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Intro to Literature ENV 210 PCC > Midterm (Since Test 1) > Flashcards

Midterm (Since Test 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Background of American Neoclassical Era

A

Revolutionary War

Ratification of Constitution

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2
Q

What is Neoclassicism?

A

a literary, artistic movement

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3
Q

What styles did neoclassicism imitate?

A

Greek & Roman:

  • Satire
  • Elegy
  • Ode
  • Epistle
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4
Q

Characteristics of Literature in the Neoclassical Era

A

Didactic (teaches lesson, but not spiritual)
Realistic
Clear, simple, elegant language and structure
Easy to understand. No hidden meanings

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5
Q

Worldview of the Neoclassical Era

A

1) Rejected Puritan fervor (emotion)
2) Rationalism (human reason is source of truth)
3) Deism (God is creator, but He let the world run itself through laws of science)

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6
Q

Rationalism

A

Human reason is source of truth

  • truth must be verifiable
  • Science: study of physical features of this world
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7
Q

Deism

A

God is creator, but He let the world run itself through laws of science

  • Rejects theology (inerrancy of Bible), miracles
  • Believes in an impersonal deity; natural goodness of man; and environment as cause of evil
  • Morality based on what’s good for society as a whole
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8
Q

English Restoration Genres

A

Prose (Essay, Literary criticism, Satire, Journalism)
Drama
Poetry (Heroic couplet)
Novel

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9
Q

American Neoclassicism Genres

A

Prose (Political pamphlets and essays, Scientific prose)
Poetry
Novel

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10
Q

American Neoclassicism is characterized by _____.

A

Patriotism

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11
Q

What was the best seller of the American Neoclassical Era?

A

Ben Franklin’s “Way to Wealth”

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12
Q

Who was the Greatest writer of the 18th century?

A

Samuel Johnson

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13
Q

Samuel Johnson

A

Greatest writer of the 18th century
Supporter of the Bible against deism
Known for his dictionary and The Rambler

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14
Q

Work: Rambler No. 4

A

Author: Samuel Johnson
Theme: How should fiction present truth
1) Truth is perceived differently than before (empirical truth)
2) Young minds are reading these works; what are they being presented?
3) Degree of caution depends on the youth
4) People are imitating what they are reading now more than ever.
5) Just because something is real doesn’t mean it must be written about
6) Present evil, but present it as bad. Don’t blur the lines

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15
Q

“Vice, for vice is necessary to be shewn, should always disgust; nor should the graces of gaiety or the dignity of courage, be so united with it, as to reconcile it to the mind”

A

Ramler No. 4 by Samuel Johnson

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16
Q

Who was the best poet of the early 18th century?

A

Alexander Pope

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17
Q

Alexander Pope

A

Best poet of early 18th century

A master satirist

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18
Q

Define satire

A

The ridicule of human folly or vice through wit or humor with the purpose of correcting it

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19
Q

Work: Essay on Criticism

A

Author: Alexander Pope
Genre: literary criticism in verse (heroic couplet)
Theme: Avoid extremes when criticizing
Lines 1-21: Some focus to much on style/sound
Lines 22-47: Some focus too little on style and sound
Lines 48-57: Avoid extremes

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20
Q

“Fools admire, but men of sense approve.”

A

Essay on Criticism by Alexander Pope

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21
Q

J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur

A
  • A Frenchman who came to the New World in 1755

- Published Letters in 1782 in England, and it turned him into the 1st successful American author in Europe

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22
Q

Work: Letters from an American Farmer

A

Author: Crèvecoeur
Theme: What is an American?
Important ideas discussed: American Dream, Noble Savage, Melting Pot
Era Themes: Patriotism, Progress

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23
Q

“What then is the American, this new man? He is either an European, or the descendant of an European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country.”

A

Letters from an American Farmer

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24
Q

“He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds.”

A

Letters from an American Farmer

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25
Q

Who was the first African American poet published?

A

Phillis Wheatley

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26
Q

Work: “On Being Brought from Africa to America”

A

Author: Phillis Wheatley
Theme: Spiritual Freedom
Personifies Mercy
Uses light vs. darkness symbolism

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27
Q

The British Romantic Age began in 1789 with the __________ and ended in 1832 with the __________.

A

publishing of Lyrical Ballads

death of Sir Walter Scott

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28
Q

What had a major influence on the Romantic Poets?

A

The French Revolution

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29
Q

How did the French Revolution influence the Romantic Poets?

A

Poetry focus switched from upper class to working class and from structure and rules to focus on nature.

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30
Q

Work: Lyrical Ballads

A

Author: Coleridge and Wordsworth
Changed established a new type of poetry
Emphasized personal emotion and imagination

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31
Q

How did Wordsworth define poetry?

