Midterm Study Flashcards by alex vo

What makes something alive?

made out of cells
needs to replicate
must contain genetic information
organism are products of evolution
get energy to stay alive

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What are some things a virus can do when alive?

still replicate
has genetic information
can evolve

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What are amino acids made out of?

central carbon
hydrogen
amino acid(nh2)
carboxylic acid(COOH)
side group or r group

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What are nucleotides made out of?

phosphate group
sugar
nitrogenous base

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What 4 nitrogenous bases are DNA have?

thymine
adenine
cytosine
guanine

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What is one base that only RNA has compared to DNA?

uracil

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What are carbohydrate monomers made out of?
What is the ratio of carbon to oxygen?

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
ratio is 1:1

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What is the ratio of carbon to oxygen in lipids?

1:less

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What is the structure of steroids?

4 ring structure

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What is the structure of fats?

glycerol head with 3 fatty acid tails

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What is the structure of phospholipids

glycerol+phosphate head with 2 fatty acid tails

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What does chitin do?

provides structure for fungi and exoskeleton insects

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What does peptidoglycan do?

provides structure for bacteria

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What does cellulose do?

provides structure for plants and algae

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What does starch do?

energy storage for plants

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What does glycogen do?

energy storage for animals

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What type of glucose does starch and glycogen use?
Types of glycosidic bonds?
What type of structure do they create?

alpha glucose
1,4 glycosidic linkages
Starch: has 1,6 linkages every 30 sugars
Glycogen: has 1,6 linkages every 10 sugars
create branched structure

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What type of glucose does cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan use?
Type glycosidic bond?
Strucutre they create?

beta glucose
1,4 glycosidic linkages
they create parallel strands

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Is beta or alpha glucose more stable?

beta glucose

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Why is peptidoglycan different than cellulose, and chitin?

because it forms peptide bonds with protein

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What are the structures of protein?

primary - polymerization of amino acids
secondary - beta pleeted sheets or alpha helices
tertiary - interactions between r groups
quaternary - interactions between polypeptides

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What causes secondary structure of proteins to form?

hydrogen bonds between atoms on the polypeptide backbone

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What causes tertiary structures in proteins to form?

hydrogen bonding
hydrophobic rxns
van der waal interactions
covalent bonding
ionic bonding

What are the structures of dna?

primary - polymerization of nucleotides
secondary - double helix formation
tertiary - supercoils or bond to DNA bonding proteins(histones)

What causes secondary structure of DNA to form?

2 antiparallel strands of nucleotide strands

What causes tertiary structure of rna to form?

folding of itself

What are the structures of RNA?

primary - polymerization of nucleotides secondary - bonding between complementary bases tertiary - secondary structures fold into more complex shapes

What does a low or high pH do to proteins?

causes them to denature = unfold

Hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine?

Hydrogen bonds between cytosine and guanine

What macromolecules makes up the membrane?

lipids

What does the membrane look like

phospholipid bilayer

What is it called when a molecule has a polar and nonpolar part?

amphipathic

What would the cell membrane of an animal in a cold environment be?

unsaturated

What would the cell membrane of an animal in a hot environment be?

saturated

What does hypertonic mean?

high concentration

What does hypotonic mean?

low concentration

What does isotonic mean?

no net flow

What causes a cell membrane to become more permeable?

1. high temperature 2. high cholesterol 3. short fatty acid tails

What was Louis Pasteurs experiment?

testing spontaneous generation through gooseneck flask

What are Darwin 4 postulates?

1. individuals within species are variable 2. some variations passed on to offspring 3. next gen, more survive 4. individuals who survive are better suited towards environment

What is the phylogenetic tree?

evolutionary descent of organisms

What is protista?

single celled, eukaryotic

What is fungi?

single celled, eukaryotic

What are the 3 domains of life?

Archaea, bacteria, eukarya

What is bacteria?

single cell, prokaryote

What is archaea?

single cell, prokaryote

definition of evolution

changes in population over time

What can proteins do?

Catalyze transport movement signaling structure

What are active site?

part of an enzyme that catalyzes rxns

What are functional groups?

atoms containing p,o,n,h,s

What are transmembrane proteins?

proteins that help move molecules through cell membrane

What is a concentration gradient?

movement from high to low concentration

active transport

going against gradient with energy

passive transport

going across membrane with no energy

What does mRNA do?

transmits info needed to synthesize proteins

What is RNA polymerase?

catalyzes process of synthesizing RNA from dna