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Bio189 > Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the components of aerobic respiration (equation)

A

glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water + ATP

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2
Q

Identify the location of Glycolysis.

A

cytoplasm

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3
Q

What are the reactants and products of Glycolysis? What is the ATP yield?

A

Glucose —> 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvates

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4
Q

Identify the location of Acetyl CoA.

A

mitochondria

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5
Q

What are the reactants and products of Acetyl CoA formation? What is the ATP yield?

A

Acetyl coa + oxaloacetate forms citrate
Releases 2 CO2, produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

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6
Q

Identify the location of Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle)

A

matrix of the mitochondiria

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7
Q

What are the reactants and products of Citric Acid cycle(Kreb’s Cycle)? What is the ATP yield?

A

atp yield: 2

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8
Q

Identify the location of Oxidative Phosphorylation (electron transport)

A

inner membrane of mitochondria

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9
Q

What are the reactants and products of Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport
Chain)? What is the ATP yield?

A

hydrogen ions, oxygen, NADH, FADH2
p: water and atp
atp yield: 36

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10
Q

Describe the pathway for the H+ ions and electrons during oxidative
phosphorylation. What is the final electron acceptor?

A

Coenzymes deliver electrons and hydrogen ions to an electron transfer chain

Molecules harness energy of electrons to transport H+ ions across the mitochondria inner membrane
Oxygen (O2) accepts electrons at the end

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11
Q

What powers ATP synthase?

A

H+ ions flowing across the mitochondrial inner membrane

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12
Q

Describe ATP formation in terms of fermentation

A

Fermentation happens in anaerobic conditions (i.e.,without oxygen). Fermentation begins with glycolysis which breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules and produces two ATP (net) and two NADH

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13
Q

Why does fermentation of glucose yield less ATP than aerobic respiration?

A

because fermentation does not result in the complete oxidation of glucose.

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14
Q

Understand the differences between aerobic respiration and fermentation types:

A
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15
Q

What are the reactants and products of Lactic acid fermentation?

A

pyruvate, NADH and a proton.
lactate and NAD+

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16
Q

What are the reactants and products of Alcoholic fermentation?

A

pyruvic acid and NADH.
alcohol, carbon dioxide, and NAD+.

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17
Q

What is Erwin Chargaff’s rules for base pairing? How do we calculate DNA nucleotide composition?

A

The rule that in DNA there is always equality in quantity between the bases A and T and between the bases G and C

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18
Q

What did Watson and Crick develop?

A

double helix/ deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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19
Q

What was Rosalind Franklin’s major contribution?

A

Photo 51 revealed the double helix of DNA

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20
Q

What did Hershey & Chase contribute to the discovery of DNA?

A

able to demonstrate that DNA was transferred from bacteriophages to bacteria, a discovery that confirmed DNA as the bearer of genetic information.

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21
Q

What are sister chromatids? How are they organized within the chromosome?

A

The two identical chromosomes that result from DNA replication

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22
Q

What is a centromere?

A

the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids

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23
Q

What are histones?

A

Type of protein that associates with the DNA double helix; one of many proteins that structurally organize eukaryotic chromosomes.

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24
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide? Which component differentiates each nucleotide?

A

sugar molecule (either ribose or deoxyribose (RNA or DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base

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25
Q

What is base pairing? What are the nucleotide bases? How are the bases different between RNA and DNA?

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine

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26
Q

What type of bond hold the DNA base pairs together?

A

hydrogen bonds

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27
Q

How can the sequence of bases contribute to the diversity among species?

A
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28
Q

What is the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes? What is the chromosome number
and arrangement for the average human male and/or the human female?

A

Autosomes: chromosome of a pair that is the same in males and females
Sex chromosomes: chromosome involved in determining anatomical sex; differs between males and females
22/23 of chromosomes are autosomes in a human body cell

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29
Q

What does it mean to be a diploid cell? What is a haploid cell?

A

diploid - has two of each type of chromosome characteristic (2n)
haploid - has one of each type of chromosome characteristic

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30
Q

What is a Karyotype? What kind of information can be inferred from a karyotype?

A

Image of an individual’s complete set of chromosomes arranged by size, length , shape, and centromere location
Persons sex and chromosomal disorders

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31
Q

What are the functions of the enzymes for DNA replication (Helicase, Ligase, DNA polymerase, Primer)?

A

helicase: unwinds DNA
primase adds primers
dna polymerase makes new strands of dna
ligase fills in gaps

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32
Q

What is the semiconservative model?

A

Produces two copies that contained one of the original strands and one new strand

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33
Q

What are the steps of DNA replication? What is the result of DNA replication?

A

① Helicase unwinds DNA
② primase adds primers
③ DNA polymerase makes new strands of DNA
④ ligase fills in gaps
Two DNA molecules consisting of one new and one old chain of nucleotides

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34
Q

What would a DNA strand look like as RNA after transcription?

A
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35
Q

What is a mutation? What causes nucleotide dimers?

A

Permanent change in the DNA sequence of a chromosome.
UV radiation

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36
Q

What is a gene? What is gene expression and what are the steps involved with gene expression?

