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Philo > Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 3-0 god problem

A

You can make two of the Omni stick but the third won’t

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2
Q

Omnipontent means

A

All powerful

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3
Q

Omniscient

A

All wise

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4
Q

Omnibenevolent

A

All good

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5
Q

Theology

A

The study or science of god

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6
Q

Principles of reason (rules of inference)

A

Principles that define the limits of rationality by their very structure and that can not be rationally refutes since we rely on them in order to reason

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7
Q

Law of contradiction

A

No statement can be both true and false at the same time and under the same conditions

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8
Q

Scholasticism

A

Mainstream christian philosophy in medieval Europe

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9
Q

Argument from motion

A

Motion must be given to each object by some other object that is already moving

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10
Q

Cosmological argument

A

World, universe, or orderly structure

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11
Q

Argument from necessity

A

The argument between those whose existence is only contingent or possible and those whose existence is necessary

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12
Q

Principle of sufficient reason

A

Nothing happens without a reason

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13
Q

Principle of plenitude

A

Metaphysical principle that given infinity and the richness of the universe any real possibility must occur at least once

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14
Q

Argument from gradation

A

Metaphysical concept of hierarchy of souls

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15
Q

Teleological argument

A

Argument from design , most widely known argument for the existence of god

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16
Q

Problem of evil

A

The 3-0 god problem, god cannot be all good and all wise while still being all powerful

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17
Q

Regulative ideas

A

How knowledge and experiences are shaped structured or formed

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18
Q

Kantian idealism

A

Knowledge is the result of interaction between mind and sensation

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19
Q

Critical philosophy

A

Asses the nature and limits of “pure reason”

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20
Q

Phenomenal reality

A

The world as we experience it

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21
Q

Noumenal reality

A

Reality as it is independent if our perceptions

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22
Q

Theoretical reason

A

Function of reason confined to the empirical phenomenal world

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23
Q

Practical reason

A

A moral function of reason that produces religious feelings and intuitions based on knowledge of moral conduct

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24
Q

Hypothetical imperatives

A

Propositions that tell us what to do under specific variable conditions

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25
Q

Categorical imperatives

A

A common that is universally binding all rational creatures

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26
Q

Practical imperative

A

Formulate the categorical imperative around the concept of dignity

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27
Q

Thought experiment

A

Using our imaginations to test a hypothesis that cannot be tested in fact

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28
Q

Original position

A

identify the fundament principles of justice from an objective, impartial perspective

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29
Q

The veil of ignorance

A

A way of adopting an objective perspective

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30
Q

Kant fully understood______

A

The serious implications of the scandal in philosophy

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31
Q

What did the scandal in philosophy result from

A

Hume’s devastating use of empirical criterion of meaning and the failure of rationalism and empiricism to adequately account for knowledge of the external world, cause and effect, and knowledge in her aerial while science clearly showed otherwise

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32
Q

What did Kant develop

A

Critique

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33
Q

What is a critique

A

Combined reason and experience in order to avoid the errors of rationalism and empiricism

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34
Q

What does critical philosophy attempt to do

A

Discover whether a priori knowledge and metaphysics are possible

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35
Q

What did Kant claim about knowledge

A

It is formed by actual experiences and faculties of judgments called categories of understanding

