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Bio189 > Midterm study guide > Flashcards

Midterm study guide Flashcards

1
Q

study of life

A

biology

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2
Q

pseudoscience

A

claims, arguments, or method that are presented as science but do not follow scientific principles

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3
Q

most/least inclusive level of matter

A

biosphere/atoms

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4
Q

population

A

group of interbreeding individuals of the same species living in a given area

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5
Q

Community

A

Consists of all populations of all species in a given area

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6
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community interacting with its physical and chemical environment through the transfer of energy and materials

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7
Q

producers

A

make their own food using energy and nonbiological raw materials from the environment

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8
Q

consumers

A

obtain energy and nutrients from organisms or their remains

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9
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Process in which cells and multi-celled organisms keeps their internal conditions within tolerable ranges by sensing and responding appropriately to change

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10
Q

How does energy move within an ecosystem?

A

Energy moves from producers through to consumer to predators. Also - from environment, through organisms, and to environment.

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11
Q

Is heat a usable energy source?

A

no

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12
Q

How do nutrients move within an ecosystem?

A

Producer makes food, consumers eat organisms, decomposers feed on remains, nutrients release from decomposing consumers and return to environment back to the producers

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13
Q

What is the purpose of DNA?

A

To guide ongoing cellular activities that sustain life.
-Growth, reproduction, development

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14
Q

characteristics of bacteria and archaea

A

dna not in nucleus, single celled

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15
Q

characteristics of eukarya

A

dna within nucleus, single or multi celled

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16
Q

components found in both proks and euks

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, dna

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17
Q

four main groups of euks

A

protists, plants, animals, fungi

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18
Q

the linnaean system

A

created by carl linnaeus, gives every species a unique two part scientific name

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19
Q

how are species classified

A

taxon/taxonomy

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20
Q

what techniques do biologists use to determine the species of living things?

A

compare traits, compare dna

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21
Q

components of the scientific name

A

genus and specific epithet

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22
Q

biological species concept

A

a species as one or more groups of individuals that potentially can interbreed, produce fertile offspring, and do not interbreed with other groups

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23
Q

hypothesis

A

testable explanation for a natural phenomenon

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24
Q

scientific theory

A

A hypothesis that stands after many years of systematic testing, is consistent with existing evidence, and is useful for making predictions about a wide range of phenomena

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25
Q

What is a control group?

A

Identical to the experimental group except for one variable: the characteristic or treatment being tested

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26
Q

What is an experimental group?

A

A set of individuals that have a certain characteristic or receive a certain treatment

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27
Q

What are variables?

A

Experimental factor that varies: a characteristic that differs among individuals or an event that differs over time

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28
Q

What is sampling error and how do scientists avoid this when developing an experiment?

A

A difference between results obtained from a suspect, and results from the whole.
-use a large subset/increase sample size

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29
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

the deliberate process of judging the quality of information before accepting it

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30
Q

Why should a scientist design experiments that will yield quantitative results?

A

To avoid bias

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31
Q

How do scientists avoid bias?

A

Blinding, systematic random sampling, quality control, control group

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32
Q

What is an element?

A

Pure substances consisting only of atoms with the same number of protons in their nucleus

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33
Q

What is an atom?

A

Smallest unit of matter

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34
Q

What are the components of an atom?

A

nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons

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35
Q

atomic number represents

A

number of protons in an atom’s nucleus

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36
Q

atomic mass represents

A

total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an isotope

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37
Q

subatomic particles location and properties

A

protons: positive in nucleus, neutrons: uncharged in nucleus, electrons: negative move around nucleus

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38
Q

what is the shell model

A

conceptual diagram of how electrons populate an atom

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39
Q

what are vacancies

A

when an atom’s outermost shell has room for another electron

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40
Q

How many electrons can be held within each shell of an atom?

A

First: 2 electrons
Second: 8 electrons
Third: 8 electrons

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41
Q

How does the Octet Rule help to determine bonding?

A

states that electron transfer or electron sharing proceeds until an atom has acquired an octet of electrons

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42
Q

Why are noble gases stable?

A

Full valence electron shells

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43
Q

How can we calculate the atomic mass (mass number) of a particular atom?

A

Total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an isotope

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44
Q

How can we calculate the number of protons in an atom? neutrons?

