Midterm Study (based off of study guide)

Question 1

Tribute System (diplomatic)

Answer 1

envoys from vassal states “kowtow” before the “Son of Heaven,” symbolizing their inferior status submissions to the emperor

Question 2

Tribute System (trade)

Answer 2

the emperor receives tribute of “exotic” foreign goods (sometimes animals), in return the emperor offers refined Chinese goods, usually of much higher value

Question 3

Sinocentrism

Answer 3

Chinese civilization is superior to all others/ Those who do not acknowledge their subservience to the to the emperor are barbarians (the emperor represents humanity before the heavens)

Question 4

Industrial Revolution

Answer 4

the industrial revolution occurred in Europe but not China

largely due to China’s faithfulness to tradition, mastery of Confucian classics, stifles creativity (ex. the imperial examination system)

also because in Europe, there was a culture of competitive innovation that was not found in China

Question 5

Century of Humilation

Answer 5

still very salient in contemporary China’s foreign relations

China had been a great world power for centuries but now they have fallen from grace, they no longer are the main drive in the world economy

Question 6

Zhongua Minzu

Answer 6

translated to Chines Races

a political term entwined with the modern Chinese history of nationalism

Question 7

Nation

Answer 7

a nation is a historically constituted community of people based on a common language, land, economic life and psychological makeup manifested in a common culture

some nations are based on ethnicity and others on civic matters

Question 8

Nationalism

Answer 8

an ideological movement for attaining and maintaining the autonomy, unity, and identity of a population deemed to constitute a nation

Question 9

Nationalism in East Asia

Answer 9

first occurred in Japan during the 19th century and moved throughout

Question 10

Racial Nationalism

Answer 10

Xingzhonghui wanted to “expel the barbarians and revive china” (basically make China great again!)

wanted a racially homogenous Han Nation (created the Zhonghua Minzu)

Question 11

Chiang Kai-Shek

Answer 11

Chinese military and political leader, leader of Chinese Nationalist Party (also known as the KMT for Kuomitang)

Question 12

Mao Zedong

Answer 12

Chinese communist that founded the “People’s Republic of China” and was chairman of the Communist Party of China (CCP)

Helped found the Chinese Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army, and became the CCP head after the Long March

Question 13

Communist Party of China (CPC)

Answer 13

one of the two parties involved in the Chinese civil war

led by Mao Zedong

drove the nationalist KMT government from the mainland leading to the establishment of the People’s Republic of China

Question 14

Kuomintang (Nationalist Party, KMT)

Answer 14

one of the two parties involved in the Chinese civil war

led by Chiang Kai-shek

formed the National Revolutionary Army and succeeded in its norther expedition to unify much of China in 1928

lost the civil war

Question 15

Marco Polo Bridge Incident

Answer 15

Japan’s Kwantung army, after setting off an explosion on the Japanese-owned South Manchuria Railroad in order to allege Chinese provation

began the military conquest of Manchuria

Question 16

The Second Sino-Japanese War

Answer 16

the Japanese gradually edged in to a full-scale war with China in 1937

included the rape of Nanking

Question 17

Manchukuo

Answer 17

puppet state created in 1932 by Japan out of the three historic provinces of Manchuria

Question 18

Cairo Declaration

Answer 18

post WW2, demanded Japan to surrender territories acquired by force

also called to focus all efforts in defeating Japan once Germany was defeated

Question 19

Yalta Conferene

Answer 19

ended the cold war

secret protocol dealing with the pacific was added to the Yalta agreement

Question 20

Sino-Soviet Treat of Friendship and Alliance

Answer 20

the treaty between the KMT and Soviet Union where Stalin betrayed the CPC after China accepted the independence of Mongolia within its borders following a referendum

Question 21

Nanjing Massacre

Answer 21

also referred to as the rape of Nanking

an estimated 50,000-300,000 deaths of Chinese people at the hand of the Japanese as a result of murder rape and pillaging

Chinese accused of exaggerating death toll while Japanese claim the massacre was fabricated for propoganda purpose

Question 22

Seventeen-Point Agreement

Answer 22

an agreement between China and Tibet in which the Tibetan people shall return to the motherland (become a part of China again), defense and foreign relations will be handled by Beijing

Beijing agreed to delay political and economic reforms

Question 23

Cold War

Answer 23

immediately after WW2 till 1989

characterized by geopolitical tension between the Eastern bloc led by the Soviets its allies and the Western bloc led by the Americans and its allies.