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36
Q

How do we know reality

A

As it is organized by human understanding, not reality as it is

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37
Q

What two types of reason does Kant distinguish between

A

Theoretical and practical

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38
Q

Moral rules cannot be discovered ___

A

Empirically

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39
Q

Reason_____

A

Imposes moral obligation

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40
Q

Reason reveals

A

That morality is a matter of moral duty rather than consequences

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41
Q

Moral duty must

A

Be confined to considerations of the form

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42
Q

The moral quality of an act is determined by

A

The principle in which the will consciously assents

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43
Q

Moral obligations are not

A

Hypothetical and independent on individual circumstances

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44
Q

What did Kant call the universal command that infuses all moral obligations

A

Categorical imperative

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45
Q

What does the special formation of the categorical imperative do

A

Shows not to use people as a means to an end

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46
Q

Psychological hedonism

A

Pain and pleasure determine what we shall do

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47
Q

Ethical hedonism

A

Pain and pleasure alone point out what we ought to do

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48
Q

Principle of utility

A

Act always to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number

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49
Q

Altruism

A

The capacity to promote the welfare of others

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50
Q

How did Jermey Bentham resurrect hedonism

A

By adding a social component; if pleasure is good, more pleasure is better

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51
Q

Who introduced the greatest happiness principle

A

Bentham

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52
Q

What did the greatest happiness principle challenge

A

The conservative ruling class of Britain

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53
Q

What was Bentham’s philosophy

A

Utilitarianism

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54
Q

Benthams philosophy was an attempt to do what

A

Avoid errors of irrelevant metaphysical theories

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55
Q

What did Bentham’s calculus do

A

It was a crude method of reducing issues to a simple calculation of pleasure v. pain

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56
Q

What did Bentham try to take advantage of

A

Our natural ego

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57
Q

How did Bentham try to take advantage of our natural ego

A

By showing that our own welfare depends on the welfare of our community

58
Q

What is the egoistic hook

A

The appeal to self-interest as a way of improving overall social conditions

59
Q

Who did Bentham apply the pleasure principle to

A

Any creature with the capacity to suffer

60
Q

Suffering makes

A

Moral claims on us whether or not the sufferer can reason

61
Q

Who coined the term utilitarianism

A

John Stuart Mill

62
Q

How did Mill and Benthams philosophy differ

A

Mills concept was more complex and extended beyond concern with pleasure

63
Q

Mill used empirical bias to support what

A

Refined pleasures are better than crude ones

64
Q

Who preferred refined pleasures over crude ones

A

Those familiar with both (refined and crude)

65
Q

What did Mill disagree with Bentham on

A

That all motives are egotistic

66
Q

What where the products of poor education and harsh conditions according to Mill

A

Altruism feeling and ignorance of higher pleasures

67
Q

According to Mill what are the causes of unhappiness

A

Selfishness and lack of metal cultivation

68
Q

What can cure selfishness and lack of mental cultivation

A

Proper education and legislation

69
Q

Absolute idealism

A

The only way the mind can be recognized is as “continuously developing consciousness”

70
Q

Dialectic

A

The three step pattern in which an original idea (thesis) is opposed by a contrary idea (antithesis). This produces a new idea that combines both elements (synthesis)

71
Q

Dialectical process

A

Progress occurs as the result of a struggle between two opposing conditions

72
Q

Bourgeoise

A

The owners

73
Q

Proletariat

A

The producers

74
Q

Economic

A

Complete array of social relationships and arrangements that constitutes a particular social order

75
Q

Substructure of society

A

Contains the three means of production

76
Q

Means of production

A

Natural resources

77
Q

Forces of production

A

Factories, tech, knowledge, and skill

78
Q

Relationships of production

A

Who does what
Who owns what
The effects of this division on each group

79
Q

Superstructure of society

A

Economics (substructure) drives ideas, art, religion, and philosophy (superstructure)

80
Q

Capitalism

A

Means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit under competitive conditions

81
Q

Surplus value

A

Capital accumulated by owners

82
Q

Co-opted

A

When worked identify with the sunset that oppresses them

83
Q

Alienated

A

Knowing you are being taken advantage of

84
Q

Exploited

A

Not knowing you are being taken advantage of

85
Q

Eudaimonia

A

Fully aware

86
Q

Species-life

A

Fully human life lived productively and consciously; not alienated

87
Q

Alienated life

A

Unconscious and unfulfilled life

88
Q

Historical materialism

A

The view that history is the ongoing result of a dialectical process

89
Q

What is the drive for the synthesis becoming the new thesis always

A

Constant tension between the exploiters and the exploited

90
Q

What are Marx’s five epochs of history that constitute the dialectical development of history

A

Primitive/communal
Slave
Feudal
Capitalist
Socialist/communist

91
Q

What shapes values and thinking according to Marx

A

Material conditions and social relations

92
Q

Marx argued that the economic structure of a culture does what

A

Creates and forms its own ideas

93
Q

How did Marx view capitalism

A

A stage on the way to a classless socialistic economy

94
Q

the demand of the bourgeoisie would do what

A

Result in an ever-growing proletariat whose living conditions would only decline until they revolted

95
Q

What is the destructive feature of captitalism

A

Alienation

96
Q

Nietzsche was not a

A

Nazi
Misogynist
Nihilist (someone who doesn’t have values)

