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Physics III > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

what’s the mass defect of 23Na?
Z=11, a= 22.990
m(p)= 1.00727, m(n)= 1.00866

A

0.1939u

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2
Q

how many atoms are in a gram of potassium-38?
Aw = 39.10
Na = 6.0221x10^23

A

1.540x10^22 atoms

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3
Q

which force holds the nucleons together in the nucleus?

A

strong nuclear force

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4
Q

which is true regarding the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle?
A. the energy of a nucleus cannot be accurately measured
B. it is impossible to know the exact mass of a nucleus
C. none of the above
D. it is impossible to know the exact position and momentum of an electron

A

D. it is impossible to know the exact position and momentum of an electron

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5
Q

which of the following is a true statement regarding the Pauli Exclusion Principle?

A

more than one electron cannot be in the same quantum state at the same time

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6
Q

what is the importance of the margic numbers with respect to nuclei?

A

nuclei with a magic number of neutrons and/or protons are more likely to be stable

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7
Q

how many atoms in 4.0026 grams of heliuim?
Z=2. A=4, Aw= 4.0026
Na= 6.0221x10^23

A

6.0221x10^23

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8
Q

T/F: every gram atomic weight of a substance contains the same number of atoms

A

true

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9
Q

T/F: the highest electron binding energy is found in the electron shell closest to the nucleus

A

true

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10
Q

for a radionuclide with a half-life of 15.7 years, what is the average life?

A

22.6 years

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11
Q

the rate of disintegration of alarge number of radioactive atoms of a material is

A

the activity of the material

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12
Q

a radionuclide has a decay constant of 0.00924/day. what is the half-life?

A

75 days

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13
Q

if we start with 25 MBq of a radioactive material with a half-life of 27 days, how much will be left after 95 days?

A

2.2 MBq

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14
Q

what always happens when an atom goes through radioactive decay?

A

it becomes more stable

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15
Q

the average life of cobalt-60 is 7.59 years. what is the half-life?

A

5.27 years

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16
Q

iridiu-192 has a half-life of 74.3 days. the average life of iridium-192 is

A

107 days

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17
Q

one becquerel is equal to

A

1 disintegration per second

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18
Q

which type of radioactive decay only occurs with radionuclides with high atomic numbers?

A

alpha particle decay

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19
Q

which type of radioactive decay is a precursor to annihilation radiaiton?

A

positron emission

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20
Q

which type of radioactive decay can be modelled as a neutron converting to a proton in the nucleus?

A

beta minus decay

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21
Q

which type of radioactive decay is often followed by the emission of a characteristic x-ray?

A

electron capture

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22
Q

a nuclear reaction which releases additional energy in the reaction is known as

A

exoergic

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23
Q

most stable nuclei have what combiniation of protons and neutrons?

A

even nmber of protons, even number of neutrons

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24
Q

what is true regarding secular equilibrium?

A

the activity of the daugher radionuclide equals the activity of the parent radionuclide

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25
Q

the process by which neutron interacts with a nucleus and the nucleus splits into two seperate nuclei is called

A

fission

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26
Q

what is the A & Z for P?

A

A: 1
Z: 1

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27
Q

what is the A & Z for N?

A

A: 1
Z: 0

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28
Q

what is the A & Z for α?

A

A: 4
Z: 2

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29
Q

which of the following types of generator has the lowest x-ray production efficiency?

A

single phase

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30
Q

x-rays are created in an x-ray tube when the electrons strike the

A

target

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31
Q

anodes are often made of copper because

A

copper performs as a good heat sink

32
Q

what is the fuction of diodes used in a voltage rectification circuit?

A

they only allow current to flow in one direction

33
Q

in the x-ray tube the electrons are created by the

A

filament

34
Q

the portion of the circuit which prevents electrons from traveling from the anode to the cathode is called

A

the voltage rectifier

35
Q

tungsten is a good x-ray target due to its

A

high atomic number
high melting point
high x-ray production

36
Q

which is true of bremsstrahlung radiation?]
A. the resultant x-ray can be varying energies
B. it is the primary source of x-rays from an x-ray tube
C. it is caused by the interaction of coulomb forces
D. all the above

A

D. all the above

37
Q

which is true regarding characterisitic x-rays?

A

they occur at discrete energies

38
Q

what is the efficiency of bremsstrahlung prodction for a tungsten target (Z= 74) and a beam of 200 kV electrons in percent?

