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BIOM*3200 > Cardiorespiratory System yoooo > Flashcards

Cardiorespiratory System yoooo Flashcards

1
Q

Distribution of blood within the circulatory system

A

60-70% Systemic veins
(small veins and venules)
large veins
10-12% Lungs
10-12% Systemic arteries
8-11% Heart
4-5% Capillaries

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2
Q

Functions of respiration

A

1) ventilation/breathing
2) gas exchange - btw air and blood in lungs and blood in other tissues of the body
3) oxygen utilization - by tissues in energy liberating reactions of cellular respiration

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3
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange btw air from lungs and blood

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4
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchange btw blood and air from other tissues of body

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5
Q

pulmonary alveoli

A

site of gas exchange in each lung
2 types of alveolar cells (type I and II)

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6
Q

type I alveoli

A

95-97% of total surface area of lung
very thin
primary site of gas exchange

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7
Q

type II alveoli

A

secrete pulmonary surfactant
reabsorb Na+ and H2O - prevent fluid buildup in alveoli

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8
Q

What are the two functional zones of the respiratory system

A

respiratory zone
and
conducting zone

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9
Q

Respiratory zone

A

region where gas exchange occurs
includes bronchioles and alveolar sacs

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10
Q

conducting zone

A

all anatomical structures through which air passes before reaching respiratory zone
- trachea, primary bronchus, terminal bronchioles

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11
Q

What is the otder of the respiratory system

A

pharynx–glottis–larynx–trachea–primary bronchi–bronchioles–alveoli

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12
Q

pharynx

A

cavity behind palate that receives contents of both oral and nasal passages

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13
Q

glottis

A

wavelike opening between vocal folds

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14
Q

larynx

A

voice box

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15
Q

what is the funciton of conducting zone

A

serves to warm and humidify the inspired air and filter and clean it so when it reaches respiratory zone it’s at 37

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16
Q

mucocilicary clearance

A

mucous secreted by cells of conducting zone filter and trap small particles like a mucociliary escalator
cystic fibrosis - when this doesn’t work properly

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17
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

thoracic cavity has the heart, large blood vessels, trachea, esophagus and thymus

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18
Q

diaphram

A

dome shaped sheet of striated muscle that divides anterior body into 2 parts: abdominopelvic cavity and thoracic cavity

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19
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

contains the liver, pancreas, GI tract and spleen

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20
Q

mediastinum

A

the central region of the thoracic cavity
contains the pleural membranes - 2 layers of wet epithelial membrane (parietal pleura and visceral pleura)
- under normal conditions there is no space between the membranes

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21
Q

Physical properties of the lungs

A

compliance
elasticity
surface tention
pulminary ventilation

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22
Q

Lung compliance

A
  • ease at which lungs can expand under pressure
  • change in volume over change in pressure
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23
Q

Lung elasticity

A

tendency of structure to return to the original size after being distended

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24
Q

surface tension of the lungs

A

acts to resist distension and includes elastic resistance - excreted by fluid in the alveoli
surfactant reduces surface tension

