Final Study Guide (Key Concepts & Terms) Flashcards
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
- regulates exclusive economic zones (EEZ) and territorial seas
- dispute relation through the Permanent Court of Arbitration (founded in 1899) or other international tribunals
Three Types of Territorial Objects under UNCLOS
- ) Low-tide Elevations: a land mass above water only at low tide
- no territorial sea or EEZ - ) Rock: a landmass permanently above water but unable to sustain human habitation or economic life on its own
- territorial sea but no EEZ
- ) Island: a land mass permanently above water that can sustain human habitation or economic life on its own
- territorial sea and EEZ
- artificially created islands DO NOT COUNT
The Caste System
a part of the Hindu religion that assigns a person to a position with society in accordance with the God Brahma
The Partition of British India
1947
divided British India to Hindi-India and Muslim-Pakistan
India independence act of 1947 (included the dissolution of British government in India)
Non-aligned Movement
Nehru’s decision to remain neutral during the Cold War
decision rooted in colonialism (the idea that India wants to control its own fate)
supported by the Indian elite
Nehru
first president of the independent India
refused to take signs during the Cold War
Import Substitution Industrialization
a trade and economic policy that replaces foreign imports with domestic production
meant to decrease reliance on foreign dependencies
resulted in India’s GDP growing faster and higher than China (1950-1980)
Kashmir
invaded by Pakistan in 1947-1948
caused an alliance to form between India and Kashmir (for protection)
resulted in war between Pakistan and India
reason to fight for it: taught that Kashmir was part of the “sacred homeland”
East Asian “Miracle”
- comparative advantage
- strong central state
- competent nationalistic bureaucracy
- industrial policy
- U.S. aid
- access to rich North American and European markets
Comparative Advantage
under free trade, countries will specialize in goods that make intensive use of factors of production with which they are endowed
Factors of Production (part of Comparative Advantage)
- land
- unskilled labor
- investment capital (infrastructure, machinery, financial resources)
- skilled labor
The String of Pearls
nickname given to Djibouti-Maldives-Sri Lanka-Bangladesh by Indian Military
China dedicated trillions of dollars to this route in order to become better connected with the world
provides military benefits (ability to move soldiers) and control trade
makes India feel as though China is invading
The Catch Up Effect
if you’re a developing country, you have advantages over first industrializers and are expected to grow at a faster rate
Developmental State
Ex.) Japan
involves government directing investments in strategic sectors (manufacturing, etc)
results in higher domestic saving rates
Flying Geese Model
Japanese economic model following WW2
Japan will lead East Asia in economic and technological advancements and other countries will produce less advance technology that Japan has already surpassed
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
China’s alternative to the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), free trade agreement
members include China, India, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and Australia
excludes the US
Trans-Pacific Partnership
trade agreement between countries like the US, Singapore, New Zealand, Australia, Vietnam, and Malaysia
meant to lower non-tariffs and tariff barriers to trade and develop an investor-state dispute settlement
excludes China
The End of History
phrase used by Fukuyama in 1992
idea that after the Cold War, we are the end of man’s ideological evolution and universalization of Western liberal democracy
Clash of Civilizations
hypothesis that people’s cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world
Washington Consensus
1989
important for determining policy toward economic development in East Asia
advocates for free trade, floating exchange rates, free markets and macroeconomic stability
made of 10 relatively specific policy regulations
Illiberal/non-Liberal Democracy
Ex.) Singapore
consists of “free” elections
- gerrymandering - very short campaigns (making it difficult for opposition parties to form campaigns - legal persecution of opposition figures - no freedom of speech - pro-PAP press
Shin on move toward Confucian Values
strengthening of confucian values leads to Illiberal/non-Liberal Democracy
Liberal Democracy
Ex.) United States
consists of free elections, civil liberties and human rights
Shin on move away from Confucian Values
a move away from confucian values leads to a liberal democracy
Asian Values
embodies the idea that freedom of the individual is a second priority; the collective unit must be protected
- loyalty to group leaders
- benevolent moral elite
- conflict avoidance
- sacrificing personal interests for the community and social harmony
- placing family above oneself
Lee Kuan Yew
“founding Father of Singapore”
- advocate for Asian Values
- first prime minister of Singapore in 1959
Kim Il-Sung
“Great Leader” 1948-1994
president for life of North Korea
Kim Jong-Il
“Dear Leader” 1994-2011
ruler of North Korea
Kim Jong-Un
“Dear Respected Marshall” 2011-current
ruler of North Korea
Six Party Talks
2003-2009
talks between Japan, China, Russia, South Korea and North Korea to negotiate the denuclearization of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea, DPRK)
Strategic Nuclear Deterrent
especially prevalent in the Cold War and with DPRK currently
deterrence theory states that nuclear weapons are intended to deter other states from attacking with their own nuclear weapons through the promise of retaliation and mutually assured destruction (MAD)
Non-proliferation Treaty
a treaty meant to decrease the number of nuclear weapons in the world to increase cooperation between countries
signed by North Korea in 2005 and then violated in 2006
Ma Ying-jeou
leader of Taiwan before Tsai
- represented more Pro-China Taiwan
- pioneered the first deal with China that Taiwan had; the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) aimed at reducing tariffs and barriers on both sides
Tsai Ing-Wen
female president of Taiwan who took office in 2016
- pro-independence leader that aims to avoid war with China, maintain any international economic ties and increase defense spending to assure a strong and independent Taiwan remains
White Terror
1948-1987
martial law that suppressed political dissidents following the Feb. 28 incident involving anti-government uprising that led to violent backlash inflicted by the KMT and led to deaths of Taiwanese (roughly 10,000)
Sunflower Movement
2014
student protests in Taiwan meant to prevent the passing of the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement (CCSTA)
Democratic Progressive Party
founded in 1986
liberal political party in Taiwan with a pro-independence attitude
current ruling party
Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement
trade agreement between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan) to lower tariffs and economic barriers between the two sides
Asymmetric Interdependence
Taiwan and China are very economically involved due to Taiwan’s lack of allies
Taiwan remains more reliant on China (one-sided) whereas China is only in it for a place to send exports for money
Entrapment
when a country is trapped in conflicts, negotiations, or defense of another country
US fears it may cause Taiwan to become dependent upon them or Taiwan will become dependent upon relationships with China
American Institute in Taiwan
mission to increase U.S. interests in Taiwan
not actually a part of the government but it is (loophole)
Commitment Problem
the US cannot fully commit to Taiwan as an ally without damaging US-China relations
US supplies weapons to Taiwan as they deem needed is a way we currently are tied to them
Exclusive Economic Zone
a zone that grants a country 200 nautical miles of territory they have exclusive rights to use in any marine exploration of resources
U.S-Philippines Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement
2014
US and Philippines agreement to strengthen their alliance
- allows US to rotate troops into the Philippines and allows US to build and operate facilities on filipino bases
Freedom of Navigation Operation
an operation created by the US to challenge territorial claims that are considered excessive by the United States (ex. Subi Reef)
