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BIOM*3200 > Cardiorespiratory System yoooo > Flashcards

Cardiorespiratory System yoooo Flashcards

1
Q

Distribution of blood within the circulatory system

A

60-70% Systemic veins
(small veins and venules)
large veins
10-12% Lungs
10-12% Systemic arteries
8-11% Heart
4-5% Capillaries

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2
Q

Functions of respiration

A

1) ventilation/breathing
2) gas exchange - btw air and blood in lungs and blood in other tissues of the body
3) oxygen utilization - by tissues in energy liberating reactions of cellular respiration

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3
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange btw air from lungs and blood

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4
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchange btw blood and air from other tissues of body

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5
Q

pulmonary alveoli

A

site of gas exchange in each lung
2 types of alveolar cells (type I and II)

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6
Q

type I alveoli

A

95-97% of total surface area of lung
very thin
primary site of gas exchange

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7
Q

type II alveoli

A

secrete pulmonary surfactant
reabsorb Na+ and H2O - prevent fluid buildup in alveoli

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8
Q

What are the two functional zones of the respiratory system

A

respiratory zone
and
conducting zone

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9
Q

Respiratory zone

A

region where gas exchange occurs
includes bronchioles and alveolar sacs

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10
Q

conducting zone

A

all anatomical structures through which air passes before reaching respiratory zone
- trachea, primary bronchus, terminal bronchioles

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11
Q

What is the otder of the respiratory system

A

pharynx–glottis–larynx–trachea–primary bronchi–bronchioles–alveoli

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12
Q

pharynx

A

cavity behind palate that receives contents of both oral and nasal passages

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13
Q

glottis

A

wavelike opening between vocal folds

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14
Q

larynx

A

voice box

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15
Q

what is the funciton of conducting zone

A

serves to warm and humidify the inspired air and filter and clean it so when it reaches respiratory zone it’s at 37

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16
Q

mucocilicary clearance

A

mucous secreted by cells of conducting zone filter and trap small particles like a mucociliary escalator
cystic fibrosis - when this doesn’t work properly

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17
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

thoracic cavity has the heart, large blood vessels, trachea, esophagus and thymus

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18
Q

diaphram

A

dome shaped sheet of striated muscle that divides anterior body into 2 parts: abdominopelvic cavity and thoracic cavity

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19
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

contains the liver, pancreas, GI tract and spleen

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20
Q

mediastinum

A

the central region of the thoracic cavity
contains the pleural membranes - 2 layers of wet epithelial membrane (parietal pleura and visceral pleura)
- under normal conditions there is no space between the membranes

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21
Q

Physical properties of the lungs

A

compliance
elasticity
surface tention
pulminary ventilation

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22
Q

Lung compliance

A
  • ease at which lungs can expand under pressure
  • change in volume over change in pressure
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23
Q

Lung elasticity

A

tendency of structure to return to the original size after being distended

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24
Q

surface tension of the lungs

A

acts to resist distension and includes elastic resistance - excreted by fluid in the alveoli
surfactant reduces surface tension

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25
Q

surfactant

A

alveolar fluid that reduces surface tension
secreted by type II alveolar cells

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26
Q

RDS

A

respiratory distress syndrome
when babies born too early - lack of surfactant causes collapsed alveoli

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27
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Inspiration and expiration

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28
Q

spirometry

A

technique to assess pulmonary function

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29
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of gas inspired or expired in an unforced respiratory cycle
(~500 mls)

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30
Q

inspiratory reserve

A

max vol of gas that can be inspired during forced breathing
in addition to tidal volume

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31
Q

Expiratory reserve:

A

max vol of gas that can be expired during forced breathing in
addition to tidal volume

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32
Q

residual volume

A

vol of gas remaining in lungs after max expiration.

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33
Q

Total lung capacity:

A

total amount of gas in the lungs after a max inspiration.

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34
Q

vital capacity

A

max amount of gas expired after a max inspiration.

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35
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

max amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal tidal
expiration.

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36
Q

Functional residual capacity:

A

amount of gas remaining in the lungs after a normal
tidal expiration.

37
Q

anatomical dead space

A

Nose, mouth, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles – where no gas exchange occurs
about 150 mls
conducting zone

38
Q

What is the percentage of fresh air reaching the alveoli,
if …
i) the anatomical dead space is 150 mls, and
ii) tidal volume is 500mls?

