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Intro to Literature ENV 210 PCC > Midterm (Since Test 1) > Flashcards

Midterm (Since Test 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Background of American Neoclassical Era

A

Revolutionary War

Ratification of Constitution

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2
Q

What is Neoclassicism?

A

a literary, artistic movement

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3
Q

What styles did neoclassicism imitate?

A

Greek & Roman:

  • Satire
  • Elegy
  • Ode
  • Epistle
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4
Q

Characteristics of Literature in the Neoclassical Era

A

Didactic (teaches lesson, but not spiritual)
Realistic
Clear, simple, elegant language and structure
Easy to understand. No hidden meanings

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5
Q

Worldview of the Neoclassical Era

A

1) Rejected Puritan fervor (emotion)
2) Rationalism (human reason is source of truth)
3) Deism (God is creator, but He let the world run itself through laws of science)

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6
Q

Rationalism

A

Human reason is source of truth

  • truth must be verifiable
  • Science: study of physical features of this world
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7
Q

Deism

A

God is creator, but He let the world run itself through laws of science

  • Rejects theology (inerrancy of Bible), miracles
  • Believes in an impersonal deity; natural goodness of man; and environment as cause of evil
  • Morality based on what’s good for society as a whole
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8
Q

English Restoration Genres

A

Prose (Essay, Literary criticism, Satire, Journalism)
Drama
Poetry (Heroic couplet)
Novel

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9
Q

American Neoclassicism Genres

A

Prose (Political pamphlets and essays, Scientific prose)
Poetry
Novel

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10
Q

American Neoclassicism is characterized by _____.

A

Patriotism

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11
Q

What was the best seller of the American Neoclassical Era?

A

Ben Franklin’s “Way to Wealth”

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12
Q

Who was the Greatest writer of the 18th century?

A

Samuel Johnson

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13
Q

Samuel Johnson

A

Greatest writer of the 18th century
Supporter of the Bible against deism
Known for his dictionary and The Rambler

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14
Q

Work: Rambler No. 4

A

Author: Samuel Johnson
Theme: How should fiction present truth
1) Truth is perceived differently than before (empirical truth)
2) Young minds are reading these works; what are they being presented?
3) Degree of caution depends on the youth
4) People are imitating what they are reading now more than ever.
5) Just because something is real doesn’t mean it must be written about
6) Present evil, but present it as bad. Don’t blur the lines

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15
Q

“Vice, for vice is necessary to be shewn, should always disgust; nor should the graces of gaiety or the dignity of courage, be so united with it, as to reconcile it to the mind”

A

Ramler No. 4 by Samuel Johnson

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16
Q

Who was the best poet of the early 18th century?

A

Alexander Pope

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17
Q

Alexander Pope

A

Best poet of early 18th century

A master satirist

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18
Q

Define satire

A

The ridicule of human folly or vice through wit or humor with the purpose of correcting it

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19
Q

Work: Essay on Criticism

A

Author: Alexander Pope
Genre: literary criticism in verse (heroic couplet)
Theme: Avoid extremes when criticizing
Lines 1-21: Some focus to much on style/sound
Lines 22-47: Some focus too little on style and sound
Lines 48-57: Avoid extremes

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20
Q

“Fools admire, but men of sense approve.”

A

Essay on Criticism by Alexander Pope

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21
Q

J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur

A
  • A Frenchman who came to the New World in 1755

- Published Letters in 1782 in England, and it turned him into the 1st successful American author in Europe

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22
Q

Work: Letters from an American Farmer

A

Author: Crèvecoeur
Theme: What is an American?
Important ideas discussed: American Dream, Noble Savage, Melting Pot
Era Themes: Patriotism, Progress

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23
Q

“What then is the American, this new man? He is either an European, or the descendant of an European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country.”

A

Letters from an American Farmer

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24
Q

“He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds.”