A

1.3

39
Q

what is the efficiency of bremsstrahlung prodction for a tungsten target (Z=79) and a beam of 2.5 MV electrons in percent?

A

17.8

40
Q

which megavoltage unit would be best for dlivering a photon beam to two seperate rooms?

A

microtron

41
Q

what is the biggest disadvantage of a cobalt-60 teletherapy machine?

A

lower beam output

42
Q

which component of a linear accelerator injects the electrons into the accelerating tube?

A

electron gun

43
Q

in which component are the electrons given more energy ina modern linear accelerator?

A

accelerating tube

44
Q

which of the follwoing in NOT a function of the bending magnet of a linear accelerator?

A

flatten the electron field

45
Q

what are the functions of the bending magnet of a linear accelerator?

A
  • focus the electron beam
  • guide the electron beam toward the xray target
  • refine the elctron enegery
46
Q

what is the correct order of the beam path for x-ray treatment in a linear accelerator?

A

x-ray target, primary collimator, flattening filter, ionization chamber

47
Q

calculate the penunra for

source size= 0.5, SDD=65, SSD= 100, d= 5

A

0.31

48
Q

which of the follwoing achines uses a radioactive material for treatment?

A

gamma knife

49
Q

which treatment machine rotates the x-ray beam around the patient similar to a CT scanner

A

tomotherapy

50
Q

geometric penumra improveswith increasing…

A

source to diaphram distance

51
Q

which heavy particle has a depth dose distribution similiar to cobalt-60?

A

neutron

52
Q

which of the follwoing is true about the Bragg Peak?

A

A. it give more dose at depth than at the surface
B. the peak occurs where the proton energy is lowest
C. both

53
Q

calculate how many atoms per gram there would be in pure aluminum.
Z= 13, A=27 Aw= 26.982
Na= 6.0221 x10^23

A

2.232x10^22 atoms/g

54
Q

what is the binding energy for phosphorus?
Z= 15, A=31, Aw= 30.97
Mp= 1.00727
Mn= 1.00866

A

258 MeV

55
Q

which force holds the nucleons together in the nucleus?

A

strong nuclear force

56
Q

for a radionuclide with a half-life of 15.7 years, the average life is

A

22.6 years

57
Q

One becquerel is equal to

A

1 dps

58
Q

if we start with 25 MBq of a radioactive material with a half-life of 27 days, how much will be left after 95 days?

A

2.2 MBq

59
Q

the rate of disintegration of a large number of radioactive atoms of a material is

A

proportinal to the number of radioactive atoms present

60
Q

when the parent half-life is much, much great than the daughter half-life this is called

A

secular equilibrium

61
Q

what always happens when an atom goes through radioactive decay?

A

it becomes more stable

62
Q

for low Z material the stable elements have a nucleus with

A

an approximately equal number of protons and neutrons

63
Q

what type of radioactive decay can be modelled as a neutron converting to a proton in the nucleus?

A

beta minus decay

64
Q

most stable nuclei have what combination fo rpotons and neutrons?

A

even number of protons, even number of neutrons

65
Q

as the atomic number increases the ration of neutrons to protons in stable nuclei

A

ceomes increasingly greater than one

66
Q

which type of generator has the lowest efficiency?

A

single phase

67
Q

which is true of bremsstrahlung radiaiton?
A. the resultant x-ray enegery depends on the target material
B. it is the primary source of prtons from an x-ray tube
C. it is caused by the interaction of coulomb forces
D. all of the answers are true

A

C. it is caused by the interaction of coulomb forces

68
Q

which is true regarding characteristic x-rays?
A. they are created through coulomb ineractions
B. they occur at discrete energies
C. they are the result of an electron moving to a higher electron shell
D. all fo the answers are correct

A

B. they occur at discrete energies

69
Q

the portion of the circuit which prevents electron from traveling from the anode to the cathode is called

A

the voltage rectifier

70
Q

in an x-ray tube the low voltage circuit causes the electrons to travel from the cathode to the anode

A

false

71
Q

tungsten is a good x-ray target due to

A

high melting point
high x-ray production
high atomic number

72
Q

copper is often used to make anodes because

A

copper performs as a good heat sink

73
Q

the area between the anode and cathode is known as the

A

high voltage

74
Q

anode is the _____ side and the cathode is the ______ side

A

positive

negative

75
Q

what is the source of the electrons

A

cathode

Physics III (3 decks)

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