97
Q

Nietzsche was

A

Miso-theist (hater of god)
Elitist (only way to live life to the fullest)
Philosophically post modernistic
Prophetic

98
Q

Modernity

A

Nineteenth and twentieth century

99
Q

Pessimism

A

Life is disappointing and for ever satisfied desire, ten new unsatisfied ones emerge

100
Q

Will to power

A

Universal desire to control others and impose our values on them

101
Q

Tragic optimism

A

Sense of joy and ability that accompanies a superior individuals clear-sighted imposition of his/her own freely chosen values on a meaningless world

102
Q

Nietzschean perspectives

A

Contention that every view is only one among many other possible interpretations

103
Q

Anti-philosopher

A

Radical critic of certain teachings and foundational doctrines of modern science and philosophy who disputes the possibility of objectivity and universality

104
Q

Scientism

A

Methods of natural science apply to all areas of knowledge

105
Q

Moralistic

A

Expressing common place moral sentiments that conflict with ones behavior and equating moral sentimentality with virtuous living

106
Q

Reaction formation

A

Ego defense mechanism that prevents dangerous desires from being exposed

107
Q

Nihilism

A

Belief that the universe lacks meaning and purpose

108
Q

Overman

A

A more than human being that will emerge only by overcoming the false idols of conventional morality and religion

109
Q

Herd man

A

A person who cannot face being alone in a godless universe

110
Q

Slave morality

A

A value system based on guilt, fear, and a distortion to the will to power

111
Q

Master morality

A

Code of honor

112
Q

Amor fati

A

Love of our specific fate

113
Q

How did Nietzsche see himself

A

The first person to recognize the profound sickness at the core of modernity

114
Q

What was Nietzsche’s views on life

A

An irrational, purposeless striving for a pointless existence

115
Q

What is the basis of meaning according to Nietzsche

A

Art or aesthetic vision (taste)

116
Q

What does Nietzsche accuse modern western culture

A

Of being moralistic; a form of hypocrisy that resembles what Freudian psychologists refer to as a reaction formation

117
Q

What does Nietzsche claim he discovered

A

Death of god

118
Q

What does the death of god lead to

A

Nihilism

119
Q

What does slave morality create

A

Inhibitions, false ideals of equality and bad conscience

120
Q

Phenomenology

A

Focus on concrete experienced facts in order to reveal the essence of human consciousness

121
Q

Ontology

A

Study of being

122
Q

The they

A

The enemy of authenticity

123
Q

Idle talk

A

Chatter, gossip and merely verbal understanding

124
Q

Who did Heidegger study in order to create his own view on phenomenology, ontology and existentialism

A

Edmund Husserl

125
Q

Husserl saw phenomenology as

A

Science of beings where it should have been science of Being

126
Q

What is the fundamental human condition according to Heidegger

A

Concern about our unique condition

127
Q

What does the inquiry into the human exist equate to

A

Inquiry into the nature of Being

128
Q

Why have most philosophers lost sight of Being according to Heidegger

A

They have treated detached, calculative thinking as the defining characteristic of being human

129
Q

How do we exist according to Heidegger

A

Without any explanation no matter how hard we try to make it otherwise

130
Q

How do we escape when the burden and anxiety of the human condition becomes too much

A

In the “They”

131
Q

When we escape into the “they” what happens to us

A

Our mode of being becomes inauthentic, the “the”

132
Q

What will ideal talk never rise above

A

Verbal understanding

133
Q

Technology does what to us

A

Puts us on standing reserve, a source of energy to be stored to await our beck and call

134
Q

What is the essence of tech

A

A way of looking at the world as raw material to be used

135
Q

What characterizes and dominates our era

A

Technology

136
Q

Karma means

A

Action

137
Q

What are the three kinds of evil in philosophy

A

Natural - hurricanes, wild fires, etc
Moral - people doing bad/mean things
Metaphysical (combination of natural and moral) - covid coming from a lab in china

138
Q

Deontology

A

Study of duty

139
Q

Existentialism

A

Deals with issue around meaning and death

140
Q

Dispassion has to happen so that ____

A

Others can enjoy pleasure

141
Q

Social Darwinism

A

Who is at the top is meant to be there
“Survival of the fittest”

Philo (2 decks)

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