A

“For all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”

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32
Q

Romantic Age Characteristics

A
  • Rejection of Neoclassical rules
  • Love of nature
  • Rebellion against authority
  • Respect for the common man
  • The common man’s language
  • Supernatural: “Willing suspension of disbelief” (Coleridge)
  • Focus on beauty, emotion, optimism, and idealism
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33
Q

What does “focus on beauty, emotion, optimism, and idealism” describe?

A

The Romantic Age

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34
Q

Romantic Age Worldviews

A

Pantheism and Primitivism

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35
Q

Pantheism

A

The belief that God is everything

The universe, Nature, and God are interchangeable terms

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36
Q

Primitivism

A

A belief that shows a preference for uncivilized life

Country emphasized over city life (which leads to corruption)

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37
Q

Who is the “Supreme Poet of Nature”?

A

William Wordsworth

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38
Q

Who were the lake poets?

A

William Wordsworth

Samuel Coleridge

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39
Q

Work: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud

A 
Author: William Wordsworth
Theme: Finding happiness in nature
Vivid imagery
Inactive narrator
"Spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling"
Emotional response to nature
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40
Q

“I gazed—and gazed—but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought:”

A

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud by William Wordsworth

Not a rational response, but a feeling

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41
Q

“And then my heart with pleasure fills, and dances with the daffodils.”

A

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud by William Wordsworth

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42
Q

Italian (Petrarchan) Sonnet Form

A

2 stanzas, 14 lines
Octave (8 lines)
Sestet (6 lines) (begins with volta—a poetic turn/change in thought)

43
Q

Work: It Is a Beauteous Evening

A

Author: Wordsworth
Theme: Finding God in nature
Structure: Italian Sonnet (Octave: How Wordsworth finds God; Sestet: How his daughter finds God)
Conclusion: daughter has the heart of a child; she is already communing with nature subconsciously

44
Q

Which lake poet is known for incorporating supernatural elements into his poetry?

A

Samuel Coleridge

45
Q

Work: Work without Hope

A 
Author: Samuel Coleridge
Theme: The necessity of finding purpose
Unconventional sonnet
First 12 lines: show nature busy working
Final couplet: Author does not work because he has no hope
46
Q

Work: Kubla Kahn

A

Author: Samuel Coleridge
Theme: No clear lesson (Journey of the mind/mixing history, imagination, and nature)
Unfinished, imaginative description of a dream
Description of Xanadu, palace of Kubla Kahn

47
Q

“In Xanadu did Kubla Kahn
A stately pleasure-dome decree:
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran
Through caverns measureless to man”

A

Kubla Kahn by Samuel Coleridge

48
Q

John Keats

A

Known for rich, imagery that dealt with the senses

Wrote often about beauty in his poetry

49
Q

Work: Ode on a Grecian Urn

A 
Author: John Keats
Theme: desire for permanence
Stanzas 1-3: Viewing one side of the urn (ideal beauty)
Stanza 4: Other side of urn (truth)
Stanza 5: Famous beauty/truth statement
50
Q

“Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave
Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare;
Bold Lover, never, never canst thou kiss…
she cannot fade…”

A

Ode on a Grecian Urn by John Keats

51
Q

“Beauty is truth, truth beauty—that is all

Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.”

A

Ode on a Grecian Urn by John Keats

52
Q

Who was the greatest English lyricist?

A

Percy Bysshe Shelley

53
Q

Percy Bysshe Shelley

A

Greatest English lyricist
Lived a life of rebellion against God, morality, and society
Known for strong emotion in poetry
Married to Marry Shelley

54
Q

Work: Ode to the West Wind”

A

Author: Percy Bysshe Shelley
Theme: The wind’s influence
Paradox: “destroyer and preserver” (wind)
Stanza 1: effect of wind on seeds/leaves
Stanza 2: effect of wind in the sky
Stanza 3: effect of the wind at sea
Stanza 4: poet’s desire to be driven by winds of inspiration
Stanza 5: poet’s prayer is to spread his ideas by the power of the wind

55
Q

“If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear;
If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee;
A wave to pant beneath thy power and share”

A

Ode to the West Wind

56
Q

“As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need.
Oh, lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!
I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!
A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed
One too like thee: timeless, and swift, and proud.”

A

Ode to the West Wind

57
Q

“Drive my dead thoughts over the universe
Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth!
And, by the incantation of this verse,
Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth
Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!”

A

Ode to the West Wind

58
Q

American Romanticism

A

1820: Washingtonn Irving publishes The Sketchbook
1865: The end of the Civil War
AKA: American Renaissance
“Golden Age of American Literature”
A national literature
Small-town legends and folklore

59
Q

What are is known as the “Golden Age of American Literature”?

A

American Romanticism (Renaissance)

60
Q

What is transcendentalism, a worldview believed by many of the American Romanticism writers?

A

The belief that personal divinity is achievable by communing with nature

61
Q

The 4 groups of Romantic writers

A

Kickerbockers
Fireside Poets
Dark Romantics (Pessimists)
Transcendentalists (Optimists)

62
Q

Two examples of Dark Romantics

A

Poe

Hawthorne

63
Q

Romantic Genres

A

Poetry
Short Stories
Novels

64
Q

What was the worldview of the Dark Romantics?

