Midterm Study Guide Flashcards

(95 cards)

0
Q

What was the first permanent English settlement?

A

Jamestown, Virginia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What 3 aspects of Puritan influence continue today?

A

1) work ethic
2) goal centeredness
3) subservience of pleasure to duty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name two things that sustained the Pilgrims through hardship.

A

1) will to suceed

2) confidence in God’s providential care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What was the main motive for migration?

A

Religious (freedom)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

During the 17th century, puritans grew into a potent potential force. The meaning of the term Puritan broadened to include virtually all of what?

A

English Protestants other than those supporting the Anglican Church

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why did Puritanism decline?

A

1) secular values replaced religious ones
2) spiritual fervor declined
3) material prosperity brought worlds interest and goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the halfway covenant?

A

A compromise that required expected / expecting church members to give a testimony about their salvation to gain membership.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

According to Deism what is the solution to man’s problems?

A

Human reason rather than supernatural revelation of the Bible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do deist believe?

A

1) God created the world and controls it but doesn’t intervene in its operation
2) man is flawless and can please God through his works
3) they believe in an afterlife
4) man’s good will be rewarded in a future life and his evil will be punished
5) man can become better through education

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the description desists use for God?

A

“Great First Cause” and “Clock-winder”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What had to occur before a distinctly american literature could exist?

A

Early writers had to cast off their childlike dependence on English literature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Early colonial literature was mostly about _____________ because of the environmental threats.

A

Adversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Once permanent settlements were established the subject matter focused on ______________.

A

Religion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What was the primary purpose of literature in early America?

A

Instruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What style did early Puritan writers imitate?

A

Plain / plainness; not the ornate style

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Modern critics unjustly criticized the Puritan writings as lacking what?

A

Artistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In “A Description of New England” John Smith argues for worthiness of colonization. List the 4 powers from most to least important.

A

1) God
2) king
3) country
4) ourselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why did William Bradford begin writing “Of Plymouth Plantation”?

A

He feared that the small colony of Plymouth would be eclipsed one day by its sister colony, Massachusetts Bay Colony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does John Winthrop’s journal primarily focus on?

A

God’s providential care for the colonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

According to Winthrop, what type of livery does man have in common with animals?

A

Natural Liberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mary Rowlandson’s captivity represents what?

A

1) attitudes of colonists toward Indians
2) colonists’ reliance on the Bible in difficult times
3) dangers of colonial life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Roger William’s belief about what principle has been influential among religious and political conservatives since his day?

A

Separation of church and state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does Anne Bradstreet accomplish more effectively than any other Puritan writer?

A

Recording the touchingly human drama of Puritan life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In “Upon the Burning of Our House,” what reason does Bradstreet cite for determine that God is just?

