Midterm S2, 1st Flashcards by Silje Terland

Paramyxoviruses are bad immunogens

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Paramyxoviruses can survive just a few days in the environment

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Paramyxoviruses cannot cause strong cytopathogenic effect in cell cultures

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Paramyxoviruses are good immunogens

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Parainfluenza viruses generally cause infection in the respiratory tract

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Parainfluenza viruses are highly host specific

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There are no vaccines on the market against canine parainfluenza 2 virus.

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Canine parainfluenza virus 2 frequently causes encephalitis in old dogs

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Feline morbillivirus infection may be associated with tubulo-interstitial nephritis in cats

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Parainfluenza virus 2 infection is frequent in the aetiology of kennel cough.

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Rinderpest virus can infect pigs

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Rinderpest virus can infect cattle

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The morbidity of rinderpest can reach 100%

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Rinderpest virus replicated only in the lungs

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Rinderpest virus is resistant; it can survive in the environment for several weeks

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Rinderpest virus causes viraemi

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Extended interstitial pneumonia is a frequent post mortem lesion of rinderpest

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Vesicle formation on the mucous membranes is typical in the case of rinderpest

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Diarrhoea with blood is a typical sign of rinderpest

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Enteral clinical signs are not typical in Rinderpest

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Attenuated viruses are widely used for the prevention of Rinderpest in Africa

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The clinical signs of rinderpest and malignant catarrhal fever are similar

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Erosions in the oral and nasal cavity are clinical signs of rinderpest

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Rinderpest occurs in large number in Africa

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Earth is free from Rinderpest

Wild mammals are asymptomatic carriers of Rinderpest

It is mandatory to vaccinate cattle against Rinderpest

Nowadays Rinderpest virus is used as heterologous vaccine against the PPR virus

Rinderpest virus survives for years in nature

Only cattle are susceptible to Rinderpest infections

Rinderpest is carried by animals for a long time

Rinderpest commonly occurs in Africa and in Latin America

Rinderpest virus is carried by animals for several years.

Cattle are infected with rinderpest virus mainly per os

Cattle are affected with rinderpest mainly per os

Rinderpest virus can survive in the environment for several months

Peste des pest ruminants virus is resistant, it can survive in the environment for several months

Attenuated vaccines can be used for the prevention of peste des petit ruminants

Peste des petits ruminants is a widespread disease in Europe

Generally direct contact is needed to the transmission of peste des petits ruminants virus

Peste des petits ruminants virus replicates in the epithelium of the mucous membranes

Peste des petit ruminants is a frequently diagnosed disease in America

Necrosis of the oral epithelium is a typical sign of peste des petits ruminants

Peste de petits ruminants is a zoonotic disease

Nasal discharge is a typical clinical sign of peste des petit ruminants

Erosive lesions in the oral cavity are frequent signs of Peste des petits ruminants

The Peste des petits ruminants are endemic in North- and South America.

Peste des petites ruminants virus can cause haemorrhagic pneumonia

Peste des petites ruminants virus can cause haemorrhagic or necrotic enteritis

Over 50% of the animals may die during a Peste des petits ruminants outbreak

The world is free of Peste des petites ruminants

Canine distemper virus can produce a generalised infection

The pathogenesis of distemper is influenced by the immune response of the host

Distemper can be prevented only with the attenuated but not inactivated vaccines

Distemper is zoonosis

Distemper virus is shed in respiratory discharge and urine

Canine distemper has six serotypes

Neurological signs are not typical signs of canine distemper

Clinical signs of the nervous system generally do not appear always in the case of canine distemper

Canine distemper virus has one serotype with virulence variants

Salivation and chewing movements cannot be clinical signs of canine distemper

Distemper is a highly contagious disease of dogs and some other carnivores

Distemper can be prevented only with attenuated but not inactivated vaccines

Canine distemper virus causes immunosuppression

The dog is the only species which is susceptible to canine distemper virus

Three to six month old dogs are most susceptible to canine distemper virus

Enamel hypoplasia can be a sign of distemper

Hyperkeratosis of the nose and footpads are clinical signs of canine distemper

Ataxia and paralysis are the main clinical signs of distemper in cats

Distemper virus infects only dogs

Distemper can cause abortion

Dogs infected with Canine distemper virus usually become life-long carriers and shedders

Clinical manifestation of the Canine distemper is mainly seen in 3-4 months-old dogs.

The outcome of Canine distemper virus infection is very much influenced by the immune response of the dog in utero

Distemper virus infects only species belonging to Canidae

Distemper virus spreads mainly by droplet infection

Distemper virus can cause fetopathy

Distemper virus can infect species belonging to the Felidae

Distemper virus spreads mainly by arthropod vectors

Distemper is a notifiable disease

The dominant clinical sign of Canine distemper is diarrhoea.

Canine distemper virus only infects Canidae

Distemper occurs in lions and dolphins

Distemper can cause encephalitis in dogs

Surviving distemper does not result in protection

Distemper can predispose dogs to secondary bacterial infections

Vaccinations against distemper at half years of age

Distemper causes de-myelinization

Distemper through conjunctival smear can be diagnosed by immunofluorescence technique

Canine distemper virus often causes cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the urinary bladder epithelial cells

Hendra and Nipah viruses cause zoonotic disease

Hendra virus can infect mainly swine and human

Hendra virus can cause respiratory and neurological sign

Horse is susceptible to Hendra virus infection

Hendra virus can cause enteritis in the small intestine

Natural reservoir of Hendra virus is flying fox (bat)

Hendra-viruses can cause encephalitis in horses and in humans

Hendra virus is found only in Australia

Diseases caused by Nipah virus occur worldwide.

