Midterm Study Guide Flashcards
Is Psychology a Science?
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Neal A. Maxwell’s 7 basic truths
- Man is created in the image of God
- That environment & heredity by themselves do not account for all human differences
- that free agency is an exceedingly important element in the growth & development of individuals
- That life’s design is such that God has said “let us prove them now here with” and that is rich with implications.
- Life’s divine design also involves an opposition in all things.
- That this is a world of law, the breaking or keeping of which brings misery or blessings respectively.
- that almost all men misuse authority and power.
Socratic teaching method
Engage students in a dialogue so they could arrive at truth on their own.
Nativism
Emphasizes the inborn or “native” properties of the mind.
Rationalism
Emphasizes the mind’s capacity for reason.
Structuralism vs Functionalism
Structuralism: seeks to understand the basic elements of consciousness via personal introspection, and deconstruction.
Functionalism: Investigates the purpose of consciousness and the function it serves rather than its structure. (influenced by William James).
William James
Helped form the functionalist view of psychology.
William Wunt was the father of psychology.
Where and how?
He established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.
Who were major female influences in early psychology?
Mary Whiton Calkins - established one of the first dozen psychology laboratories in the United States, established a commonly used method for studying memory, but was denied a Ph.D from Harvard because of being a woman. First female president of the APA.
Margaret Floy Washburn - First woman to receive a Ph.D in psychology. Wrote The Animal Mind, which influenced the beginnings of behaviorism. Second female president of the APA.
Leta Stetter Hollingworth - Pioneering work on adolescent development, mental retardation, and gifted children. Coined the term “gifted” in this context. Did tests that refuted popularly held sexist beliefs about menstruation and female capacity, which sparked more testing.
Sigmond Freud
- Psychoanalytic theory
- talk therapy
- The subconscious
- Learned from working with mentally ill subjects
- He attempted to explain personality with the unconscious & past experiences
John Watson
- Behaviorism
- We should only focus on observable behavior
- People are made, not born (believes in nurture, not nature.)
Skinner
- System of rewards & punishment that influence our behavior
- Believes free will is an illusion
documentary: Three Identical Strangers
Seven principles of psychology
- Empiricism
- Theoretical diversity
- Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
- Behavior is determined by multiple causes
- behavior is shaped by cultural heritage
- heredity and the environment jointly influence behavior.
- People’s experience of the world is highly subjective.
Libertarian free will vs determinism
Spiritual perspective vs reductionism
Libertarian free will: human actions are freely chosen
determinism: one thing is caused by another.
Reductionism: The mind is part of the physical therefore even the mind itself is caused and not an agent
D&C 93:29-33 - God created us with agency
Three main goals of the scientific enterprise
- Measurement & description
- develop forms of measurement - Understanding & prediction
- a hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two variables - Application & control
- results should have practical value
Data Collection techniques
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Dependant Variable
The variable that we expect to change based on the independent variable.
Independent Variable
The variable that we alter to see if the dependent variable changes.
Extraneous Variable
Extraneous variables are any variable other than the independent variable that seem likely to interfere with the outcome of the study (affect the dependent variable).
Control group
The group where the independent variable is not manipulated.
Experimental group
The group that has the independent variable manipulated to see if it has an affect on the dependent variable in comparison to the control group.
Explain the difference between a positive and a negative correlation
A positive correlation means that when one variable goes up, the other goes up. Or when one variable goes down, the other goes down.
A negative correlation means that when one variable goes up, the other goes down. Or when one variable goes down, the other goes up.
What might cause a sampling bias?
A low response rate to a survey may cause sampling bias.
What is the r value?
The relationship (or the correlation) between the two variables is denoted by the letter r and quantified with a number, which varies between −1 and +1. Zero means there is no correlation, where 1 means a complete or perfect correlation. The sign of the r shows the direction of the correlation.
What is the d value?
Cohen’s d. Cohen’s d is an appropriate effect size for the comparison between two means. It can be used, for example, to accompany the reporting of t-test and ANOVA results. It is also widely used in meta-analysis.
What are the main sections of a journal article?
Abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references.
Know the structure of a neuron (label a diagram)
Soma, dendrites, terminal buttons and synapses, axon, myelin sheath
Neural impulses are…
All or nothing.
The number “n” refers to…
the number of subjects in the study.
Phrenology
Pseudoscience that said that skull shape could determine personality.
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter found throughout the nervous system, the only transmitter between motor neurons and voluntary muscles.
Monamine
Neurotransmitter, includes three: dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin (mood stabilizer).
GABA
Neurotransmitter/amino acid. Seems to produce only inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
Endorphines
Internally produced, resemble opiates.
Oxytocin
“love” hormone. Produces bonding.
Somatic nervous system
Afferent nerves relay info to the brain. Efferent sends signals from the brain to the muscles in the body.
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic division: The branch of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body’s resources for emergencies.
Parasympathetic division: the branch of the autonomic nervous system that conserves the body’s resources (at rest)
The central nervous system and it’s main parts
The brain, forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.
Important parts of the forebrain
Broca’s area (speaking), Wernicke’s area (comprehension), somatosensory cortex (touch), corpus colosum (connects hemispheres), amygdala (memory and emotion).