The two sides never engaged in direct, large-scale fighting. Rather, they supported proxy wars and were involved in a nuclear arms race.

Americans were also interested in preventing the spread of communism

Question 24

The Korean War

Answer 24

1950-1953

North Korea vs. South Korea

North Korea (Democratic People’s republic of Korea, DPRK) led by Kim-Il Sung supported by the Soviets and later the Chinese in order to avoid having US supported democratic state on border

South Korea (Republic of Korea) supported by the US

North invaded South but was pushed back to China

Outcome: armistice signed in 1953 which led to the division at the 38th parallel

Question 25

Kim Il-Jung

Answer 25

leader of the party of Korea north of the 38th Parallel, he was the communist leader of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) and was supported by Russia.

Question 26

Novikov Telegram

Answer 26

The 1946 telegram stressing the dangers of possible US economic and military domination worldwide

Question 27

Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance (1950)

Answer 27

Treaty signed between USSR and China where the USSR recognized the PRC and derecognized the ROC and provided military, economic, and technical aid to China. The USSR also renounced bases and economic rights in Manchuria. The two countries reaffirmed Outer Mongolia independence in secret protocol

Question 28

First Taiwan Strait Crisis

Answer 28

A brief armed conflict that took place between the CPC and ROC (the KMT) that the US also took part in by aiding the ROC group at Taiwan. China wanted Taiwan because it was an “unsinkable aircraft carrier,” while US valued Taiwan for being the first in an island chain to prevent a potential spread in communism

Question 29

Strategic Triangle

Answer 29

the power balance between the Soviet Union and China "against" the US power

Question 30

Khrushchev's "Secret Speech"

Answer 30

Khrushchev's secret speech, (February 25, 1956), in Russian history, denunciation of the deceased Soviet leader Joseph Stalin made by Nikita S. Khrushchev to a closed session of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Question 31

Peaceful Coexistence

Answer 31

One of the ideological polemics associated with the Sino-Soviet split. It is a theory developed and applied by Russia during the Cold War in the context of primarily Marxist-Leninist foreign policy and was adopted by Soviet-influenced “Socialist states” that could peacefully coexist with the capitalist bloc (like non-Socialist states). This was a point of contention for Mao as he believed a hostile attitude should be maintained toward capitalist states

Question 32

De-Stalinization

Answer 32

the process of reversing Stalinist practices in Russia less personalist rule, collectivism and increased relations with the west

Question 33

Personality Cult

Answer 33

the idea of citizens sort of deifying or having too much admiration for a political leader

Question 34

The Great Leap Forward

Answer 34

1958-1961 China tried to advance using Stalinist methods of collectivism and central planning with the goal of catching up to the UK within 15 years. ``` Great Leap Forward is a disaster. As many as 30,000,000 die from the famine caused by: competitive targeting communization grain confiscation fear of offending Mao ```

Question 35

Ho Chi Minh

Answer 35

North Vietnam Leader (Viet Minh)

Question 36

Ngo Dinh Diem

Answer 36

South Vietnam Leader (Viet Cong)

Question 37

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

Answer 37

also known as the USS Maddox incident, was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War. It involved either one or two separate confrontations involving North Vietnam and the United States in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. The original American report blamed North Vietnam for both incidents, but eventually became very controversial with widespread claims that either one or both incidents were false, and possibly deliberately so. USS Maddox was the Destroyer “attacked”. The outcome of these two incidents was the passage by Congress of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted President Lyndon B. Johnson the authority to assist any Southeast Asian country whose government was considered to be jeopardized by "communist aggression"