Nipah virus can cause ataxia, spasms, and paralysis in pig

Natural reservoir of Nipah virus is fruit bats

Wild birds may be reservoir hosts of the Nipah-viruses

Nipah virus is transmitted mainly by arthropod vectors

Bovine RS virus can cause severe pneumonia in 6 months to 2 years old calve

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus replicates in the alveolar epithelium

Worldwide occurrence is characteristic for Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus causes viraemia

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus can predispose to secondary bacterial infections

Subcutaneous emphysema is a common clinical sign of the disease caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus

Disease caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus cannot be prevented with vaccination

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus is spreading fast within a herd

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus can cause life threatening disease in calves

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus causes low morbidity and high mortality

Bovine respiratory syntitial virus is caused by pneumovirus and we use inactivated vaccines for prevention

Bovine parainfluenza virus causes central nervous clinical signs in calves

Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus can result formation of hyalin membrane in the alveoli

Disease caused by bovine parainfluenza-3 virus is very rare

Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus can cause interstitial pneumonia in calves

Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus infection is usually endemic in cattle farms

Bovine parainfuenza-3 virus generally causes aerosol infection

Fever, coughing, nasal discharge are common clinical signs of bovine PI-3 infection

Disease caused by bovine parainfluenza 3 virus can be diagnosed using paired sera

Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 is frequently endemic in cattle farms

Parainfluenza 3 virus of cattle spreads mainly by arthropod vectors

Symptoms of parainfluenza 3 virus infection of cattle are similar to RS virus infection

Parainfluenza-3 virus of cattle can cause thromboembolic meningoencephalitis

Parainfluenza-3 virus infection of calves is frequently followed by secondary bacterial infection

Parainfluenza-3 viruses causes disease primarily in young calves

A common route of infection with parainfluenza-3 is through inhalation

Parainfluenza-3 virus can predispose cattle to pneumonia caused by bacteria

The main clinical sign of a parainfluenza-3 infection is diarrhoea

Parainfluenza-3 virus aids in secondary bacterial contaminations

Velogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) cause an acute form of the disease

Velogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) cause an acute septicemia

Live mesogenic strains of NDV are used for vaccinations in Europe

Day-old chicken can be vaccinated with apathogenic strains to prevent ND

Hen flocks are vaccinated with lentogenic/apathogenic strains to induce maternal immunity

Mesogenic strains of NDV are used for vaccination in some countries

Apathogenic trains of NDV are used for vaccination

Velogenic-viscerotropic NDV strains can cause disease with high mortality

ND is caused by virulent strains of the APMV-1 serogroup

Members of every APMV serogroup can cause Newcastle disease

It is possible to determine the virulence of AMPV-1 strains by sequencing

A usual 1st symptom of neurotropic-vNDV infection is diarrhea

An acute, nervous form of Newcastle disease can frequently be seen in ducks

An acute, nervous form of Newcastle disease can frequently be seen in dogs

Newcastle disease is caused by virulent strains of serogroup APMV-1

An intracerebral pathogenicity index higher than 0.7 is a criterion of ND

The sequence of Newcastle disease virus F0 splice is a significant factor in its virulence

Newcastle Disease ND viruses cause dwarfism in embryonated chicken eggs

There are no vaccines for the prevention of Newcastle disease

Only faeces of the infected birds contains Newcastle disease virus

Diarrhoea is a clinical sign of Newcastle disease

Virulence of Newcastle disease virus can be characterised with the chicken embryo survival index

Newcastle disease is caused by avian paramyxovirus 1

Newcastle disease virus can infect only chicken

Worldwide distribution is common for Newcastle disease virus

Inhalation is an important way of transmission of Newcastle disease virus

Per os infection is an important way of transmission of Newcastle disease virus

Eurasia is free from Newcastle disease

Humans are resistant against Newcastle disease virus

Lentogenic Newcastle disease virus cause severe fatal infection

Lentogenic NDV may cause disease in young turkey

Germinative infection is an important way of transmission of Newcastle disease virus

Lentogenic Newcastle disease virus cause severe fatal infection

Lentogenic Newcastle disease virus can cause high morbidity and mortality in poultry flocks

Lentogenic Newcastle disease virus is more virulent than velogenic

Newcastle disease virus causes viraemia

Newcastle disease virus damages blood vessels

The clinical signs of Newcastle disease and avian influenza are similar

Virulence of Newcastle disease virus can be characterised with the intracerebral pathogenicity index

There are different virulence variants of Newcastle disease virus

Only inactivated vaccines may be used for the prevention of Newcastle disease

Velogenic Newcastle disease virus is more virulent than mesogenic

Tremor, spasms and torcicollis are clinical signs of Newcastle disease

Newcastle disease, splice site significant

Index higher than 0,7 is a criterion of Newcastle disease

Vaccination against Newcastle disease is used all over world

The vaccine for NDV is a lentogenic strain

Lentogenic stain is used in vaccines for new castles disease

Newcastle disease virus velogen viscerotop and neurotrop causes neurological signs

Wild birds may be reservoir hosts of the Newcastle disease virus

The virulence of Newcastle disease strains can be determined by sequence analysis of certain genes.

