Final Study Guide Flashcards
Neal A. Maxwell’s 7 basic truths
- Man is created in the image of God
- That environment & heredity by themselves do not account for all human differences
- that free agency is an exceedingly important element in the growth & development of individuals
- That life’s design is such that God has said “let us prove them now here with” and that is rich with implications.
- Life’s divine design also involves an opposition in all things.
- That this is a world of law, the breaking or keeping of which brings misery or blessings respectively.
- that almost all men misuse authority and power.
First female APA president
Mary Whiton Calkins
Basic tastes 👅
Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami
Consciousness refers to
Awareness
Ivan Pavlov is associated with…
Classical conditioning
Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve
The forgetting curve hypothesized the decline of memory retention in time. The curve shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it.
Gottman’s Golden Ratio- 5:1
It’s important to say 5 nice things for every 1 criticism.
Etymology of the word psychology
“Psyche” meaning soul and “logos” meaning study.
Pavlov’s experiment and it’s results
Unconditioned stimulus -> unconditioned response
Neutral stimulus -> no response
Neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus -> response
Conditioned stimulus -> conditioned response
Noam Chomsky’s theory
Language Aquisition Device: children are born with an innate mechanism that facilitates the learning of language.
(Contrasts with nature vs nurture theories that preceded it).
Bilingualism
The acquisition of two languages that use different speech sounds, vocab, and grammatical rules. May be a slight handicap in terms of raw language processing speed and verbal fluency.
Whorfian Hypothesis
The structure of language determines the nature of the speakers thoughts and worldviews.
Ex. Eskimos and number of words for snow.
Problems of inducing structure
A). Series completion
B.) Analogies
To solve these you most discover the relation among the parts of the problem.
Problems of arrangement
A). String problem
B.) Anagrams
Arrange parts in a way that satisfies some criterion.
Problems of transformation
A). Hobbits/(d)orks
B.) Water jar
Complete sequence of transformations to reach a specific goal.
Insight
The sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error.
Heuristic
A guiding principle or “rule of thumb” used in solving problems or making decisions.
Taking a break: incubation effect
Occurs when new solutions surface for a previously unsolved problem after a period of not consciously thinking about the problem
Binet-Simon scale uses…
Mental age
Stanford-Binet intelligence scale is known as
IQ
Identical twins have similar
IQ scores
Drive theory
A hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension; trying to reach homeostasis.
Incentive theory
External goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior; external stimuli pull someone to act.
Evolutionary theory
Motives can best be understood in terms of the adaptive problems they have solved over the course of human history.
Ghrelin
Causes stomach contractions and promotes hunger
How much of a Big Mac does 1 hour of biking burn?
1/4 of a Big Mac.
Stages of the human sexual response in order
Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
Kinsey’s Sexual Orientation Scale
0 is exclusively heterosexual
3 is bisexual
6 exclusively homosexual
What percentage of BYU students feel like they are something other than strictly heterosexual?
13.2%
8 core emotions
Joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation
Schachter’s Two-factor Theory of emotions
People refer to both how they feel internally and situational cues in their environment to determine their emotions.
James-Lange theory of emotions
The external stimulus causes bodily arousal which causes the experience of emotion.
Cannon-bard theory of emotions
Outside events can cause emotional and physical responses at the same time. The two can affect each other reciprocally.
Prenatal development
- Germinal stage : creation of zygote and placenta
- Embryonic stage : most vulnerable to injury (formation of vital organs)
- Fetal Stage : rapid body growth
When does a child begin to sit?
At about 5-6 months
When does a child begin to walk?
At about 12 months
Harry Harlow studied…
Rhesus monkeys to see if attachment to the mother forms merely because of being fed by the mother. (Soft monkey mothers won, it was more than just the milk)
Language overextension
Child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to (“dog” applied to every four legged animal [e.g. a cat, a cow, a coyote…])
Language underextension
Child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to (“kitty” is just our cat even though all cats are kittys).
Patterns of attachment
Secure
Anxious ambivalent
Avoidant
Secure attachment
- Play and explore when mother is present
- Become upset when she leaves
- Quickly calmed by her return
Anxious ambivalent
- anxious even when mothers are near
- protest when they leave
- not comforted when they return
Avoidant
- seek little contact with their mothers
- Often not distressed when they leave
Erikson’s stages of personality devolopment
- Trust vs mistrust
- Autonomy vs shame and self doubt
- Initiative vs guilt
- Industry vs inferiority
- Identity vs confusion
- Intimacy vs isolation
- Generativity vs self-absorption
- Integrity vs despair
Kohlberg’s Model of Moral Reasoning
Pre conventional
- punishment orientation
- naive reward orientation
Conventional
- good boy/food girl (approval)
- authority orientation (laws/rules)
Post conventional
- social contract orientation (right & wrong according to rules- which may be fallible.)
- Individual principles and conscience orientation (right and wrong is determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equity and justice.)
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
Id - basic impulses
Superego - conscience
Ego- the mediator
Five factor personality traits
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Freud and Personality
Oral, anal, phalic, genital, and latent stages
Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Theory
Conditional love leads to a need to distort experience.
Fosters an incongruent self-concept, which makes one prone to recurrent anxiety, which triggers defensive behavior, which fuels more incongruence.
Congruence is when your self-concept matches up well with your actual experience.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Self actualization: achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities.
Esteem needs: prestige and feeling of accomplishment
Belongingness and love needs: intimate relationships, friends.
Safety needs: security, safety
Physiological needs: food, water, warmth, rest
Eysencks theory of personality
Personality is largely shaped by one’s genes. Described personality as a hierarchy of traits. A few higher order traits determine a host of lower order traits. This determines a person’s habitual response. Twin’s study of Big Five personality traits. Special interest in explaining variations in extroversion & introversion.
Bystander effect
Helping when alone vs. when in a group - Genovese syndrome. Diffusion of responsibility.
Milgram experiment
Humans will conform/follow directions despite knowing it’s negative effect on others - shock experiment, over 50% administered the shocks
Why conform?
Group size, group unanimity, normative influence, (don’t want to be the weird one), informational influence (how to behave in ambiguous situations).
Asch conformity studies found…
The degree to which people’s opinions are shifted by others - line experiment
AACTCC Relationship Enhancement Skills
Appreciation
Affection
Commitment
Time together
Constructive problem solving
Communication
Give an example, evidence, or application for each. Tell which one you want to improve. Describe how you will work to improve it.
Causes of stress
Frustration, internal conflict, change and pressure
Types of stress
Acute stress, episodic stress, and chronic stress
Segue’s general adaptation syndrome
Phase:
1. Alarm reaction
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion
Deviance
Behavior that deviates from what the individual’s society considers acceptable.
DSM5
The number of diagnosis have been increasing.
Rosmarin And Hader
When dealing with anxiety they recommend to ride out the panic attacks.
Thought Disputation Coping
Adversity
Belief
Consequence
Dispute
Energize
Scrupulosity
A religious form of OCD
Christ’s coping strategies
- Depart unto a desert place
- Support of friends, family, and church leaders
- Nevertheless to it is finished
- Reach out (professional help)
- Reach up (heavenly help)
- Serve