A

Letters from an American Farmer

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25
Who was the first African American poet published?
Phillis Wheatley
26
Work: "On Being Brought from Africa to America"
Author: Phillis Wheatley Theme: Spiritual Freedom Personifies Mercy Uses light vs. darkness symbolism
27
The British Romantic Age began in 1789 with the __________ and ended in 1832 with the __________.
publishing of *Lyrical Ballads* | death of Sir Walter Scott
28
What had a major influence on the Romantic Poets?
The French Revolution
29
How did the French Revolution influence the Romantic Poets?
Poetry focus switched from upper class to working class and from structure and rules to focus on nature.
30
Work: Lyrical Ballads
Author: Coleridge and Wordsworth Changed established a new type of poetry Emphasized personal emotion and imagination
31
How did Wordsworth define poetry?
"For all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings."
32
Romantic Age Characteristics
- Rejection of Neoclassical rules - Love of nature - Rebellion against authority - Respect for the common man - The common man's language - Supernatural: "Willing suspension of disbelief" (Coleridge) - Focus on beauty, emotion, optimism, and idealism
33
What does "focus on beauty, emotion, optimism, and idealism" describe?
The Romantic Age
34
Romantic Age Worldviews
Pantheism and Primitivism
35
Pantheism
The belief that God is everything | The universe, Nature, and God are interchangeable terms
36
Primitivism
A belief that shows a preference for uncivilized life | Country emphasized over city life (which leads to corruption)
37
Who is the "Supreme Poet of Nature"?
William Wordsworth
38
Who were the lake poets?
William Wordsworth | Samuel Coleridge
39
Work: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
``` Author: William Wordsworth Theme: Finding happiness in nature Vivid imagery Inactive narrator "Spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling" Emotional response to nature ```
40
"I gazed—and gazed—but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought:"
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud by William Wordsworth | Not a rational response, but a feeling
41
"And then my heart with pleasure fills, and dances with the daffodils."
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud by William Wordsworth
42
Italian (Petrarchan) Sonnet Form
2 stanzas, 14 lines Octave (8 lines) Sestet (6 lines) (begins with volta—a poetic turn/change in thought)
43
Work: It Is a Beauteous Evening
Author: Wordsworth Theme: Finding God in nature Structure: Italian Sonnet (Octave: How Wordsworth finds God; Sestet: How his daughter finds God) Conclusion: daughter has the heart of a child; she is already communing with nature subconsciously
44
Which lake poet is known for incorporating supernatural elements into his poetry?
Samuel Coleridge
45
Work: Work without Hope
``` Author: Samuel Coleridge Theme: The necessity of finding purpose Unconventional sonnet First 12 lines: show nature busy working Final couplet: Author does not work because he has no hope ```
46
Work: Kubla Kahn
Author: Samuel Coleridge Theme: No clear lesson (Journey of the mind/mixing history, imagination, and nature) Unfinished, imaginative description of a dream Description of Xanadu, palace of Kubla Kahn
47
"In Xanadu did Kubla Kahn A stately pleasure-dome decree: Where Alph, the sacred river, ran Through caverns measureless to man"
Kubla Kahn by Samuel Coleridge
48
John Keats
Known for rich, imagery that dealt with the senses | Wrote often about **beauty** in his poetry
49
Work: Ode on a Grecian Urn
``` Author: John Keats Theme: desire for permanence Stanzas 1-3: Viewing one side of the urn (ideal beauty) Stanza 4: Other side of urn (truth) Stanza 5: Famous beauty/truth statement ```
50
"Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare; Bold Lover, never, never canst thou kiss... she cannot fade..."
Ode on a Grecian Urn by John Keats
51
"Beauty is truth, truth beauty—that is all | Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know."
Ode on a Grecian Urn by John Keats
52
Who was the greatest English lyricist?
Percy Bysshe Shelley
53
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Greatest English lyricist Lived a life of rebellion against God, morality, and society Known for strong emotion in poetry Married to Marry Shelley
54
Work: Ode to the West Wind"
Author: Percy Bysshe Shelley Theme: The wind's influence Paradox: "destroyer and preserver" (wind) Stanza 1: effect of wind on seeds/leaves Stanza 2: effect of wind in the sky Stanza 3: effect of the wind at sea Stanza 4: poet's desire to be driven by winds of inspiration Stanza 5: poet's prayer is to spread his ideas by the power of the wind
55
"If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear; If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee; A wave to pant beneath thy power and share"
Ode to the West Wind
56
"As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need. Oh, lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud! I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed! A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed One too like thee: timeless, and swift, and proud."
Ode to the West Wind
57
"Drive my dead thoughts over the universe Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth! And, by the incantation of this verse, Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!"