Newcastle disease virus cannot survive long in the environment

Newcastle disease virus is typically vectored by ticks

Velogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus always cause encephalitis

Lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus can be used for vaccine production

Lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus can cause high morbidity and mortality

Velogenic viscerotrop strains of Newcastle disease virus can be used for vaccine production

Avian paramyxoviruses (APMV) belong into 9 serogroups

Lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus do not cause clinical signs

Wild boars may transmit Newcastle disease virus

Any member of the avian paramyxovirus serogroups may cause Newcastle disease

Avian paramyxovirus-1 usually causes central nervous disease in pigeons

Newcastle disease virus can be taken up by inhalation and per os

CNS clinical signs are frequently seen in chicken in the case of Newcastle disease

Newcastle disease could easily be differentiated from avian influenza

Using vaccines of velogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus good protection can be reached

Drop of egg production is a clinical sign of avian metapneumovirus infection

Avian metapneumovirus infection occurs only in America

Avian metapneumovirus infection spreads very fast within the flock

Disease caused by avian metapneumovirus is more severe in turkeys than hens

In avian metapneumovirus infection the egg production drops/decreases

Swollen head syndrome (SHS) caused by avian metapneumonia virus

Wild birds may be reservoir hosts of avian metapneumoviruses

Avian metapneumoviruses can cause respiratory signs and egg production problems

Turkey rhinotracheitis virus causes disease in turkeys and chickens

Turkey rhinotracheitis is most frequent at 4-9 weeks of age

Rhabdoviruses are enveloped viruses

Rhabdoviruses are resistant viruses they can remain infective in the environment for several weeks

Rhabdoviruses are generally good antigens

Rhabdoviruses can survive in the environment for several months

The resistance of Rhabdoviruses is good

Vesicular stomatitis virus has a narrow host range

Vesicular stomatitis is a frequent disease in Africa

Vesicular stomatitis is a widespread disease all over the world

Vesicular stomatitis virus can cause clinical signs in horses

Vesicular stomatitis is a zoonotic disease

Increased salivation is a clinical sign of vesicular stomatitis

The mortality of vesicular stomatitis is low

The mortality of vesicular stomatitis is very high

Vesicular stomatitis causes large number of vesicles in humans

Vesicular stomatitis virus is transmitted by blood sucking arthropods and direct contact

The clinical signs of foot and mouth disease and vesicular stomatitis cannot be differentiated in horses

Vesicular stomatitis can be transmitted only by arthropods

Vesicular Stomatitis virus can be transmitted by arthropods

Vesicular stomatitis can occur in ruminants, horses, pigs, and humans

Vesicular stomatitis virus does not cause viraemia only local lesions

Vesicular stomatitis virus is found all over the world.

Vesicular stomatitis virus: horse is sensitive

Vesicular stomatitis virus spreads with insects

After recovery of VSV there will be a permanent immunity

Vesicular stomatitis can be generalized

Vesicular stomatitis can cause vesicles on the foot

Only ruminants can have vesicular stomatitis

Vesicular stomatitis: animals can recover

Vesicular stomatitis occurs in America

The host range of vesicular stomatitis and foot and mouth disease is the same

Sand flies and midges can transmit vesicular stomatitis virus

In the case of vesicular stomatitis vesicles are formed only at the place of entry of the virus.

Salivation is a clinical sign of vesicular stomatitis

Vesicular stomatitis cannot be prevented with vaccines

The vesicular stomatitis virus is uniform, there are no serotypes, variants etc

The resistance of the vesicular stomatitis virus is low

Vesicular stomatitis virus can be transmitted by direct contact or arthropods

Vesicular stomatitis virus can cause lesions on the teats.

The host range of the vesicular stomatitis virus is wide

Vesicular stomatitis is endemic in America

Vesicular stomatitis virus infects only swine

Cattle are not susceptible to vesicular stomatitis virus

Vesicular stomatitis virus can infect humans

Lesions of vesicular stomatitis heal within a few weeks

There are no vaccines for the prevention of vesicular stomatitis

Insects are involved in the transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus

Vesicular stomatitis virus can spread by direct contact

Vesicular stomatitis virus can cause severe disease in humans

Ephemeral fever virus is transmitted by arthropods

Direct contact is the main way of transmission of ephemeral fever virus

Ephemeral fever is a frequent disease all over the world

Ephemeral fever is a zoonotic disease

Ephemeral fever virus is shed in large amount in the saliva

Ephemeral fever occurs only in America

The morbidity is high, the mortality is low in the case of ephemeral fever

Drop of milk production is a common sign of ephemeral fever

Ephemeral fever occurs in the tropical countries

Inhalation of the tracheal discharge is the main way of infection with ephemeral fever virus

The clinical signs of ephemeral fever are more severe in horses than cattle

Animals with ephemeral fever have fever for about 2-3 days

Could I please ask you to send it to the nearest post office instead? Cause Express One is clearly not working.