Endocrine system
Another system of communication within the body that functions by secreting chemicals (hormones) into the bloodstream.
Essential glands:
pituitary gland
pineal gland
hypothalamus
Parathyroid gland
Thymus
Liver
Adrenal gland
pancreas
kidney
Placenta (during pregnancy)
Ovary (in females)
Testes (in males)
Diagram of the eye
Cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina, fovea, optic disc, optic nerve (to the brain)
Definition of Psychology
Psych = Soul
Logo = The study of
Edward Titchener
The Pioneer of Structuralism
What are the differences between structuralism and functionalism?
discuss (how does it relate to modern psychological movements?)
What is a glia cell?
Glia means “glue” but these cells that surround the neurons have been found to do so much more than just hold the neurons together. They mostly server as protection, but have been found to help transmit some information as well.
What are the differences between Rods and Cones?
We have more rods than cones.
Rods are in the peripheral vision, while cones are in the center (near the fovea).
Rods can only see in black and white.
Cones detect three types of pigment: red, green, and blue.
How many people world wide experience total recall according to the 60 minutes video?
10
What is color blindness?
Color blindness encompasses a variety of deficiencies in the ability to dis-tinguish among colors. Color blindness occurs in roughly 8% of males but in less than 1% of females (Parry, 2015). Most people who are color-blind are dichromats; that is, they make do with only two types of color receptors.
What are the three tiny bones in the ear?
Hammer, anvil, and stirrup
How many people are non-tasters and how many are super-tasters?
25% are non tasters, 25% are super tasters.
What are the 4 flavors? (and bonus)
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter. (and Umami)
Sense of smell
Olfactory cilia (hairs) in your nose help you smell.
What does it mean to be noseblind?
That is a sensory adaptation. In other words, your brain gets used to the smell of something, so it stops noticing it.
Fast pathway vs slow pathway pain routes
Fast path way – sharp pain
Slow pathway – ache and burn that you feel after
Know the Ear Diagram
Pinna, eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup.
What makes REM so special?
Rapid Eye Movement: The deep sleep stage where you dream.
Theories of why we dream
- day residue
-Problem solving - burst of activity, the brain tries to make sense of it
- Wish fulfillment
Common sleep disorders
Insomnia
Sleep apnea
sleep walking (sleep stage 3)
REM sleep disorder
Narcolepsy
What is day residue?
The idea that events from our day are left over and processed while we dream.
Hilgard’s Hypnosis theory
According to Hilgard, hypnosis splits consciousness into two sepa-rate, simultaneous streams of awareness. One that communicates with the hypnotist, and one that is a “hidden observer.”
Hilgard believes that many hypnotic effects are a product of this divided consciousness. For in-stance, he suggests that a hypnotized subject might appear unresponsive to pain because the pain isn’t registered in the portion of consciousness that communicates with other people. One appealing aspect of Hilgard’s theory is that divided consciousness is a common,
normal experience. For example, people will often drive a car a great distance, respond-ing to traffic signals and other cars, with no recollection of having consciously done those specific actions. In such cases, consciousness is clearly divided between driving and the person’s thoughts about other matters. Interestingly, this common experience has long been known as highway hypnosis. In summary, Hilgard presents hypnosis as a plausible variation in consciousness that has continuity with everyday experience.
The primary uses of narcotics, sedatives, and stimulants.
Narcotics – Pain relievers
Sedatives – To treat anxiety, panic, sleeplessness
Stimulants – To treat narcolepsy (to wake up) and ADHD (to calm down)
According to the text, what are the seven pillars of psychology? Choose one and share what’s been most meaningful for you, some of the supporting evidence (terms, concepts), and its relevance to your everyday life.
Compare and contrast the schools of structuralism and functionalism? What were their major tenets and who were the pioneers involved in each school of thought?
Regarding sensation and perception, compare and contrast the hearing and visual processes. Use Concept Check 4.3 as your guide and address stimulus, receptors, location of receptors, and the main location of processing in the brain.
Discuss the four types of reinforcement schedules and provide an example of each. What gospel related applications can you identify?
What did Ivan Pavlov do?
Discovered classical conditioning by observing that dogs would salivate at the sound of a bell.
Stimulus Generalization
Little Albert is conditioned to fear rats, and ends up fearing all small fuzzy things.
Stimulus discrimination
The dogs are conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, but do not salivate at the sound of a gong.
Explain classical conditioning (chart)
Neutral stimulus —> No response
Neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus —> Unconditioned response
Neutral stimulus —> conditioned response
Operant conditioning
Opponent processing theory (vision)
Opponent process theory suggests that color perception is controlled by the activity of two opponent systems: a blue-yellow mechanism and a red-green mechanism.
Trichromatic color theory (of vision)
Of the three types of color receptors, one is most sensitive to the color green, another to the color blue, and a third to the color red. The combinations of these three colors produce all of the colors that we are capable of perceiving.
What are the two intellectual parents of psychology?
Philosophy and physiology
Types of Research
Naturalistic Observation
Case Study
Physiological tests
Psychological tests
