MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE

Question 1

3 Vs and a B (attending skills)

Answer 1

1. Visual/eye contact. Look at people when you speak to them.
2. Vocal qualities. Communicate warmth and interest with your voice.
3. Verbal tracking. Track the client’s story. Don’t change the subject; stay with the client’s topic.
4. Body language/facial expression. Be yourself: authenticity is essential to building trust.

Question 2

RESPECTFUL model

Answer 2

Religion/Spirituality
▲ Economic/Class Background
▲ Sexual Identity
▲ Personal Style and Education
▲ Ethnic/Racial Identity
▲ Chronological/Lifespan Status
▲ Trauma/Crisis
▲ Family Background/History
▲ Unique Physical Characteristics
▲ Location of Residence/Language Models

Question 3

Interviewing vs psychotherapy

Answer 3

Interviewing-basic process used for gathering data, providing information and advice to clients, and suggesting workable alternatives for resolving concerns.

Psychotherapy-focuses on more deep-seated difficulties, which often require more time for resolution.

Question 4

Open and closed questions

Answer 4

Open:

• can’t be answered in few words
• Facilitate deeper exploration of client issues.
• Typically begin with what, how, why, or could/would.

Closed:

• Enable you to obtain specifics and can be answered in a few words.
• Often begin with is, are, or do.

Question 5

Observation Skills: Non-verbal

Answer 5

• first clue as to what the client is feeling underneath they use
• facial expressions
• body language: people who communicate often mirror each other movement synchronicity

Question 6

Observational Skill: Verbal

Answer 6

1. Key words-help them explore the facts, feelings, and meanings underlying those words
2. Concreteness versus abstractions-Match client’s style and join client where he or she is.
3. “I” statements versus “other” statements-Clients’ ownership of and responsibility for issues will often be shown in their “I” and “other” statements.
   ▲ May be predominately positive or negative.
   ▲ Need to achieve a balance between internal and external responsibility for life issues.

Question 7

Observation Skills: discrepancies and conflict

Answer 7

Examples of Conflict Internal to the Client
Discrepancies in Verbal Statements
-In a single sentence, a client may express two contradictory ideas. Aid the client in understanding his or her ambivalence.
Discrepancies Between Statements and Nonverbal Behavior.
-Discrepancies between what one says and what one does are very important.

Examples of Conflicts Between the Client and the External World

• Discrepancies and Conflict Between People. “I cannot tolerate my neighbors.” Noting interpersonal conflict is a key task of the counselor or psychotherapist.
• Discrepancies Between a Client and a Situation. In such situations, the client’s ideal world is often incongruent with reality. Discrimination, heterosexism, sexism, and ableism represent situational discrepancies

Discrepancies in Goals
-Goal setting is an important part of the empathic relationship-story and strengths-goals-restory-action model.
-You will often find that a client seeks incompatible goals.
Discrepancies Between You and the Client
➢ Be aware when your perspective conflicts with that of your client.

Question 8

Multicultural Competence Guidelines

Answer 8

Awareness of our clients’ multicultural backgrounds enables us to understand their uniqueness more fully.

Question 9

Ethics in confidentiality

Answer 9

• Confidentiality is designed to protect clients (not counselors), and only the courts, in the final analysis, can provide a guarantee of confidentiality.
• Not allowing clients to view case notes about them
• Understanding and managing the nature of confidentiality
• Guaranteeing confidentiality for groups, couples, and families
• Withholding information about a minor despite a parent’s request for information
• Sharing confidential client information with a colleague who is not your clinical supervisor

Question 10

Informed Consent

Answer 10

Clients have the freedom to choose whether to enter into or remain in a counseling relationship and need adequate information about the counseling process and the counselor. Counselors have an obligation to review in writing and verbally with clients the rights and responsibilities of both counselors and clients. Informed consent is an ongoing part of the counseling process, and counselors appropriately document discussions of informed consent throughout the counseling relationship.

Question 11

The Only Ethical Question is on Dual Relationships

Answer 11

The answer is power

Question 12

Open Questions

Answer 12

• Can’t be answered in a few words.
• Facilitate deeper exploration of client issues.
• Typically begin with what, how, why, or could/would.

Question 13

Closed Questions

Answer 13

• Enable you to obtain specifics and can be answered in a few words.
• Often begin with is, are, or do.