Question 38

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution of Credibility

Answer 38

used in the case of the Vietnam War because if the US were to abandon Vietnam it would damage other alliance and possibly embolden the communists

Question 39

Domino Theory

Answer 39

The theory that if one country became communist, its neighboring countries would also follow suit. This was a central principle in American foreign policy during the Cold War and was one of the explanations behind US intervention in Vietnam. if communism is allowed to dominate the Korean peninsula it will continue to spread

Question 40

Henry Kissinger

Answer 40

secretary of state who facilitated Sino-US rapprochement

Question 41

Richard Nixon

Answer 41

president elected in 1960

Question 42

Zhou Enlai

Answer 42

Chinese foreign minister from 1949-1958 Advocated peaceful coexistence with the West after stalemated Korean War orchestrated Nixon's visit in 1972 to China

Question 43

Sino-Us Communiques

Answer 43

1. US acknowledges and does not challenge the PCR’s one china position. 2. US withdraws troops from Taiwan 3. US breaks off diplomatic relations with Taipei and abrogates the mutual defense treaty 4. US reduces arms sales to Taiwan. China concessions: restraint in Vietnam

Question 44

Taiwan Relations Act

Answer 44

allows US the right to defend Taiwan, sell arms determined by Taiwan's defense needs unofficial trade and diplomatic relations continue

Question 45

Tiananmen Massacre

Answer 45

Impact: 1.)Brutal end to Sino-US honeymoon 2. ) Bush administration seeks to preserve Sino-US relationship 3. )Democrats in Congress push for sanctions 4. ) The 1992 presidential election: Clinton & the “butchers of Beijing” 5. ) China diplomatically isolated once again

Question 46

Deng Xiaoping

Answer 46

Took over after Mao’s death via a Coup over the “Gang of Four,” implemented immense market economic reforms: 1.) decollectivization 2. ) dual-price system 3. ) open to Foreign Direct Investment

Question 47

Grand Strategy

Answer 47

A theory on how to advance state’s national interest using the resources they have available. Includes a list of their interests, a basic theory on the workings of IR, and a set of policies in order to achieve them. Chinese NIs: CCP Rule, security, territory (Tibet), economic growth

Question 48

Containment

Answer 48

preventitve motive towards rising power (US to China) best for them to lay low

Question 49

Core Interest

Answer 49

part of Chinese Rhetoric towards their territorial interests, when used, can be assumed that they have a zero-sum attitude towards this particular interest

Question 50

Deng's 24 Character Strategy

Answer 50

avoid confrontation/be calm with affairs, bide time, “never claim leadership”

Question 51

Strategic Culture

Answer 51

Chinese strategic culture: Realpolitik, in accordance with Moa’s “contradictions” (conflicts) = key driver of human events (related to idea of dualism(yin/yang)

Question 52

Realpolitik

Answer 52

conflict in human affairs central; zero-sum nature of conflict, and ability to produce desired outcome out of conflict

Question 53

AirSea Battle

Answer 53

doctrine of key importance in US military strategy (2010) part of US grand strategy; focus on A2/AD challenges, ensure freedom of action in global commons and address the issue that A2/AD brings to the table.

Question 54

Anti-Access/Area Denial Strategy (A2/AD)

Answer 54

China has a right to ask anyone who crosses into a certain airspace to identify themselves in accords to their national security interests.

Question 55

Senkaku Diaoyu Islands

Answer 55

chain of inhabited islands that concern a territorial dispute between Japan and China. Japan first annexed the islands, which later were under US control US later agreed to transfer to Japanese control and eventually China claimed

Question 56

Yasukuni Shrine

Answer 56

honors imperial Japan's war dead, including the war criminals

Question 57

Comfort Women

Answer 57

South Korean women forced into sexual slavery by the imperial japanese before and during WW2