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Philo > Midterm Study Guide > Flashcards

Midterm Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Philosophy Greek roots

A

Love of wisdom

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2
Q

philosophy definition in the archetypal sense

A

Fixed body of knowledge

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3
Q

A philosopher is a_____

A

Lover of wisdom who has a compelling need to pursue wisdom

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4
Q

Areas of philosophy are

A

Metaphysics
Epistemology
Axiology
Ethics
Aesthetics
Political philosophy
Social philosophy
Logic

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5
Q

Metaphysics

A

The study of ultimate reality

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6
Q

Epistemology

A

Has everything to do with knowledge
Asks questions about knowledge

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7
Q

Ethics

A

The study of moral problems, practical reasoning, right vs wrong, virtues and vices, character, moral duty, nature, origin and moral values

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8
Q

Social and political philosophy

A

Concerned with nature, origins of government, sovereignty, exercise of power, effects of social institutions on individuals, ethnicity, gender, social status, and strength/weakness of different societies

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9
Q

Logic

A

The study of the rules of correct reasoning

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10
Q

Axiology

A

The study of values

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11
Q

Aesthetics

A

The study of perceptions, feelings, and judgments

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12
Q

Ontology

A

The study of being and what it means to exist

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13
Q

Wisdom

A

Fundamental understanding of reality as it relates to living a good life

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14
Q

Theoretical knowledge

A

Accurate compilation and assessment of factual and systematic information and relationships

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15
Q

Practical knowledge

A

Skills needed to do things

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16
Q

Mere belief

A

A conviction that something is true for which the only evidence is the sincerity of the believer

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17
Q

Willed ignorance

A

Attitude of indifference to the possibility of error/enlightenment; holds on to beliefs regardless of the facts; close minded

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18
Q

Philosophical archetypes are philosophers who

A

Express an original or influential point of view in a way that significantly affects subsequent philosophers and nonphilosophers

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19
Q

What is the chief goal of wisdom

A

A fundamental understanding of reality as it relates to living a good life

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20
Q

What is relativism

A

The belief that knowledge is determined by specific qualities of the observer

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21
Q

Absolute or universal knowledge of the truth is

A

Impossible

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22
Q

Sage is an archetypal figure who

A

Combined religious inspiration with a love of wisdom

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23
Q

What do sages do

A

They understand and teach the requirements of the good life

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24
Q

What do sages tend to be/ believe in

A

Sages are humanists who believe that the human intelligence and effort are capable of improving conditions of here and now

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25
Q

In Chinese cosmology

A

Everything was influenced by the harmonious working together of heaven and earth following Tao

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26
Q

Tao

A

Is the principle of all existence, the way or path of the universe or moral law

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27
Q

The sophists were

A

The first professional educators

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28
Q

What did the sophist argue

A

The difference between a good argument and a bad one is custom and individual preference

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29
Q

What did the sophist believe

A

Nothing is good or bad by nature but only but custom and preference

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30
Q

What was the sophist argument on truth

A

It is relative and that knowledge is determined by the specific qualities of the observer

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31
Q

What is individual relativism

A

The belief that even in the same place and time, right and wrong are relative to the unique experiences and preference of the individual

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32
Q

Who was Protagoras

A

The most influential sophist

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33
Q

What did Protagoras say

A

Morals are nothing more than social traditions or mores of a society or group and that following local mores is the best way to live successfully and well

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34
Q

What was Protagoras’s famous saying

A

Man is the measure of all things

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35
Q

Who was Socrates

A

The first major western philosopher

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36
Q

How do we know what Socrates philosophy was

A

He wrote nothing so everything we know comes from Plato and Xenophon

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37
Q

What did Socrates challenge

A

He challenges the Sophist views on relativism, moral realism, and might makes right

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38
Q

Socrates was a paradigmatic or archetypal individual which means what

A

Rare human begins whose very nature represents something elemental about the human condition

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39
Q

What is the Socratic method

A

Based on the assumption to draw the truth out of the pupil rather than provide them with the answer

40
Q

What did the Socratic dialectic consist of

A

A series of guided questions that continually refine the ideas under scrutiny

41
Q

Why did Socrates use irony

A

To encourage active listening by his pupils

42
Q

What is irony

A

A way of communication that has at least two levels of meaning (literal or obvious and hidden or real)

43
Q

The most persistent of Socrates teaching was “know thyself” what does this mean

A

A life devoid of philosophical speculation is hardly a human life, because philosophical reflection can help us discover what is real and important

44
Q

How did Socrates see himself

A

A physician of the soul

45
Q

What was Socrates beliefs in terms of the real person

A

He believed the real person was not the body but rather the psyche

46
Q

For Socrates, what is human excellence

A

A special kind of knowledge that combines technical understanding with the skill and character to apply that knowledge

47
Q

According to Socrates, what does knowledge produce

A

Behavioral results because behavior is guided by beliefs

48
Q

What is intellectualism

A

the idea that no one knowingly does wrong

49
Q

Socrates famous saying

A

To know the good is to do the good

50
Q

Who was Plato

A

A member of the Athenian aristocracy and Socrates pupil

51
Q

Socrates death led Plato to what

A

To believe that Athenian democracy was irrational and then founded his Academy to educate wise rulers

52
Q

Platos three levels

A

The highest was the eternal changless being
The other two were becoming
The Allegory of the cave

53
Q

What was Plato’s stance on knowledge

A

It was unchanging

54
Q

Why could the sophists not discover the truth

A

They were only concerned with the world of ever-changing perceptions and customs

55
Q

The republic does what

A

Contrasts two views of morality

56
Q

What are the two views of morality

A

Instrumental theory and functionalist theory

57
Q

What is the instrumental theory of morality

A

Right and wrong must be determine by the consequences our acts produce

58
Q

What is the functionalist theory of morality

A

Right and wrong can only be understood in terms of the way they affect out overall functioning as human beings