There is a high level of cross protection between phylogroups of rabies viruses

Humans can be infected with European bat lyssaviruses in case of direct contact

Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies can be seen in the case of rabies

Only carnivorous animals are susceptible to rabies virus

Rabies virus is uniform without serotypes, genotypes etc

Aggressiveness is a frequent sign of rabies

Puppies have to be vaccinated against rabies at the age of 6 weeks

Humans can be infected with European bat lyssaviruses in case of direct contact

Rabies virus can infect humans; however, humans are not very susceptible

Bat lyssaviruses cannot infect humans

Bats infected with European bat lyssaviruses frequently attack animals

Rabies is a notifiable disease

Increased sex drive is a frequent sign of rabies

Sylvatic rabies is maintained by wild living animals

Foxes maintain sylvatic rabies in Europe

Racoon is one of the species that maintains sylvatic rabies in America

In order to prevent sylvatic rabies, foxes are vaccinated per os with live vaccine in bait

Changed behaviour and paralysis are clinical signs of rabies

The incubation time of rabies is generally 24-72 hours; however, exceptions can occur

The incubation time of rabies is generally 2-8 weeks; however, exceptions can occur

Rabies virus can only be transmitted with bite

The host range of rabies is very narrow, mainly dogs and foxes are susceptible

Only carnivorous animals are susceptible to rabies virus

Dogs have to be observed for 14 days if they have bitten humans

Herbivorous animals bitten by foxes can be emergency slaughtered

Rabies virus can be detected with immunofluorescence test

Rabies virus appears in the saliva 2-3 days after the onset of the clinical signs

Lethality of rabies in humans is high

The resistance of rabies virus is low; it cannot survive in the environment for a long time

Rabies can be diagnosed by detection of antibodies in paired sera

Antibodies against rabies detected with ELISA confirm the diagnosis of rabies

Rabies virus is spreading alone the nerves in the host

Urban rabies has been eradicated from the Earth

Urban rabies is maintained by dogs and cats

Rabies occurs only in tropical countries

Herbivores animals are generally dead end hosts of rabies

Rabies virus replicates in the lymphocytes

Postmortem examination of rabid animals is forbidden

Haemorrhages of the serous membranes are typical postmortem lesions of rabies

Rabies can be diagnosed only by using PCR

Post exposition vaccine against rabies can be given to ruminants bitten by foxes

Rabies virus does not penetrate the blood vessels

Rabies: one of the important symptoms is the change of behaviour

Rabies: one important symptom is paralysis

In rabies we find purulent encephalitis in negri-bodies

With immunofluorescence test we can diagnose rabies

We can diagnose rabies by antibody detection test.

When an animal which is infected with rabies virus attacks another dog, it should be vaccinated immediately

Rabies is a uniform virus

Rabies is a resistant virus

Warm blooded animals can be infected with rabies

Rabies can be transmitted only by saliva

Fox rabies: we can use live vaccines

Since 2002 rabies is eradicated from Hungary

Humans can be infected by Rabies bite

Humans can be infected by Rabies during organ transplants

Rabies virus is spreading in the infected animals peri-neural

Rabies virus is shed in the saliva, before appearance of the clinical signs

The incubation of rabies is generally less than one week

The rabies virus is a uniform virus without serotypes, genotypes, subtypes etc.

Only carnivorous animals are susceptible to rabies virus

High amount of rabies virus is shed in the saliva

The causative agent of rabies is a uniform virus, without different types or groups.

The resistance of the rabies virus is good, it retains infectivity for several months in the environment

All warm-blooded animals are susceptible to rabies virus

Rabies virus is shed in high titre in the saliva

Paralysis is a clinical sign of rabies

Foxes are vaccinated with attenuated bait vaccine

Cattle bitten by rabid animals may be vaccinated post exposition or slaughtered

Humans can be infected with rabies, only by being bitten by rabid animals

Rabies virus is spreading along the nerves to the central nervous system

Rabies virus is shed in the saliva only after the appearance of the clinical signs

Changed behaviour is a typical sign of rabies

Focal necrosis in the liver is a typical lesion of rabies

Immunofluorescence test is widely used diagnostic method in the case of rabies

Virus neutralization test is used to the laboratory diagnosis of rabies cases

Dogs have to be vaccinated for the prevention of rabies at the age of 3 months for the first time

Increased salivation is a clinical sign of rabies

Always the furious form of rabies can be seen in dogs.

Colic can be a sign of rabies in horses

Changed behaviour is a clinical sign of rabies of wild living animals

Only the classical rabies virus can cause clinical signs, the other genotypes not

The sylvatic form of rabies is maintained by different wild living animals

Rabies virus causes viraemia soon after infection

Saliva can contain rabies virus, before the appearance of clinical signs

Humans are not susceptible to European bat lyssaviruses

There is no haematogenic spreading of the rabies virus

Increased sexual activity is seen in rabid cattle

Dogs have to be vaccinated against rabies in the first week of life

Cattle bitten by a rabid animal can be vaccinated after exposition

The rabid bats fly during the day

Immunofluorescence (IF) is reliable in the diagnosis of rabies

Only the classical rabies virus is present in Europe

Urban form of rabies is maintained by the fox in Europe

Rabies virus is highly resistant

Rabies virus cannot be cultured

Presence of antibodies to rabies virus confirms the diagnosis of rabies

Detection of Negri bodies is more sensitive than immunofluorescence test, in the case of rabies

Virus isolation is the most widely used way of diagnosis of rabies

Inhalation of the virus is the main way of infection with rabies virus

Rabies virus is replicating in the lymphoid cells and causes viraemia before the appearance of the clinical signs

The incubation time of rabies is variable, generally between 2 and 8 weeks

Immunofluorescence test can be used to the detection of rabies virus in the brain