A

= ( 500 - 150 )/500 x 100%
= 70%

39
Q

Hemoglobin

A

is contains iron, and it is
present in the cytoplasm of red blood
cells; it has interesting properties:
* Not only does it chemically combine with
O2, but it can also release the gas when
cells need it
* Hemoglobin acts as an O2 shuttle from
the lungs to body tissues
- consists of 4 polypeptide chais and 4 iron hemes
- 1 hemoglobin can bind to 4 O2 mlcs

40
Q

Role of CO2 in regulating the binding of O2 with hemoglobin in the LUNGS

A

CO2 diffuses from the blood to the
alveoli and blood CO2 levels are low – this
reduces the acidity of blood in the lungs (e.g.
higher pH)

The acidity of the plasma (which is related
directly to plasma CO2 content) determines
whether O2 combines with hemoglobin to form
oxyhemoglobin

41
Q

Role of CO2 in regulating the binding of O2 with hemoglobin in the TISSUES

A

blood
CO2 levels are high because the cells produce
the gas as an excretory product, and O 2 levels
are low because it is being used by cells – this
increases the acidity of blood in the tissues (e.g.
lower pH).

The acidity of the plasma (which is related
directly to plasma CO2 content) determines
whether O2 combines with hemoglobin to form
oxyhemoglobin

42
Q

When acidity is low… talk abt CO2 and hemoglobin

A
  • CO2 is low
    O2 combines with hemoglobin to form
    oxyhemoglobin (low acidity/ higher pH in the
    lungs)
43
Q

What happens when high acidity in plasma?

A

CO2 is high
O2 is released from
oxyhemoglobin
(high acidity/lower pH in the
tissues).

44
Q

carbonic anhydrase reactions in RBCs

A

enzyme that converts CO2 that is diffusing from blood to RBCs into bicarbonate ion - present in RBCs
bicarbonate then goes from H ion and bicarbonate ion
this direction is spontaneous!!

45
Q

Carbonic anhydrase reaction in RBCs by body tissue

A

IN BODY TISSUE
the constant
production of CO2 causes the bicarbonate
equation in the red blood cells to go in the
direction indicated in the previous slide (i.e.,
from left to right).
IN LUNGS
CO2 is being lost to the alveolar
air sacs, and the equation moves from the right
to the left, as shown in the following slide.

46
Q

semilunar valves

A

one way
located at
the origin of the
pulmonary artery
(pumps deoxygenated
blood to the lungs) and
aorta (pumps
oxygenated blood to
the body).
open during contraction

47
Q

tricuspid valve

A

right AV valve

48
Q

bicuspid valve

A

left AV valve

49
Q

AV valves

A

between atrium and ventricle
close during contraction and open during relaxation

50
Q

septum

A

muscular wall that separates the 2 sides of the heart

51
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

pulmonary artery- deoxygenated blood away ( to lungs)
pulmonary vein - oxygenated blood to heart (from lungs)

52
Q

Vena cave

A

superior and infereior vena cava
take in oxygen poor blood from the veins to the right atrium

53
Q

Heart sound source

A

lub - AV valves closing (systole)
dub - semilunar valves closing (diastole)

54
Q

systole

A

contraction of ventricles
lasts 0.3 seconds
120 mmHg

55
Q

diastole

A

relacation of ventricles/when they fill
lasts 0.5 seconds
80mmHg -

56
Q

end diastolic volume

A

ventricles are 80% filled during diastole and contraction of atria adds the 20% to fill them before they are pumped in systole

57
Q

stroke volume

A

contraction during systole pumps 2/3 blood from the ventricles
remainder is end systolic volume

58
Q

end systolic volume

A

the 1/3 of initial volume of blood that’s left

59
Q

myocardia

A

heart muscle cells
short, branched, interconnected by gap junctions called myocardium

60
Q

myocardium

A

name of gap junctions in the heart
- impulses originate at atrial myocardium

61
Q

2 regions that can generate action potentials in the heart

A

SA node
AV node
Purkinje fibres

62
Q

SA node

A

sinoatrial node
functions as a pacemaker
in right atrium
starts action potential

63
Q

AV node

A

where action potential from SA node packs into
- located in inferior septum area
- then goes to bundle of His

