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BIOM*3200 > Midterm study cards > Flashcards

Midterm study cards Flashcards

1
Q

Enterokinase

A

Brush border enzyme - peptidase - that activates trypsin (and indirectly other pancreatic juice enzymes) - deficiency results in protein malnutrition

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2
Q

Phosphatases

A

Ca2+, Mg2+ and -ATPase needed for the absorption of dietary calcium
enzyme activity regulated by Vit D

alkaline phasphatases remove phosphate groups from organic mlcs

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3
Q

Paneth cells

A

in the crypts of LIekehurn (intestinal crypts)
secrete antibacterial mlcs (lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides) to protect the intestine

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4
Q

haustrum

A

part of the large intestine after the descending colon but before the sigmoid colon

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5
Q

Why does diarrhea happen?

A

pathogenic bacteria take over the colon so it gaotta slought off the colon epithelium

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6
Q

sinusoids

A

large capillaris in the liver (lined with hepatic cells)
also lined by endothelial cells
contain Kupffer cells (phagocytes)

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7
Q

Kupffer cells

A

these phagocytes in the liver that wander around and pick up debris

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8
Q

What are the two blood inputs of the liver?

A

portal vein (from intestines)
hepatic artery (blood from heart)

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9
Q

exocrine functions of the liver

A

right and left hepatic ducts
make bile, stored in gallbladder
common bile duct goes into small intestines

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10
Q

Major functions of the liver

A
  1. detoxification of blood (phagocytosis by kupffwer cells, prod. of urea and less toxic mlc)
  2. carbohydrate metabolism (glucose to glycogen and vice versa) also gluconeogenesis and release of glucose to blood
  3. Lipid metabolism (synthesis of cholesterol and triglycerides. excretion of chelestero and production of ketone bodies
  4. protein synthesis (production of albumin and plasma transport proteins
  5. secretion of bile
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11
Q

HOw does liver make bile?

A
  • derivative of heme group (minus the iron) is converted to bilirubin
  • biliruben is carried in blood on albumin proteins
  • taken up by liver, mixed with glucoronic acid
  • is now water soluble and can be secreted as bile
  • converted by bacteria to urobilinogen
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12
Q

Pancreas exocrine function

A

releases a cocktail of over 20 enzymes including:
- pancreatic amylase
- pancreatic lipase
- trypsin

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13
Q

Pancrease endocrine function

A

makes insulin and glucagon yeah

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14
Q

alpha dextrinase

A

takes small glucose polymers and breaks into multiple mlcs of glucose

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15
Q

Ptyalin

A

salivary amylase - hydrolyses starch into maltose and other small glucose polymers

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16
Q

What is the first pass effect?

A

as blood passes through plood vessels of liver, much of nutrient load is removed

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17
Q

Is cholesterol absorbed without digestion?

A

YES

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18
Q

Hepatic portal system

A
  1. small intestine absorbs products of digestion -
  2. nutrient molecules travel in hepatic portal vein to liver
  3. liver monitors blood content
  4. blood enters circulation by way of hepatic vein
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19
Q

Cholesterol

A

85% produced in liver
15% from diet
is transported in the vlood associated with lipoproteins, HDLs
is a major component of cell membranes

20
Q

Why can’t enxymes access lipids?

A

Cause lipids aren’t water soluble so bile salts are required to emulsify them so enzymes like lipases (present in pancreatic juice) can access them

21
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

main enzyme that breaks down lipids - triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides
why most of lipid digestion, if not all, happens in small intestine

22
Q

chylomicrons

A

Chylomicrons are large lipoprotein particles that transport dietary fat from the intestines to the liver and other tissues.
droplets of triglycerides that leave the cell by exocytosis and enter the lacteals of villi
secreted into the central lacteal
they reach the blood through the Thoracic Duct
in the vlood, they add ApoE protein which helps it bind to capillaries in target muscles and adipose tissue
after the triglycerides are broken up, the depleted chylomicron particle goes back through circulation to liver

23
Q

proteases

A

pepsin in the stomach
functions at pH of 2-3
inhibited at pH over 5
one of the only enzymes capable of digesting collagen (connective tissue in meats)
first enzyme that starts to break down polypeptides into smaller chains of AAs

24
Q

Proteolytic enxymes

A
  • from pancreas (act in duoden. and jejenum)
  • break down protein to smaller chains of AAs
  • trypsin
  • chymotrypsin
  • carboxypeoptidase
  • protelastase
25
Q

peptidases

A

brush border enzymes that break down polypeptides into their individual amino acids

26
Q

endopeptidases vs. exopeptidases

A

endo cleave internal protein bonds
exo cleave off the ends

27
Q

How are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

diffuse in blood (vit B1, B2, B3, B6)
except B12
this combines with intrinsic factor produced by stomach which intestine absorbs by endocytosis

28
Q

vasoconstriction

A

decreases blood flow to capillary bed

29
Q

vasodilation

A

increases bloodflow to capillary bed

30
Q

vocal chords

A

folded tissyes of the larynx

31
Q

lung compliance

A

= change in lunge volume over transpulmonary pressure
- its the distendability of the lung

32
Q

pleural membranes

A

how the lungs stick to chest wall - 2 membranes with no space, technically pleural space and pleural fluid btw them tha

33
Q

pleural fluid

A

mucous rich lubricating fluid that holds the 2 membranes together
lubricant allows lucgs to slide easily within thoracic cavity and inflate and deflate

34
Q

angia

A

chest pain

35
Q

myocardial infraction

A

results if there’s a clot, not gonna depolarize and repolarize properly
can lead to myochardeal ischeamia = heart attack

36
Q

brady cardia

A

low HR <60bpm

37
Q

tachycardia

A

high resting HR >100bpm

38
Q

Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release

A

Ca2+ from voltage gated ion channels between the ECF and cytoplasm = messenger for the release channels

  1. Ca2+ diffuses from ECF to cytoplasm
  2. Ca2+ release channels on SR open
  3. Ca2+ released from SR binds to sarcomere, stimulates contraction
  4. Ca2+ ATPase pumps calcium back into SR
  5. Myocardial cell relaxes
39
Q

sarcomere

A

section of myofibril (muscle tissue) fibre between Z - discs

40
Q

Myosin

A

thick band with the heads

41
Q

Actin

A

thin filaments

42
Q

troponin

A

attatched to tropomyosin which attatches to actin and prevents myosin heads from binding
attatchment of Ca2+ to troponin causes movement of the troponin-tropomyosin complex so myosin can now bind and do power stroke and crossover = contraction

43
Q

3 main differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle

A
  1. skeletal muscle requires external stimulation by somatic motor nerves vs. cardiac muscle which provides action potentials automatically via SA node
  2. Skeletal muscle = long and fibrous
    vs.
    myocardial - short, branched and interconnected
  3. skeletal have direct contraction coupling btw tranverse tubules and SR
    vs. cardiac cellls have Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release
44
Q

Parasympathetic innervation

A

Is from cranial and saccral nerves
cranial does everything except repro. organs, bladder, adrenal gland and kidney (which is what saccral innervates)

45
Q

Sympathetic innervation

A

from Thoracic and Lumbar
thoracic does everything except adrenal, kidney, repro organs and bladder which is what lumbar does

BIOM*3200 (4 decks)

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