Rabid animals have to be vaccinated immediately

In cats furious form of rabies is typical

In dogs both furious and silent form of rabies can occur

Rabies has been eradicated in Europe

Rabies spread through venereal

The high-titre of virus neutralizing antibodies confirms the diagnosis of rabies

Live vaccines are used for the vaccination of foxes against rabies

Rabies symptoms appear only after CNS signs

Rabies virus can only be found in the nervous system

Borna disease occurs in Africa, Asia and South America, but Europe is free

Dyspnoea is the main clinical sign of borna disease

Only horses are susceptible to Borna disease virus

Borna disease virus is spreading from cell to cell

Mainly central nervous clinical signs can be seen in the case of Borna disease

The lethality of Borna disease is low

Borna disease is widespread all over the world

Pneumonia is the main clinical sign of Borna disease

Most animals showing clinical signs of Borna disease die due to it

Horse is the reservoir species of Borna disease virus

Clinical signs of Borna disease appear very slowly

Dyspnoea, nasal discharge and cough are the main signs of Borna disease

Borna disease causes dementia/CNS signs

Borna disease occurs mainly in the Far East

Mainly central nervous clinical signs can be seen in the case of Borna disease

Borna disease replicate in the nucleus of cells and is called Joest Degen bodies

Borna disease can be seen all over the world

Respiratory signs are the most typical ones in the case of Borna disease

Only ruminants are susceptible to Borna disease virus

The agent of proventricular dilation disease causes inflammation of the peripheral nerves

Proventricular disease is a zoonosis

Proventricular disease can occur in parrots

Retroviruses are frequently carried lifelong

Retroviruses carry an integrase enzyme

Malignant transformation of host cells is a typical effect of several retroviruses

Retroviruses are enveloped, their resistance is low

The reverse transcriptase transforms DNA of the retroviruses to mRNA

Retroviruses are stable viruses; genetic changes are rare

Retroviruses are euryxemic agents

Retroviruses are frequently carried lifelong

Retroviruses are generally host specific viruses

Mutation of retroviruses is very rare

Immunosuppression is a typical effect of several retroviruses

Retroviruses can integrate into the genome of host cells

Reverse transcriptase is an important enzyme of retroviruses

Retroviruses results in lifelong infection

Retroviruses replicate mainly in the endothelial cells

Several retroviruses can cause malignant transformation in the hosts.

Retroviruses are generally species specific

Retroviruses are generally resistant, they can survive in the environment for several weeks

Retroviruses frequently cause permanent infection

Retroviruses are generally stable viruses, mutations are very rare

Retrovirus has weak resistance

Retrovirus has a wide host spectrum

Retrovirus has a good immunogenicity

Retrovirus infection is long-lasting

Retroviruses show high host specificity

Retroviruses are generally not carried for more than a month.

Retroviruses generally cannot survive in the environment for a long time

Retroviruses are enveloped viruses

Retroviruses transcribe their nucleic acid to DNA

Frequent genetic changes of retroviruses are common

Retroviruses carry reverse transcriptase enzyme

Retroviruses generally cause long, frequently life-long infection

Retroviruses are generally genetically very stable

The resistance of retroviruses is generally good, they survive in the environment well

Reverse transcriptase is produced by retroviruses

The nucleic acid of retroviruses can be integrated into the genome of the host cell.

Retroviruses frequently cause immune suppression

Retroviruses are enveloped viruses

The host range of retroviruses is generally narrow

Reverse transcriptase converts RNA of retroviruses into DNA

Retroviruses are generally very stable viruses, mutations are exceptional in them

Retroviruses are generally shed in infected lymphoid cells

Certain retroviruses can cause proliferation of the lymphoid cells

Retroviruses spread with infected lymphocytes

Retroviruses have a tegument or rind

You cannot multiply retrovirus artificially

Retroviruses can incorporate into the genome

Retroviruses cannot spread from animal to animal

Retroviruses are widely distributed in Hungary

Retroviruses replicate mainly in endothelium cell

Retrovirus can replicate without helper retroviruses

Retroviruses can integrate the cellular genome

The resistance of retroviruses is low, they cannot survive in the environment for a long time

Retroviruses are generally good antigens

Retroviruses have own metabolic enzymes

Antibodies against enzootic bovine leukosis virus can be detected 1-4 months after infection.

Antibodies against enzootic bovine leukosis virus can be detected only for 1-2 months after infection

Maternal Antibodies against enzootic bovine leukosis virus can be detected only for 1-2 months

Lymphosarcoma can be seen postmortem in the case of enzootic bovine leukosis

Generation shift is the only way of eradication of enzootic bovine leukosis

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus does not spread from animal to animal.

Mild clinical signs can be seen in the incubation phase of enzootic bovine leukosis

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus is not shed in the colostrum

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus can be transmitted with blood

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus can spread from cattle to sheep, goats , and other ruminants

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus has uniform antigenic structure

In the case of Enzootic bovine leukosis the clinical signs appear at the age of 6-8 months

Enzootic bovine leukosis is carried lifelong

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus can be transmitted in tracheal discharge

Enzootic bovine leukosis occurs only in Holstein Friesian cattles

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus can infect foetuses of pregnant animals

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus has several serotypes and subtypes

Enzootic bovine leukosis can spread by air within the herd

Enzootic bovine leukosis can spread by the veterinarian

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus cannot result tumour formation.