A

protons: atomic number
neutrons: mass number - atomic number

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45
Q

What does it mean when an atom is neutral? What does it mean when an atom is positively or negatively charged?

A

Neutral: An atom with exactly the same number of electrons and protons
Positive: More protons than electrons
Negative: More electrons than protons

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46
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons and same number of protons

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47
Q

ions

A

Atoms or molecules that carry a net charge

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48
Q

How does an atom become an ion?

A

By gaining or losing electrons

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49
Q

What type of bonding occurs from oppositely charged atoms

A

Ionic bond

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50
Q

What type of bonding occurs when the atoms share electrons?

A

Covalent bond

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51
Q

Why would an atom give, receive or share electrons?

A

To achieve stability

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52
Q

What makes H2O a polar molecule?

A

it has two polar covalent bonds. Oxygen atom carries a slight negative charge and each of the hydrogen atoms carries slight positive charge.

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53
Q

What are the major components of a solution?

A

solvent and solute

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54
Q

What is the pH of a solution?

A

a measure of its hydrogen ion concentration

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55
Q

What would cause the pH of a solution to become more acidic or basic?

A

more basic: fewer H+ ions than OH- ions
more acidic: more H+ ions than OH- ions

56
Q

How does the H+ ion concentration affect the pH of a solution?

A

higher the H+, lower the pH

57
Q

What are the pH ranges for an acidic, basic, or neutral solution?

A

Neutral: pH7
Acidic: below 7
Basic: above 7

58
Q

What are the purposes of hydrolysis and dehydration reactions?

A

Dehydration: to build molecules up
Hydrolysis: to break molecules down

59
Q

structure of carbohydrates

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1

60
Q

function of carbohydrates

A

Used for fuel, as structural materials, and for storing energy

61
Q

monosaccharide examples

A

glucose, galactose, fructose (simple sugars)

62
Q

polysaccharide examples

A

starch and glycogen

63
Q

characteristics of glycogen

A

storage form of glucose, ready form of energy. sugars are formed in this form

64
Q

characteristics of cellulose

A

most abundant organic molecule on Earth, forms tough fibers, insoluble in water, not easily broken down

65
Q

characteristics of starch

A

does not dissolve easily in water - however, easier than others

66
Q

What are the general properties of fatty acids?

A

small organic molecule, consists of a long hydrocarbon tail with a carboxyl group head. attract oily dirt, dissolve dirt in water

67
Q

structure of saturated fats

A

Lack double bonds between individual carbon atoms, tend to be solid and from animal sources. Triglyceride with 3 saturated fatty acid tails that are flexible and can pack together tightly.

68
Q

structure of unsaturated fats

A

At least one double bond in the fatty acid chain, tend to be liquid and from plant sources. Triglyceride with one or more fatty acid tails that are kinky and cannot pack together tightly.

69
Q

saturated fats food sources

A

meats, dairy, butter/lard

70
Q

unsaturated fats food sources

A

oils, nuts, fish

71
Q

structure of a triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids bonded to the same glycerol

72
Q

function of a triglyceride

A

long term storage of energy/source of energy

73
Q

structure of a phospholipid

A

two long hydrocarbon tails and a head with phosphate group

74
Q

function of a phospholipid

A

make up cell membranes

75
Q

What are the monomers of proteins

A

amino acids

76
Q

polymers of proteins

A

polypeptides

77
Q

components of an amino acid

A

carbon group, nitrogen group, single hydrogen atom, r group

78
Q

what determines amino acid type

A

r group

79
Q

what bonds are found between the amino acids within a polypeptide

A

peptide bonds

80
Q

function of enzymes

A

speed up metabolism or chemical reactions in our bodies. build up or break down

81
Q

monomers of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

82
Q

function of nucleic acids

A

store and transmit genetic information

83
Q

components of cell theory

A

all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells

84
Q

What kind of aspects will limit the size of the cell?

A

Rates of protein synthesis, folding rates of it slowest proteins and the rates of its protein diffusion

85
Q

How is the surface area and volume of the cell related?

A

Volume increases more rapidly than the surface area so the amount of surface area available to pass materials to a unit volume of the cell steadily decreases

86
Q

How did the microscope contribute to the development of the cell theory

A

allowed us to see different aspects of cell structure

87
Q

What components are found in all cell types?

