that characterize a culture and distinguish it from other cultures.
Communication Codes
A phrase whose meaning is purely figurative, can’t be understood by interpreting the words literally
Idiom
Example:break a leg. Kick the bucket.
Language whose technical meaning is understood within a co-culture but not necessarily by those outside of it
Jargon
Example: Medical terminology
Movements, usually of the hand or the arm, that express ideas.
Gestures
A set of expectations for appropriate behavior that a culture typically assigns to an individual based on his or her biological sex
Gender Roles
A gender role, typically assigned to men, that emphasizes strength, dominance, competition, and logical thinking
Masculinity
A gender role, typically assigned to women, that emphasizes expressive nurturing behavior
Femininity
A gender role distinguished by a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics
Adrogyny
A characteristic determining the sex or sexes to which someone is sexually attracted
Sexual Orientation
A sexual orientation characterized by sexual interest in members of the opposite sex
Heterosexuality
A sexual orientation characterized by sexual interest in members of the same sex
Homosexuality
A sexual orientation characterized by sexual interest in both men and women
Bisexuality
A sexual orientation characterized by a general lack of interest in sex
Asexuality
Verbal communication whose purpose is to express emotions and build relationships
Expressive Talk
Verbal communication whose purpose is to solve problems and accomplish tasks
Instrumental Talk
The set of stable ideas a person has about who he or she is
Self-concept or Identity
A visual representation of components of the self that are known or unknown to the self and to others
Johari Window
Four components of the Johari Window
Open, Blind, Hidden, Unknown
What you know and choose to reveal about yourself to others
Open Area of the Johari Window
What others know about you, but you don’t recognize in yourself
Blind Area of the Johari Window
What you know about yourself but choose not to reveal
Hidden Area of the Johari Window
The dimensions of yourself that no one knows
Unknown Area of the Johari Window
Objective
Factually True
Subjective
Based on our Impressions
The pattern of behaviors and ways of thinking that characterize a person
Personality
The process whereby a person’s self-concept is influenced by his or her beliefs concerning what other people think of them
Reflected Appraisal
The process of comparing oneself with others
Social Comparison