Serological examinations cannot be used to the diagnosis of enzootic bovine leukosis

Immune tolerance can happen in the case of enzootic bovine leukosis.

Selection cannot be used for eradication of enzootic bovine

Bovine enzootic leukosis infect only bovine

Bovine enzootic leukosis does not spread with excretion

Bovine enzootic leukosis spreads slow in the herd

Bovine enzootic leukosis can be transmitted by blood

Bovine leukosis virus can give lifelong carriers

Bovine leukosis virus causes seropositivity in latency period

Enzootic bovine leukosis the pre-tumour phase usually in 6-10 months old animals

Enzootic bovine leukosis during pre-tumour phase causes lymphocytosis

Bovine enzootic leukosis virus can be transmitted with lymphoid cells

Iatrogenic infection is frequent in the epidemiology of bovine enzootic leukosis

The target cells of the bovine enzootic leukosis virus are the T-lymphocytes

The typical signs of bovine enzootic leukosis can be seen in cattle under 1 year of age

Antibodies against enzootic bovine leukosis virus can be detected in the ELISA test

Antibodies against enzootic bovine leukosis virus can be detected in the milk

Selection (test and slaughter) method cannot be used to eradicate enzootic bovine leukosis virus

Generation shift method cannot be used to eradicate enzootic bovine leukosis virus

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus is spreading horizontally in a cattle herd

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus cannot infect foetuses

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus is passed to newborn calves mainly with colostrum in endemically infected herds

By the end of the incubation phase the animals become seropositive leukosis virus

Tumours can be seen in about 90% of the animals infected with enzootic bovine leukosis virus

Antibodies in the milk against enzootic bovine leukosis virus can be detected with ELISA

Tumours caused by enzootic leukosis virus generally appear at the age of 6 months

The infection with enzootic leukosis virus is detected by AGP and ELISA

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus is zoonotic

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus is shed in lymphoid cells

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus cannot cause intrauterine infection

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus is spreading slowly in the herd

The target cells of enzootic bovine leukosis virus are the B lymphocytes

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus is not shed by the infected animals

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus can be transmitted with organic infection

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus can be transmitted with per os infection

Clinical signs of enzootic bovine leukosis are seen mainly in 6-8-month-old calves

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus has several serotypes and subtypes

Enzootic bovine leukosis can spread by air within the herd.

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus can not result in tumour formation

Immune tolerance can happen in the case of enzootic bovine leucosis

During incubation phase of bovine enzootic leucosis the animal become seropositive

The tumours in the case of bovine enzootic leucosis can be seen from the age of 6 months

PCR is used for the detection of bovine enzootic leucosis in immunotolerant calves.

Bovine enzootic leucosis can be eradicated with selection

Bovine enzootic leucosis virus has several serotypes

There is no horizontal spread in the case of bovine enzootic leucosis

There is genetic predisposition in the case of bovine enzootic leucosis

Enzootic bovine leucosis occurs in all ruminant species

Enzootic bovine leukosis virus can infect cattle, pigs and horses

Iatrogenic infection can be important in the transmission of enzootic bovine leukosis virus

Aerogenic infection occurs in the case of enzootic bovine leukosis virus

Enzootic bovine leucosis is spreading very fast in infected herds

Enzootic bovine leucosis virus can infect the foetus

Enzootic bovine leucosis only infects cattle

Enzootic bovine leukosis occurs only in Holstein-Frisian cattle, other cattle races are resistant

Enzootic bovine leukosis has low resistance; it cannot retain its infectivity for a long time in environment

The most severe clinical signs of ovine pulmonary adenomatosis can be seen in lambs younger than 6 months

Antibodies of animals infected with ovine pulmonary adenomatosis virus can be detected with ELISA

Adenocarcinoma can be seen postmortem in the case of ovine pulmonary adenomatosis

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis virus is transmitted with tracheal discharge

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis virus can be transmitted with contaminated objects to other farms

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis virus can infect sheep, goats, and cattle.

The most severe clinical signs of ovine pulmonary adenomatosis can be seen in lambs younger than 6 months

Shedding large amount of nasal discharge is a typical clinical sign of ovine pulmonary adenomatosis

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis virus replicates in lymphoid cells and causes viraemia

Metastasis are rare in the case of Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis occurs only in South Africa

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis virus has no onc-gen

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis is prevented with inactivated vaccines

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis spreads with nasal discharge

The primary replication site of OPA is in the mucosal cells of the intestines

Metastasis are frequently seen in parenchymal in the case of OPA

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis virus is found in 2-4 months old lambs

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis virus is replicating in the epithelium of the airways

Tumours can frequently be seen in the liver and the spleen in the case of ovine pulmonary adenomatosis

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis can be complicated by Pasteurella and Mannheimia strains

In the case of ovine pulmonary adenomatosis lesions are common in the liver

Ovine pulmonary andenomatosis can be diagnosed by detecting antibodies with ELISA

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis virus causes interstitial pneumonia

Lung adenomatosis causes usually dry cough

Lung adenomatosis causes a lot of metastasis

Metastasis are rare in the case of ovine pulmonary adenomatosis

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis has no antibody production

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis virus results in malignant transformation of macrophages

Europe is free from ovine pulmonary adenomatosis

No antibodies to ovine pulmonary adenomatosis virus can be detected in infected animals

Faces of infected animals contain large amount of ovine pulmonary adenomatosis virus