64
Q

Bundle of His

A

atrioventricular bundle - wehre action potential continues after AV node - conductive tissue
divides into right and left bundle which are continuous with the Purkinje fibres

65
Q

Purkinje fibres

A

within the ventricular walls
fastest signal is here
spreads from inner to outer cardium

66
Q

ECG/EKG

A

electrocardiogram - recording device
- produces 3 distinct waves P, QRS, T
- not recording action potentials but does result from the production and conduction of action potentials

67
Q

P wave

A

made by depolarization in atria - up when half is polarized, down when whole thing is - returns to baseline

68
Q

QRS wave

A

conduction of impuls into ventricles/depolarization of ventricles
returns to baseline as entire ventricle is depolarized

69
Q

T wave

A

repolarization of ventricle
also upward cause repolarization spreads in oppposite direaction as depolarization

70
Q

A bands

A

myosin
thick/dark filaments

71
Q

I bands

A

thin filaments/light
actin

72
Q

cross bridges

A

extends from thick to thin filamients
causes sliding - muscle tension and shortening
activity is regulated by Ca2+ which is increased by action potentials produced by the sarcolemma

73
Q

Z lines/discs

A

Z line is in centre of I bands and distance between Z lines (formed by Z discs) is the sarcomere

74
Q

titin

A

largest protein in human body
domains that fold and recoil as muscle contracts
N- terminal is a Z disc

75
Q

Sliding filament theory of contraction

A

sarcomeres shorten in length
2 Z discs come closer together
A bands (thick filaments/myosin) don’t shorten - just get closer together, nor do I bands (actin) shorten
contraction is produced from the sliding of thin filaments over and between thick filaments

76
Q

cross bridges purpose

A

act to slide the filaments
extend out from myosin toward actin
contraction

77
Q

Myosin heads and the cross bridge cycle

A

myosin heads form cross bridges by attatching to actin on each side of the sarcomere
can pull the actin from each side twoard the centre
- each one has an ATP binding site, close with its actin binding site
- heads act as myosin ATPase enzymes (ATP–> ADP+Pi)
- the reaction must occur before myosin head binds to actin
-when the reaction happens, the head becomes cocked
- now has energy required for contraction
- when head binds to actin, bound Pi is released
- results in a conformational change - the POWER STRIKE

78
Q

Power strike

A

this is the force that pulls thin filament toward centre of the A band
- bound ADP is released from the myosin head
- myosin and actin are tightly bound
myosin now binds a new ATP, unbinding the actin
- this marks the end of the cross bridge cycle

79
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cells

80
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

modified endoplasmic reticulum in each muscle cell

81
Q

What are the proteins involved in the regulation of contraction in muscle cells?

A

We don’t always want our muscles to be contract so we prevent the formation of myosin cross bridges via tropomyosin and troponin

82
Q

tropomyosin

A

protein that prevents the attachment of cross bridges to actin/physically blocks myosin heads from bonding to actin in relaxed muscle
troponin binds to tropomyosin inhibit this action

83
Q

troponin

A

binds to tropomyosin
with help of Ca2+ it can cause a conformational change in tropomyosin/troponin complex thing and that will detatch the actin, allowing myosin head to bind

84
Q

What happens to the concentration of Ca2+ in sarcoplasm when muscle is contracted?

A

It increases! Cause the Ca2+ binds to the troponin, which inhibits the tropomyosin from binding to actin, allowing myosin head to bind which creates contraction

85
Q

Where is Ca2+ stored within the cell

A

Ca2+ is stored in parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum called terminal cisternae
- calcium release channels are 10x larger than voltage gated Ca2+ channels and release Ca2+ into sarcoplasm from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

86
Q

T-tubules/transverse tubules

A

narrow membranous tunnels formed from and continuous with sarcolemma that can CONDUCT ACTION POTENTIALS
–contain voltage gated Ca2+ channels - respond to depolarization
–causes conformational change of channels which causes calcium release channels in sarcoplasmic reticulum to open

87
Q

excitation-contraction coupling

A

process by which action potentials cause contraction

88
Q

Neurilemma (yes this is from nervous system unit bro)

A

continuous lining of sheath of Schwann cell (myelin that surround axons in PNS)

BIOM*3200 (4 decks)

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