A

All her goods belong to God

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Was not a well known poet
Edward Taylor
25
Why does Edward Taylor want God to be his spectacles?
So he can examine himself from God's perspective to see if he indeed has God's image
26
In Edward Taylor's "God's Determinations" it emphasizes what?
God's plan of redemption for the sinner and spiritual growth for the believers.
27
What was the main theme of Jonathan Edwards writings?
That religious knowledge must be in the heart not just in the head
28
Jonathan Edward's view of what later influenced authors such as Hawthorne and Melville?
Man's corrupt nature
29
Benjamin Franklin stressed what as the means of happiness, but also encouraged what's?
Right living as the means of happiness and encouraged religious toleration
30
What were the 3 religious principles Benjamin Franklin accepted?
1) God exist and created the world and we area governed by his providence 2) The soul is immortal 3) Crime will be punished and virtue rewarded either this life or the next 4) The most acceptable service of God is doing good to men 5) He did not accept that Jesus lived, died, and was resurrected
31
What was Benjamin Franklin's view of Jesus?
That Jesus provided the best system of morals that ever was or that ever will be, but he probably wasn't divine.
32
Critics agree that Thomas Paine's genius lies in what?
Style rather than thought
33
Paine served as the major spokesperson for what?
Rationalism
34
The Age of Reason was providentially hindered due to the fact of what?
It was published during America's second major revival.
35
What made William Bartram's literature peice, Travels, especially significant?
His emphasis on scientific observation and its literary merit.
36
Philip Freneau had been called what?
Early America's first truly American Poet.
37
Freneau's poetry reflects a shift in what?
The literary emphasis from 18th century neoclassic style to 19th century romantic style
38
Freneau's poetry compared to those of the Puritan's shows what?
A fundamental shift in the view of God and man.
39
What was particularly unusual about Phillis Wheatley's style of the poem?
It's written in blank verse
40
Both of Phillis Wheatley's poems are similar in what message?
That all men may have redemption through Christ and her praise to God for bringing her to America
41
What were the years of literary Romanticism?
1820-1865
42
Washington Irving and "The Sketch Book" we're what?
The first American writer and work to be widely read and respected in both England and the U.S.
43
T/F It was during the time of american Romanticism that American Literature matured and the U.S won literary independence from England
True
44
T/F | It was during the 18th century that American Literature matured and the U.S. Won literary independence from England
False
45
It was during the time of American Romanticism that what happened?
American Literature matured and the U.S. Won literary independence from England
46
What were the four key elements of American Romanticism ?
1) individualism 2) imagination 3) nature 4) the distant
47
The Romantics favored what? | What were they not?
Experimentation, organicism, and optimism. | They were not rational.
48
What were two aspects of the sense of distance employed by the romantic writers?
1) space | 2) time
49
What was the least objectionable of the four elements to the Puritan's?
The distant
50
What was the even that brought more attaches against the Bible than did any other source?
The publication of Darwin's "Origin of Species"
51
Who was the first American writer to emphasize writing for the purpose of entertainment?
Washington Irving
52
What was the literary form created by combining narrative tale and essay of character?
Short story
53
What is an aspect of Cooper's work that has special interest to the Christian?
The Christian values of Natty Bumpo's character
54
What was one of the dominant themes of the novel "Leatherstocking Tales"?
Initiation
55
Bryant's poetry is what?
Classic in style, but romantic in content
56
Compared to the other New England School poets Longfellow used what?
The greatest variety of genres and verse forms
57
(Diving Commedia) | This introductory poem was part of the larger effort of what?
His translation of Dante's a divine Comedy from Italian to English
58
Line 12 "The tumult of the time disconsolate" refers to what?
The Civil War rather than personal grief
59
Who was not the first American poet to be able to make a living primarily from his poetry?
Lowell
60
The Lesson is chiefly about what?
Pride
61
The Lesson is not anthologies very often I'm secular collections because of what?
It's clear moral emphasis on God's superiority to man
62
Whittier's poetry presents what?
A detailed picture of rural life
63
Who is the least typical of the New England School?
Whittier
64
Whittier had no formal training in what?
Poetic training
65
(First Day Thoughts) | What is the aspect that causes problems from a Biblical standpoint?
The idea that a person's spiritual intuition has authority equal to or greater than the Bible
66
What is the significance of Old Ironsides?
The special significance for this one is that "Old Ironsides" launched Oliver Wendall Holmes' literary career
67
Ralph Waldo Emerson was what of Transcendentalism?
The philosophical leader
68
Emerson was described as what?
The nine-tenth century arch-heretic
69
What was Emerson's true vocation?
Lecturing throughout America
70
Emerson's transcendentalism contradicts Christianity by supporting what doctrines: (dip)
1) the divinity of man 2) the irrelevance of the Bible 3) the perfectibility of society
71
Thoreau tried what after graduating from Harvard?
Teaching
72
What characterized Thoreau's life?
Nonconformity
73
What was the central event of Thoreau's life?
His residence at Walden Pond
74
In Civil Disobedience what ideas represent Thoreau's view? (Pic)
- The individual is above the state - Ideally citizens should be neighbors to the state rather than subjects to it - A person is justified in breaking any law he considers bad
75
Thoreau also applies transcendental principles to what?
Politics
76
According to Thoreau, what is the best government of all?
That "which govern not at all" or "which givers least"
77
What did Walt Whitman do with Emerson's ideas?
He extended Emerson's ideas to their logical outcomes
78
What was Whitman's most harmful long-range effect?
To encourage total freedom in poetic content and style
79
Whitman has had a strong influence on what?
Modern American poetry
80
What is Whitman's central work, a collection of poems refined and revised for 37 years?
"Leaves of Grass"
81
Whitman's work reveals what?
- self worship - sexual explicitness - unity with nature
82
What were the three dominant symbols In When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd?
Lilac, star, and thrush
83
Poe was the first American to influence what three genres?
Poetry, fiction, criticism
84
What were Poe's three principles?
1) a work must have high literary quality, not just typical American content 2) a single mood or emotion should dominate the work 3) a work should be short enough to be read in one sitting
85
Hawthorne frequently criticized what?
The unrealistic optimism of transcendentalism
86
What are the three stages of Hawthorne's literary career?
Literary preparation, short story, and novel
87
No other 19th century writer was more strongly attracted to American poetry than him
Nathaniel Hawthorne
88
Hawthorne uses what kind of settings in his fiction and stresses what's?
Historical settings and universal themes of isolation, guilt, and pride
89
Because Poe believed that man's instincts for truth, beauty, and duty were completely independent impulses, he attacked what?
The view that literature should be a means of instruction.
90
Hawthorne sets "The Birthmark" in what century and for what reasons?
18th century because the 18th century's AGE of REASON is appropriate for Alymer's character (who represents an unbalanced over emphasis not eh mental part of mankind)
91
What was Melville's greatest work?
Moby Dick
92
What provided Melville's background for his fiction?
His own sea experiences
93
What style did Melville favor that attempted to represent the world exactly as he saw it?
Realistic style
94
Why are Modern critics sympathetic to Melville?
his questions about God's goodness and the existence of meaning in the universe