Tumour transformation of the epithelial cells happens in the case of ovine pulmonary adenomatosis

Jaagsiekte affects lambs of 3-6 months

Jaagsiekte virus can transform human cells

Jaagsiekte is only present in Africa

Jaagsiekte causes metastatic abscess formation all over the body

Feline leukosis virus will be shed lifelong by infected cats

There are no vaccines for the prevention of feline leukosis

FOCMA antigen is a typical surface antigen of feline leukosis viruses

Feline leukosis virus can only be transmitted with saliva

Cats remain infected with feline leukosis virus lifelong

Feline leukosis is maintained by persistently infected cats

Feline leukosis virus can be transmitted by direct contact

Feline leukosis virus can cause horizontal and vertical infection

Vaccination of only seronegative cats is responsible against feline leukosis

Immunotolerant kittens can be born in the case of feline leukosis

Feline Leukosis can be eliminated in some cats

There are several subgroups of feline leukosis virus

Feline leukosis virus can cause immune tolerance

Feline sarcomatosis virus is a recombinant virus from feline leukosis virus and host DNA

Feline leukosis virus is uniform

In the saliva of cats is a high-titer of FeLV

FeLV spreads horizontally and vertically

Persistent infected cats maintain the infection

Feline leukosis virus can cause protective immunity

In Feline leukosis, anaemia is an important sign

Cat leukosis virus can be diagnosed with PCR

There is no vaccine against Feline leukosis virus

Feline leukosis can infect dogs and cats

Asymptomatic infection cannot happen in the case of Feline leukosis

Feline leukosis virus is immunosuppressive

Feline leukosis virus is frequently spread with saliva

Feline leukosis virus can infect dogs, cats and wild living carnivorous animals

Feline leukosis is a very rare disease.

Feline sarcomatosis is a defect virus

Feline leukosis can cross the placenta

FeLV is a uniform virus

Infection with feline leukosis virus always appears in clinical signs

Feline leukosis virus is spreading by discharge of the infected animal.

Persistently infected cats can shed the feline leukosis virus in high titres

Saliva of the animal contains large amount of the feline leukosis virus

Feline leucosis spreads by direct contact

Feline immunodeficiency virus causes persistent infection

Feline immunodeficiency virus is widespread

Feline immunodeficiency virus in cat could be asymptomatic

Feline immunodeficiency virus is spread by excretes

Feline immunodeficiency virus develops in 3 phases

Inactivated vaccines are used for the prevention of avian leukosis

Attenuated vaccines are used for the prevention of avian leukosis

Avian leukosis viruses have several subgroups

Tumours in the liver can be seen in the case of avian leukosis

Avian leukosis viruses cause horizontal infection

J subtype of avian leukosis virus is more virulent than the other ones

Avian leukosis can be diagnosed by detecting COFAL antigen

Lymphoid leukosis is the most frequent clinical form of avian leukosis

Avian leukosis viruses cause germinative infection

All avian leukosis viruses are oncogenic

Avian leukosis viruses have several subgroups

Avian leukosis viruses a resistant, they can survive in the bedding for several weeks

Avian leukosis causes the malignant transformation of B lymphocytes

Avian leukosis virus occurs only in tropical and subtropical countries

Avian leuKosis virus can cause only lymphoid leukosis

Avian leukosis viruses can cause malignant transformation in different tissues

Germinative infection is an important way of transmission of avian leukosis virus

Clinical signs of avian leukosis can be seen typically in broiler chicken

Osteopetrosis can be a clinical form of avian leukosis

Avian Leukosis virus is uniform

Every avian leukosis viruses is oncogenic

Avian leukosis virus cannot infect by germinative way

Avian leukosis virus infects B lymphocytes

Infection of poultry herds with avian leukosis virus is widespread

Clinical signs of avian leukosis generally appear in day old chicken

Lymphoid leukosis is the most frequent form of avian leukosis

The main way of prevention of avian leukosis is vaccination using attenuated strains

Avian leukosis viruses are shed in the faeces

There is no germinative infection in the case of avian leukosis viruses

The target cells of the avian leukosis viruses are the B lymphocytes

There are several subgroups of avian leukosis viruses

All avian leukosis viruses cause malignant transformation of the host cells

In a flock infected with avian leukosis virus generally 50-60% of the animals have tumours

Detection of COFAL antigen is a frequent way of diagnosis of avian leukosis

Avian leukosis is seen during the first week of life in chicken

There are resistant lines to avian leukosis

Proportion of the animals with tumours is low, 1-4% in the case of avian leukosis

Inactivated vaccines are widely used in order to prevent avian leukosis

Tumours can be seen in different parenchymal organs in the case of avian leukosis

T-lymphocytes are the target cell of the avian leukosis virus

Avian leucosis and sarcoma infections are very common

Avian leucosis can be caused by different retroviruses

Congenital transmission of avian leucosis results in immune tolerance

Reticuloendotheliosis is caused by J type of avian leukosis virus

Germinative infection can happen in the case of Reticuloendotheliosis

Reticuloendotheliosis virus is shed in the faces

Reticuloendotheliosis virus can cause germinative infection

Stunted growth is a clinical sign of reticuloendotheliosis

Immunosuppression is common in the case of Reticuloendotheliosis

Retardation is a clinical sign of Reticuloendotheliosis

Wide vaccination is used to prevent Reticuloendotheliosis

In the case of reticuloendotheliosis immunotolerant chicken can be hatched

Pneumonia is a typical lesion of reticuloendotheliosis

In the case of reticuloendotheliosis tumors can be found in the parenchymal organs