59
Q

What are the four cardinal virtues

A

Temperance
Courage
Wisdom
Justice

60
Q

Who was Aristotle

A

Platos pupil and tutor of Alexander the Great

61
Q

Aristotle was what kind of philosopher

A

A philosophical naturalist

62
Q

What is naturalism

A

The belief that reality consists of the natural world and that the universe is ordered

63
Q

Aristotle on form and matter

A

Form can be abstracted from matter but cannot exist independently from matter

64
Q

What is matter

A

Common material study found in a variety of things

65
Q

What are Aristotles four causes

A

Material cause (what it is made of)
Formal cause (the form it takes)
Efficient cause (triggering motion that beings the thing)
Final cause (the ultimate purpose for which it exists)

66
Q

What is the inner urge

A

A drive to become its unique self

67
Q

What are Aristotle’s three souls

A

Lowest- vegetative or nutritive soul
Middle- sensitive or sentient soul
Highest- rational soul

68
Q

According to Aristotle the good is

A

That which all things aim

69
Q

What does Eudaimonia (happiness) mean

A

Being really alive rather than just existing

70
Q

What does happiness require according to Aristotle

A

Activity, good habits, and practical wisdom

71
Q

What is Aristotelian moderation based on

A

The concept of wisdom hitting the mark between to much and not enough

The golden mean

72
Q

What is the difference between virtue and vices

A

Virtue- hitting the mark of moderation
Vice- being off by too much or too little

73
Q

What is Hedonism

A

Pleasure is identical with good and pain is identical with evil

74
Q

What did hedonist believe in

A

They thought material items = happiness
Quantity > quality

75
Q

Epicureanism

A

Happiness came intrinsically
Quality> quantity

76
Q

What did cynics believe

A

The very essence of civilization is corrupt
Manners are hypocritical
Material wealth weakens people
Civilization destroys the individual

77
Q

What did the death of Socrates shows the cynics

A

Not even the wisest person can control other people or external events

78
Q

What did cynics conclude

A

The less an individual needs to be happy, the less vulnerable they will be

79
Q

What did stoic virtues include

A

Strength of will
Courage
Dignity
Maturity

80
Q

What did the stoic doctrine say

A

Everything has a price reason can reveal

81
Q

What did the stoics teach

A

Only great struggle could produce greatness of character

82
Q

What did James Bond Stockdale refine

A

Epictetus’s principle of life and communicated it to a growing audience

83
Q

How do we know anything?

A
  • ponder whether there is really a physical world outside of your mind or if your mind is all that exists
  • consider whether or not it is all right to go on believing in an external world even if it does not exist
84
Q

Other minds

A
  • explore what you can really know beyond the contents of your mind
  • consider the possibility that there might be much less or much more conscious life than you assume
85
Q

The Mind-Body Problem

A
  • There are two states within a person: mental states and physical states
  • How these states interact and whether or not they are mutually exclusive is a problem that bothers philosophers
86
Q

The Meaning of Words

A

Words allow us to understand the universe, communicate with each other, and invent things
But the mystery is how words have this power

87
Q

Free Will

A
  • explain what you mean when you say you could have done something other than what you did
  • explain what you and the world would have to be like for this to be true
88
Q

Right and Wrong

A

Does the universe have a standard for ethics and morality?
Given that humans act according to their motives and that motives are innumerable, a single standard for ethical behavior seems farfetched.

89
Q

Justice

A
  • identify which causes of inequalities are morally wrong
  • determine which methods of interfering with these inequalities are morally right
90
Q

Death

A
  • What happens when we die?
  • Is dying a bad thing or a good thing?
91
Q

The Meaning of Life

A

For one’s life to have meaning, it has to be part of something bigger than itself. But to follow this line of reasoning could lead to the conclusion that life is pointless after all

92
Q

Socrates (consolations)

A

Unpopularity

unpopular enough to be put to death but we can take comfort in the fact that he is still remembered, not his accusers. We can also take comfort in knowing that the injustices we face probably pale in comparison to those he endured.

93
Q

Epicurus

A

Money

taught us that most of the best things in life, like friendship and knowledge, are free while magnificent wealth and power rarely satisfy. As he put it, “when measured by the natural purpose of life, poverty is great wealth; limitless wealth, great poverty”

94
Q

Seneca

A

Frustration

taught us that “what makes us angry are dangerously optimistic notions about what the world and other people are like.” Thus “our greatest furies spring from events which violate our sense of the ground rules of existence.” (83) But if we are prepared for the worst we will be less frustrated when bad things happen.

95
Q

Montaigne

A

Inadequacy

taught us not to expect too much from ourselves because we are all ridiculous creatures. We feel inadequate largely because “conventional portraits” of ourselves “leave out so much of what we are.” (128) What is left out is that we are all primates who, despite supposedly noble ideas, spend most of our time caring for our bodies.

96
Q

Schopenhauer

A

Broken heart

said that the real foundation and purpose of romantic attraction and love is our biological drive to preserve the species. This knowledge helps comfort a broken heart because it shows that only biology has been temporarily thwarted. And it is a gift when pain yields knowledge.

97
Q

Nietzche

A

Difficulty

taught that misfortune is better for us than good fortune; we learn from obstacles and difficulties: “fulfillment is reached by responding wisely to difficulties that could tear [us] apart.” (230) What makes us feel good is not always good for us while what makes us feel bad is not bad for us. Joy may be proportional to the suffering one endures

Philo (2 decks)

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