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25
surfactant
alveolar fluid that reduces surface tension secreted by type II alveolar cells
26
RDS
respiratory distress syndrome when babies born too early - lack of surfactant causes collapsed alveoli
27
Pulmonary ventilation
Inspiration and expiration
28
spirometry
technique to assess pulmonary function
29
tidal volume
volume of gas inspired or expired in an unforced respiratory cycle (~500 mls)
30
inspiratory reserve
max vol of gas that can be inspired during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume
31
Expiratory reserve:
max vol of gas that can be expired during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume
32
residual volume
vol of gas remaining in lungs after max expiration.
33
Total lung capacity:
total amount of gas in the lungs after a max inspiration.
34
vital capacity
max amount of gas expired after a max inspiration.
35
inspiratory capacity
max amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal tidal expiration.
36
Functional residual capacity:
amount of gas remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration.
37
anatomical dead space
Nose, mouth, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles – where no gas exchange occurs about 150 mls conducting zone
38
What is the percentage of fresh air reaching the alveoli, if ... i) the anatomical dead space is 150 mls, and ii) tidal volume is 500mls?
= ( 500 - 150 )/500 x 100% = 70%
39
Hemoglobin
is contains iron, and it is present in the cytoplasm of red blood cells; it has interesting properties: * Not only does it chemically combine with O2, but it can also release the gas when cells need it * Hemoglobin acts as an O2 shuttle from the lungs to body tissues - consists of 4 polypeptide chais and 4 iron hemes - 1 hemoglobin can bind to 4 O2 mlcs
40
Role of CO2 in regulating the binding of O2 with hemoglobin in the LUNGS
CO2 diffuses from the blood to the alveoli and blood CO2 levels are low – this reduces the acidity of blood in the lungs (e.g. higher pH) The acidity of the plasma (which is related directly to plasma CO2 content) determines whether O2 combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin
41
Role of CO2 in regulating the binding of O2 with hemoglobin in the TISSUES
blood CO2 levels are high because the cells produce the gas as an excretory product, and O 2 levels are low because it is being used by cells – this increases the acidity of blood in the tissues (e.g. lower pH). The acidity of the plasma (which is related directly to plasma CO2 content) determines whether O2 combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin
42
When acidity is low... talk abt CO2 and hemoglobin
- CO2 is low O2 combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin (low acidity/ higher pH in the lungs)
43
What happens when high acidity in plasma?
CO2 is high O2 is released from oxyhemoglobin (high acidity/lower pH in the tissues).
44
carbonic anhydrase reactions in RBCs
enzyme that converts CO2 that is diffusing from blood to RBCs into bicarbonate ion - present in RBCs bicarbonate then goes from H ion and bicarbonate ion this direction is spontaneous!!
45
Carbonic anhydrase reaction in RBCs by body tissue
IN BODY TISSUE the constant production of CO2 causes the bicarbonate equation in the red blood cells to go in the direction indicated in the previous slide (i.e., from left to right). IN LUNGS CO2 is being lost to the alveolar air sacs, and the equation moves from the right to the left, as shown in the following slide.
46
semilunar valves
one way located at the origin of the pulmonary artery (pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs) and aorta (pumps oxygenated blood to the body). open during contraction
47
tricuspid valve
right AV valve
48
bicuspid valve
left AV valve
49
AV valves
between atrium and ventricle close during contraction and open during relaxation
50
septum
muscular wall that separates the 2 sides of the heart
51
pulmonary circulation
pulmonary artery- deoxygenated blood away ( to lungs) pulmonary vein - oxygenated blood to heart (from lungs)
52
Vena cave
superior and infereior vena cava take in oxygen poor blood from the veins to the right atrium
53
Heart sound source
lub - AV valves closing (systole) dub - semilunar valves closing (diastole)
54
systole
contraction of ventricles lasts 0.3 seconds 120 mmHg
55
diastole
relacation of ventricles/when they fill lasts 0.5 seconds 80mmHg -
56
end diastolic volume
ventricles are 80% filled during diastole and contraction of atria adds the 20% to fill them before they are pumped in systole
57
stroke volume
contraction during systole pumps 2/3 blood from the ventricles remainder is end systolic volume
58
end systolic volume
the 1/3 of initial volume of blood that's left
59
myocardia
heart muscle cells short, branched, interconnected by gap junctions called myocardium
60
myocardium
name of gap junctions in the heart - impulses originate at atrial myocardium
61
2 regions that can generate action potentials in the heart
SA node AV node Purkinje fibres
62
SA node
sinoatrial node functions as a pacemaker in right atrium starts action potential
63
AV node
where action potential from SA node packs into - located in inferior septum area - then goes to bundle of His
64
Bundle of His
atrioventricular bundle - wehre action potential continues after AV node - conductive tissue divides into right and left bundle which are continuous with the Purkinje fibres
65
Purkinje fibres
within the ventricular walls fastest signal is here spreads from inner to outer cardium
66
ECG/EKG
electrocardiogram - recording device - produces 3 distinct waves P, QRS, T - not recording action potentials but does result from the production and conduction of action potentials
67
P wave
made by depolarization in atria - up when half is polarized, down when whole thing is - returns to baseline
68
QRS wave
conduction of impuls into ventricles/depolarization of ventricles returns to baseline as entire ventricle is depolarized
69
T wave
repolarization of ventricle also upward cause repolarization spreads in oppposite direaction as depolarization
70
A bands
myosin thick/dark filaments
71
I bands
thin filaments/light actin
72
cross bridges
extends from thick to thin filamients causes sliding - muscle tension and shortening activity is regulated by Ca2+ which is increased by action potentials produced by the sarcolemma
73
Z lines/discs
Z line is in centre of I bands and distance between Z lines (formed by Z discs) is the sarcomere
74
titin
largest protein in human body domains that fold and recoil as muscle contracts N- terminal is a Z disc
75
Sliding filament theory of contraction
sarcomeres shorten in length 2 Z discs come closer together A bands (thick filaments/myosin) don't shorten - just get closer together, nor do I bands (actin) shorten contraction is produced from the sliding of thin filaments over and between thick filaments
76
cross bridges purpose
act to slide the filaments extend out from myosin toward actin contraction
77
Myosin heads and the cross bridge cycle
myosin heads form cross bridges by attatching to actin on each side of the sarcomere can pull the actin from each side twoard the centre - each one has an ATP binding site, close with its actin binding site - heads act as myosin ATPase enzymes (ATP--> ADP+Pi) - the reaction must occur before myosin head binds to actin -when the reaction happens, the head becomes cocked - now has energy required for contraction - when head binds to actin, bound Pi is released - results in a conformational change - the POWER STRIKE
78
Power strike
this is the force that pulls thin filament toward centre of the A band - bound ADP is released from the myosin head - myosin and actin are tightly bound myosin now binds a new ATP, unbinding the actin - this marks the end of the cross bridge cycle
79
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of muscle cells
80
sarcoplasmic reticulum
modified endoplasmic reticulum in each muscle cell
81
What are the proteins involved in the regulation of contraction in muscle cells?
We don't always want our muscles to be contract so we prevent the formation of myosin cross bridges via tropomyosin and troponin
82
tropomyosin
protein that prevents the attachment of cross bridges to actin/physically blocks myosin heads from bonding to actin in relaxed muscle troponin binds to tropomyosin inhibit this action
83
troponin
binds to tropomyosin with help of Ca2+ it can cause a conformational change in tropomyosin/troponin complex thing and that will detatch the actin, allowing myosin head to bind
84
What happens to the concentration of Ca2+ in sarcoplasm when muscle is contracted?
It increases! Cause the Ca2+ binds to the troponin, which inhibits the tropomyosin from binding to actin, allowing myosin head to bind which creates contraction
85
Where is Ca2+ stored within the cell
Ca2+ is stored in parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum called terminal cisternae - calcium release channels are 10x larger than voltage gated Ca2+ channels and release Ca2+ into sarcoplasm from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
86
T-tubules/transverse tubules
narrow membranous tunnels formed from and continuous with sarcolemma that can CONDUCT ACTION POTENTIALS --contain voltage gated Ca2+ channels - respond to depolarization --causes conformational change of channels which causes calcium release channels in sarcoplasmic reticulum to open
87
excitation-contraction coupling
process by which action potentials cause contraction
88
Neurilemma (yes this is from nervous system unit bro)
continuous lining of sheath of Schwann cell (myelin that surround axons in PNS)

BIOM*3200 (6 decks)

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