A

Believed mankind is prone to sin and fundamentally flawed in nature
Acknowledge evil in the world
Dark view of nature (believed that nature teaches truth of wickedness and evil)
Focused on man’s failed attempts at improvement

65
Q

What were Edgar Allan Poe’s requirements for a short story?

A

“One pre-established design”

Able to be read in one sitting

66
Q

What is a story’s sequence of incidents?

A

Plot

67
Q

What is a narration of incidents in the past?

A

Flashback

68
Q

What is providing hints of future actions?

A

Foreshadowing

69
Q

What provides the reader with essential information–who, what, when, where–he or she needs to know before continuing?

A

Exposition

70
Q

What is “in medias res”?

A

“in the middle of things”

a type of beginning

71
Q

Typically, the complication of a plot is heightened by _____ between two characters who have different personalities and goals.

A

Conflict

72
Q

What is spiritual insight or revelation?

A

Epiphany

73
Q

What is the final part of a plot?

A

Resolution

74
Q

What is the author’s own feelings about its events from his or her choice of words?

A

Tone

75
Q

What is a story with details pointing the way to some obvious larger meaning?

A

Allegory

76
Q

What is an object that most members of a culture instantly recognize as possessing a shared symbolic meaning?

A

Traditional symbol

77
Q

What is a symbol that the author has made his or her own by repeated use?

A

Private symbol

78
Q

Nathaniel Hawthorne

A

Stories explore darkness of the mind and soul

Known for employing allegory and ambiguity into his stories

79
Q

Work: Young Goodman Brown

A

Author: Nathaniel Hawthorne
Theme: Questioning Faith
Setting: New England during Salem Witch Trials
Symbols: Forest=hidden sin; wife=Faith (allegorical)
Point of View: Limited omniscient (focuses on the heart of one person)

80
Q

“‘My Faith is gone!’ Cried he, after one stupefied moment. ‘There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil! for to thee is this world given.’”

A

Young Goodman Brown

81
Q

Another name for a main character

A

Protagonist

82
Q

The name for an opposing character

A

Antagonist

83
Q

A character who doesn’t have many characteristics, often stereotypical.

A

Flat character

84
Q

A character explored in depth as the author delves into the character’s past and even into his or her unconscious mind.

A

Round character

85
Q

A character who doesn’t change in the story

A

Static

86
Q

A character who somehow noticeably changes in the story

A

Dynamic

87
Q

Point of view where the narrator is a participant

A

First person

88
Q

Point of view where the narrator is not a participant

A

Third person

89
Q

First person narrators are often _____.

A

Unreliable

90
Q

When a narrator is “all-knowing”

A

Omniscience

91
Q

What is an editorial point of view?

A

Allows the god like author to comment directly on the action (also called authorial intrusion).

92
Q

When a narrator limits themselves to the thoughts and perceptions of a single character.

A

Limited omniscience

93
Q

When a narrator simply reports dialogue and action with minimal interpretation and no delving into characters’ minds.

A

Objective point of view

94
Q

Edgar Allan Poe

A 
Innovator in areas of:
Poetry
Criticism
Short story writing
Suspense stories
Detective stories
95
Q

Who is known as the inventor of detective stories?

A

Edgar Allan Poe

96
Q

Work: The Cask of Amontillado

A

Author: Edgar Allan Poe
Themes: The unstable and destructive results of revenge
Point of view: First person unreliable
Major devices: irony (dramatic and verbal)

97
Q

Work: The Raven

A

Author: Edgar Allan Poe
Theme: “Mournful and never-ending remembrance” (symbolism of the bird)
Questions and answers
Literary devices: Symbolism=death; Internal rhyme; Repetition

98
Q 
Transcendentalism Worldview
Man is \_\_\_\_\_
Divinity is \_\_\_\_\_
Promoted benefits of communing with \_\_\_\_\_
Focused on \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_
A

Man is naturally good
Divinity is achievable
Promoted benefits of communing with nature
Focused on nonconformity and individuality

99
Q

Transcendentalism Results
Rejects _____ and _____
Rejects __________
Rejects __________

A

the Bible and Jesus Christ
the authority of organized religion
social norms of American culture

100
Q

Ralph Waldo Emerson

A

wrote Nature

101
Q

Henry David Thoreau

A

Follower of Emerson

The practitioner of Transcendentalism

102
Q

Work: Walden

A

Author: Henry David Thoreau
Themes: Rejection of social norms/nonconformity; Communion with nature

103
Q

“I hear an irresistible voice which invites me away from all that. One generation abandons the enterprises of another like stranded vessels.”

A

Walden by Henry David Thoreau

104
Q

“Simplicity, simplicity, simplicity!”

A

Walden by Henry David Thoreau

Intro to Literature ENV 210 PCC (5 decks)

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