Ode to the West Wind
58
American Romanticism
1820: Washingtonn Irving publishes *The Sketchbook* 1865: The end of the Civil War AKA: American Renaissance "Golden Age of American Literature" A national literature Small-town legends and folklore
59
What are is known as the "Golden Age of American Literature"?
American Romanticism (Renaissance)
60
What is transcendentalism, a worldview believed by many of the American Romanticism writers?
The belief that personal divinity is achievable by communing with nature
61
The 4 groups of Romantic writers
Kickerbockers Fireside Poets Dark Romantics (Pessimists) Transcendentalists (Optimists)
62
Two examples of Dark Romantics
Poe | Hawthorne
63
Romantic Genres
Poetry Short Stories Novels
64
What was the worldview of the Dark Romantics?
Believed mankind is prone to sin and fundamentally flawed in nature Acknowledge evil in the world Dark view of nature (believed that nature teaches truth of wickedness and evil) Focused on man's failed attempts at improvement
65
What were Edgar Allan Poe's requirements for a short story?
"One pre-established design" | Able to be read in one sitting
66
What is a story's sequence of incidents?
Plot
67
What is a narration of incidents in the past?
Flashback
68
What is providing hints of future actions?
Foreshadowing
69
What provides the reader with essential information–who, what, when, where–he or she needs to know before continuing?
Exposition
70
What is "in medias res"?
"in the middle of things" | a type of beginning
71
Typically, the complication of a plot is heightened by _____ between two characters who have different personalities and goals.
Conflict
72
What is spiritual insight or revelation?
Epiphany
73
What is the final part of a plot?
Resolution
74
What is the author's own feelings about its events from his or her choice of words?
Tone
75
What is a story with details pointing the way to some obvious larger meaning?
Allegory
76
What is an object that most members of a culture instantly recognize as possessing a shared symbolic meaning?
Traditional symbol
77
What is a symbol that the author has made his or her own by repeated use?
Private symbol
78
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Stories explore darkness of the mind and soul | Known for employing allegory and ambiguity into his stories
79
Work: Young Goodman Brown
Author: Nathaniel Hawthorne Theme: Questioning Faith Setting: New England during Salem Witch Trials Symbols: Forest=hidden sin; wife=Faith (allegorical) Point of View: Limited omniscient (focuses on the heart of one person)
80
"'My Faith is gone!' Cried he, after one stupefied moment. 'There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil! for to thee is this world given.'"
Young Goodman Brown
81
Another name for a main character
Protagonist
82
The name for an opposing character
Antagonist
83
A character who doesn't have many characteristics, often stereotypical.
Flat character
84
A character explored in depth as the author delves into the character's past and even into his or her unconscious mind.
Round character
85
A character who doesn't change in the story
Static
86
A character who somehow noticeably changes in the story
Dynamic
87
Point of view where the narrator is a participant
First person
88
Point of view where the narrator is not a participant
Third person
89
First person narrators are often _____.
Unreliable
90
When a narrator is "all-knowing"
Omniscience
91
What is an editorial point of view?
Allows the god like author to comment directly on the action (also called authorial intrusion).
92
When a narrator limits themselves to the thoughts and perceptions of a single character.
Limited omniscience
93
When a narrator simply reports dialogue and action with minimal interpretation and no delving into characters' minds.
Objective point of view
94
Edgar Allan Poe
``` Innovator in areas of: Poetry Criticism Short story writing Suspense stories Detective stories ```
95
Who is known as the inventor of detective stories?
Edgar Allan Poe
96
Work: The Cask of Amontillado
Author: Edgar Allan Poe Themes: The unstable and destructive results of revenge Point of view: First person unreliable Major devices: irony (dramatic and verbal)
97
Work: The Raven
Author: Edgar Allan Poe Theme: "Mournful and never-ending remembrance" (symbolism of the bird) Questions and answers Literary devices: Symbolism=death; Internal rhyme; Repetition
98
``` Transcendentalism Worldview Man is _____ Divinity is _____ Promoted benefits of communing with _____ Focused on _____ and _____ ```
Man is naturally good Divinity is achievable Promoted benefits of communing with nature Focused on nonconformity and individuality
99
Transcendentalism Results Rejects _____ and _____ Rejects __________ Rejects __________
the Bible and Jesus Christ the authority of organized religion social norms of American culture
100
Ralph Waldo Emerson
wrote *Nature*
101
Henry David Thoreau
Follower of Emerson | The practitioner of Transcendentalism
102
Work: Walden
Author: Henry David Thoreau Themes: Rejection of social norms/nonconformity; Communion with nature
103
"I hear an irresistible voice which invites me away from all that. One generation abandons the enterprises of another like stranded vessels."
Walden by Henry David Thoreau
104
"Simplicity, simplicity, simplicity!"
Walden by Henry David Thoreau

Intro to Literature ENV 210 PCC (5 decks)

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