Question 14

Organizing Skills: Non-verbal

Answer 14

-Nonverbal behavior is often the first clue to what clients are feeling underneath the language they use.
-allows ability to anticipate and understand
Facial Expressions
Body Language: movement synchrony,

Question 15

Observation Skills: Verbal

Answer 15

1. Key words:
   
   • help explore the facts, feelings, and meanings underlying those words.
   • constructs by which a client organizes the world
2. Concreteness versus abstractions:
   
   • match client style
   • abstract more concrete “give me an example”
   • concrete more abstract “listen to the details of their story”
3. “I” statements versus “other” statements:
   
   • ownership/responsibility for issues will be shown in “I” and “other”
   • maybe positive and negative

Question 16

Observation Skills: Discrepancies & Conflict

Answer 16

Conflict Internal to the Client

• Discrepancies in Verbal Statements,
  - single sentence 2 conflicting ideas
• Discrepancies Between Statements and Nonverbal Behavior
  - Discrepancies between what one says and what one does

Conflicts Between the Client and External World

- Discrepancies and Conflict Between People
       - “cant tolerate neighbor”
- Discrepancies Between a Client and a Situation.
      - ideal world is often incongruent with reality. 

Discrepancies in goals
-often find that a client seeks incompatible goals

Question 17

Active listening: Encouragers

Answer 17

verbal and nonverbal expressions the therapist can use to prompt clients to continue talking.
question mark question
➢ Head nods and positive facial expressions
➢ Open gestures
➢ Minimal verbals – “Ummm” or “Uh-huh”
➢ Repetition of key words from last statement
➢ Silence with appropriate nonverbal behavior

Question 18

Active listening: paraphrasing

Answer 18

most important cognitive empathic listening skill
putting our spin on it (usually positive) expand your interpretation
-A sentence stem that may include the client’s name.
- The key words used by a client to describe the situation or person.
- The essence of what the client has said in briefer and clearer form.
- A checkout for accuracy

Question 19

Active listening: Summarizing

Answer 19

-today we talked about 1,2 ,3 ,4
-pulls together and organizes client conversation, supporting the brain’s executive functioning.
➢ Summarizing is key to Theory of Mind (ToM) and your ability to “mentalize” the world of the client.
▲ Attend to client’s verbal and nonverbal comments.
▲ Selectively attend to key concepts.
▲ Restate key concepts to the client accurately.
▲ Check for accuracy at the end.

Question 20

Active listening: Restatement

Answer 20

extended encourager in which the counselor or interviewer repeats short statements, two or more words exactly as used by the client

• encouragers one or two words restatement 2 or more
• can be with questioning tone

Question 21

Common Factors
The mean percentages for the common factors among the therapists are: 22% for client extra-therapeutic factors; 16% for models/techniques; 35% for therapeutic relationship; and 27% for client’s hope/expectancy.

Answer 21

it is the similarities among the many counseling approaches, not
specific technical differences that explain counseling effectiveness

a) extratherapeutic change, 22%
which includes both client qualities (e.g., ego strength) and environmental variables (i.e.,
occurrences outside of the counseling room, such as obtaining a new job);

b) expectancy or placebo effects (i.e., the belief that treatment will be efficacious); 27%

c) techniques (i.e., schools 16%
of counseling and specific interventions); and

d) common factors (i.e., similarities among 37%
major approaches, such as empathy, the therapeutic relationship, support).

Question 22

Sentence stem

Answer 22

Using the clients name

Question 23

Concrete

Answer 23

• concrete/situational style are skilled at providing specifics and examples of their concerns and problems
• These clients may have difficulty reflecting on themselves and their situations and seeing patterns in their lives.
• provide you with plenty of specifics
• The strength and value of these details is that you know relatively precisely what happened, at least from their point of view
• often have difficulties in seeing the point of view of others.

Question 24

Abstract

Answer 24

• strengths in self-analysis and are often skilled at reflecting
• getting specific concrete details from them as to what is actually going on may be difficult.

Question 25

Counseling

Answer 25

-listening to and understanding client’s challenges and developing strategies for change and growth.

Question 26

Socratic questioning

Answer 26

-guided discovery where you stay present and sensitive to the client. And let them lead themselves

Question 27

Reflection of Meaning

Answer 27

Emotion is the give away
focuses on the underlying emotion (sad,glad,mad,scared,disgust,surprise)and helps the client make his or her emotional life more explicit and clear.
1. Choose a sentence stem.
2. Add an emotional word or feeling label to the stem.
3. Add a brief paraphrase to broaden the reflection of feelings.
4. Choose an appropriate tense to convey immediacy.
5. Check out.
6. Bring out positive emotional stories and strengths to counter the negatives and difficulties.