Avian reticuloendotheliosis may be similar in appearance to Marek ́s disease

Clinical signs of maedi visna are more severe in young animals than in adults

Heavy nasal discharge is a clinical sign of maedi

The maedi virus and the visna virus are related but they can be differentiated with PCR

Interstitial pneumonia is the main postmortem lesion of visna

Interstitial pneumonia is the main postmortem lesion of Maedi

Maedi and visna are caused by the same virus

Maedi-visna virus is shed in tracheal discharge and milk

Maedi-visna is maintained by persistently infected sheep

Weakness of the hinder legs is a clinical sign of visna

Inactivated and attenuated vaccines are widely used for the prevention of maedi-visna

Clinical signs of maedi can be seen in sheep above 3-4 years of age

Maedi-visna can occur in sheep, goats, and cattle

Europe is already free from maedi-visna

Maedi/visna is spreading slowly in the flock

Maedi/visna virus is shed in the milk

Maedi is seen in 3-4 years old sheep

Large amount of mucoid nasal discharge is typical in the case of maedi.

Maedi/visna spreads from sheep to other animals

Maedi/visna virus is shed in nasal discharge, respiratory secretions and milk

Clinical sign of maedi/visna appear from the age of 6-8 months

Meadi/visna most important clinical sign is profuse diarrhoea

Maedi/visna virus is shed only in tracheal discharge

Clinical signs of maedi are mainly seen in lambs below half a year of age

Maedi/visna virus causes interstitial pneumonia in sheep

Clinical signs of the central nervous system can be seen in the case of visna

Maedi/visna virus causes viraemia

Wet cough and intensive nasal discharge are typical signs of maedi

De-myelinization is the reason for the clinical signs of visna

Attenuated vaccines are widely used to prevent maedi/visn

Maedi appears in Hungary

Maedi is spreading fast

In order to eradicate maedi/visna infected ewes have to be culled with their lambs

Clinical sign of maedi/visna appear from the age of 6 months

Maedi/visna is spreading fast in the flock

Maedi/visna virus is shed only in the tracheal discharge

Clinical signs of maedi are generally seen above 3-4 years of age

Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus can cause persistent infection

Sheep are resistant against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus

Arthritis caused by caprine arthritis encephalitis virus is mainly seen in lambs

Encephalitis caused by caprine arthritis encephalitis virus is generally seen in 2-4 month old kids

Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus can be transmitted by milk

There is intensive vaccination against Caprine arthritis encephalitis in endemic countries

Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus is more frequent in dairy goats than in rural breeds

Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus is shed in the milk

In the case of caprine arthritis encephalitis the signs of encephalitis can be seen in 2-4 months old kids

In the case of caprine arthritis encephalitis, arthritis is less frequent than encephalitis

Kids are recommended to be isolated in a herd where caprine arthritis encephalitis is present

Kids can be infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus through the milk

Arthritis caused by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus is typically seen in kids below half a year of age

Caprine arthritis encephalitis is characterized by CNS signs in young goats

Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus replicates in the intestinal tract

Equine infectious anaemia virus is transmitted with blood of the infected animals.

Blood sucking arthropods can transmit Equine infectious anaemia virus

Mosquitoes are the main vectors of equine infectious anaemia virus; the virus can replicate in them

Agar gel diffusion test is used to detect antibodies against equine infectious anaemia

Equine infectious anaemia is an acute disease; it does not have a chronic form

Iatrogenic transmission of Equine infectious anaemia can happen

Equine infectious anaemia virus can damage the bone marrow

There are no vaccines for the prevention of equine infectious anaemia

Equine infectious anaemia virus is more resistant than other retroviruses

Equine infectious anaemia virus disappears from animals after the viraemia

Fever is a major clinical sign of equine infectious anaemia

Equine infectious anaemia virus is resistant, it can survive several months in the environment

Only Equidae are susceptible to equine infectious anaemia virus

Ticks are vectors of equine infectious anaemia virus

Febrile waves can be seen in equine infectious anaemias

Equine infectious anaemia is a vector borne disease

Equine infectious anaemia virus causes persistent infection

There is no immune reaction in the case of equine infectious anaemia

Equine infectious anaemia is zoonotic

Equine infectious anaemia is caused by a lentivirus

Blood sucking arthropods are mechanical vectors of equine infectious anaemia virus

There is no immune reaction in horses against equine infectious anaemia virus

Agar gel precipitation test can be used to the detection of antibodies against equine infectious anaemia virus

Equine infectious anaemia can damage the medulla of the bone

Equine infectious anaemia has a weak resistance

You cannot diagnose Equine infectious anaemia with serology

The resistance of equine infectious anaemia is very low

Horses and cattle are susceptible to equine infectious anaemia virus

In the case of equine infectious anaemia, haemorrhages cannot be seen

Animals infected with equine infectious anaemia virus are lifelong carriers

Equine infectious anaemia virus is mainly transmitted with tracheal discharge.

Attenuated vaccines are used for the prevention of equine infectious anaemia

Equine infectious anaemia can be asymptomatic

Equine infectious anaemia may cause recurrent fever in horses

Horseflies are mechanical vectors equine anaemia virus

Equine anaemia is a notifiable disease