A

A unit of information encoded in the sequence of nucleotide basis in DNA.
Multistep process of converting information in a gene into an RNA or protein product. > transcription+ translation

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37
Q

Compare and contrast DNA and RNA in form and function

A

DNA: responsible for storing + transferring genetic information, double stranded, deoxyribose
RNA: directly codes for amino acids and acts as messenger between DNA + ribosomes, single stranded, ribose

38
Q

What is DNA transcription? How does it differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

The process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of mRNA.
Euk: takes place in nucleus, proteins needed
prok: takes place in cytoplasm

39
Q

Understand the stages of transcription and the components

A

stages: 1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination

components: 1) RNA Polymerase
2) Promoter
3) Transcription unit

40
Q

Alternative splicing

A

Rearrange exons and splice together in different combinations. Allows one gene to encode multiple versions of a protein

41
Q

Introns and Exons

A

introns stay exons leave

42
Q

DNA codons

A

Three nucleotide unit of information in an mRNA

43
Q

What is DNA translation? How do each of the components work together to translate the mRNA?

A

Process of translating sequence of mRNA to a sequence of amounts

44
Q

Functions of mRNA

A

messenger - carries copies of genetic instructions to the rest of the cell.

45
Q

Functions of tRNA

A

transfer - to bring the amino acids and place them in the correct potsition to create the desired protein

46
Q

Functions of rNA

A

direct the production of proteins

47
Q

How does the genetic code work in translation?

A

The genetic code is read three “letter” at a time, so that each “word” is three bases long and corresponds to a single amino acid

48
Q

How can mutations be beneficial?

A

if it allows an organism to survive in a changing environment

49
Q

How do environmental factors affect gene expression in offspring?

A

the production of skin pigmentation during exposure to sunlight in humans, for example

50
Q

What are some of the benefits of using cell lines to study human diseases?

A

possibility of curing diseases

51
Q

Compare and contrast cytoplasmic division in plants and animals.

A

plants: cell wall forms in between the daughter cells
animals: cleavage furrow forms - pinches cell in half

52
Q

Microtubules

A

help chromosomes split during metaphase

53
Q

Describe what happens at each of the Cell Cycle Checkpoints

A

g1: cell contents duplicated
S: each of 46 chromosomes duplicated
g2: cell double checks dupicated chromosomes for errors

54
Q

How does Mitosis maintain the chromosome number?

A

it divides one cell’s genetic material into two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as its original parent cell

55
Q

What is the role of Mitosis in the human body?

A

growth/development

56
Q

Compare and contrast Meiosis and Mitosis in process and resulting daughter cells

A

The daughter cells produced by mitosis are identical, whereas the daughter cells produced by meiosis are different because crossing over has occurred. The events that occur in meiosis but not mitosis include homologous chromosomes pairing up, crossing over, and lining up along the metaphase plate in tetrads.

57
Q

What is the purpose of crossing over and when does it occur?

A

allows the mixture of maternal and paternal genetic material with new, recombinant chromosomes. occurs during prophase I in meiosis

58
Q

What are Homologous chromosomes What is their relationship to alleles?

A

Chromosome pairs (one from each parent) that are similar in length, gene position-banding, and centromere location. similar but not identical.
carries same genes in same order, but alleles for each trait may be different

59
Q

identify the processes that are involved in each stage of Mitosis. What is happening at each stage?

A

prophase: chromsomes condense, nuclear envelope disappears
metpahse: lines them up in the middle
anaphase: sister chromatids pull apart
telophase:

60
Q

What are gametes and how are they produced?

A

sperm/egg cells, meiosis

61
Q

Define and/or know the characteristics of the following: metastasis, malignant cells, tumors &
oncogenes.

A
62
Q

Identify the differences between gametes and somatic cells and their functions

A

gametes - sex cells
somatic - body cells

63
Q

Understand the effects of X-linked disorders.

A

Females usually carriers - males suffer from disorder as they only have a single copy of the X chromosome

64
Q

Explain Gregor Mendel’s contribution to the study of inheritance

A
65
Q

Homozygous and heterozygous genotype

A
66
Q

Dominant and Recessive alleles

A
67
Q

What are genotypes and phenotypes? What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A
68
Q

How does a monohybrid cross reveal dominant-recessive relationships between alleles?

A
69
Q

Compare and contrast codominance and incomplete dominance

A
70
Q

ABO blood groups

A
71
Q

Examples of polygenic and pleiotropic inheritance

A
72
Q

Skin color

A
73
Q

Height

A
74
Q

Sickle Cell Disease

A
75
Q

“Nature vs. Nurture”

A
76
Q

Examples of environmental factors

A
77
Q

Causes of continuous variation

A
78
Q

How are pedigrees used to study human inheritance patterns?

A
79
Q

The effects of nondisjunction

A
80
Q

Polyploidy vs. aneuploidy

A
81
Q

Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance patterns

A
82
Q

Achondroplasia inheritance

A
83
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A
84
Q

Turner Syndrome

A
85
Q

Down Syndrome

A
86
Q

Explain why X-linked recessive disorders are more common in men than in women.

A
87
Q

Color-blindness inheritance

A
88
Q

identify the processes that are involved in each stage of meiosis What is happening at each stage?

A
89
Q

frameshift mutation

A

the addition or deletion of 1 nucleotide base resulting in a shift of the entire chain from that point on

90
Q

missense mutation

A

Results in a different amino acid in the protein

91
Q

nonsense mutation

A

involves base substitution that causes stop codon to form somewhere in mRNA

92
Q

silent mutation

A

a single nucleotide base is changed, but that change does not effect the amino acid sequence

Bio189 (5 decks)

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