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes

88
Q

What are some cellular structures found in eukaryotic cells but not bacteria?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, and the Golgi apparatus

89
Q

What are some cellular structures found in plant cells but not animals cells?

A

Chloroplasts, cell wall, central vacuole

90
Q

describe the overall structure of the lipid bilayer

A

two layers of phospholipids, with a hydrophobic interior and a hydrophilic exterior

91
Q

Properties of phospholipid?

A

They anchor proteins within the cell membranes, they are the major constituent of the cell membrane.

92
Q

Which components of phospholipids are hydrophilic/hydrophobic

A

Interior is hydrophobic, exterior is hydrophilic

93
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

describes the structure of the plasma membrane - phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, carbohydrates

94
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Directs all the cells activities; contains the cells DNA

95
Q

Function of cytosol

A

contains many metabolic pathways; protein synthesis; the cytoskeleton

96
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

responsible for cell shape, material transport like genetic material and products for cellular respiration, and storage

97
Q

function of cell membrane (plasma membrane)

A

regulates what goes in and out of the cell

98
Q

function of mitochondria

A

produces ATP

99
Q

function of chloroplast

A

photosynthesis

100
Q

function of ribosomes

A

make proteins

101
Q

function of flagella

A

movement

102
Q

function of cilia

A

move liquid past the surface of the cell

103
Q

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

makes and modifies proteins

104
Q

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

makes phospholipids, stores calcium, and has additional functions in some cells

105
Q

function of golgi body

A

modifying, sorting and packaging of proteins for secretion

106
Q

Function of transport vesicles

A

help move materials, such as proteins and other molecules, from one part of a cell to another

107
Q

what does it mean to be a “membrane bound” organelle?

A

completely surrounded by a plasma membrane, or even a double membrane

108
Q

What cell types would have a flagellum?

A

Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota

109
Q

How do cilia and flagella allow for movement in different cells?

A

Flagella and cilia help propel/ move a cell through liquid

110
Q

What organelles are involved in the endomembrane systems?

A

Nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane

111
Q

What is a biofilm? Give an example

A

refers to a living microbial ecosystem that grows and adheres to a solid surface.
(Plaque that grows on teeth)

112
Q

What are reactants and products within a reaction?

A

reactants are the molecules that are needed to create a product and the product is the end result of the reaction

113
Q

What is activation energy

A

minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.

114
Q

how do cells store a retrieve energy from organic molecules?

A

cells store energy by running reactions that assemble organic molecules

115
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics? Give an example

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed. ex: human metabolism with conversion of food into energy

116
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics? Give an example

A

energy tends to disperse spontaneously. ex: sweating, dispersing of energy to cool down the human body

117
Q

What is the definition of work?

A

transfer of energy

118
Q

What is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate
-an energy-carrying cell found in all life

119
Q

potential energy

A

energy that is stored

120
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy in motion

121
Q

function of enzymes

A

speed up chemical reactions

122
Q

What is enzyme specificity?

A

when the enzyme works best in a particular range of conditions

123
Q

What is the active site?

A

the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

124
Q

Describe some of the effects that can cause enzymes to not work properly

A

temperature, pH, and salt concentration

125
Q

What is the purpose of enzymes in a metabolic pathway?

A

Make reactions happen faster - by building together or breaking apart

126
Q

passive transpot

A

doesn’t require energy

127
Q

active transport

A

requires energy

128
Q

Describe the movement of a solute via diffusion

A

the spontaneous spreading of molecules or atoms through a fluid or gas

129
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

movement of molecules can occur both in direction and opposite of the concentration gradient

130
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement particles occurs along the direction of the concentration gradient

131
Q

What is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solute concentration)

132
Q

What determines the movement of water across the cell membrane?

A

depends on the relative solute of the concentration of the two fluids

133
Q

When a cell interacts with a hypertonic solution what kind of movement occurs across the membrane

A

the water diffuses in the cell, causing them to shrivel up

134
Q

When a cell interacts with a hypotonic solution what kind of movement occurs across the membrane

A

the water diffuses in the cell, causing them to swell

135
Q

What does it mean when solutions are isotonic? Describe the water/solute movement.

A

Isotonic: the fluid has the same overall solute concentration

-when no concentration gradient so no large movement of water in or out

Bio189 (5 decks)

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