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Physics III > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q 
Calculate the mass defect for sulfur-32. 
Z= 16
Aw= 31.972 g 
Proton mass= 1.00727u
neutron mass= 1.00866u
A

0.283

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2
Q

what is the nuclear binding energy for sulfur-32?
Z= 16
Aw= 31.972 g
Proton mass= 1.00727u
neutron mass= 1.00866u
Please answer in MeV to one decimal place

A

263.5

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3
Q

what is the maximum nunber of electrons in the M shell?

A

18

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4
Q

How many atoms are in a gram of potassium-38?
Aw= 39.10g
Na= 6.022x10^23 atoms/g

A

1.50x10^22 atoms

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5
Q

which is true regarding the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle?

A. It is impossible to know the exact position and momentum of an electron
B. the energy of a nucleus cannot be accurately measured
C. it is impossible to know the exact mass of a nucleus
D. none of the above

A

A. It is impossible to know the exact position and momentum of an electron

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6
Q

Which of the following is a true statement regarding the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
A. two or more elctrons cannot be in a n orbital at the same time
B. two or more electrons in a electron shell cannot have the same energy
C. more than one electron cannot be in the same quantum state at the same time
D. the higher the binding nergy of the outer shell ectrons prevent them from creating characteristic x-rays

A

C. more than one electron cannot be in the same quantum state at the same time

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7
Q

Which combination of neutrons and protons in the nuclei below is most stable?
Magic Numbers= 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126

A. 22 protons & 28 neutrons
B. 22 protons & 26 neutrons
C. 20 protons & 28 neutrons

A

C. 20 protons & 28 neutrons

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8
Q

T/F: every gram atomic weight of a substance contains the same number of atoms

A

true

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9
Q 
the energy that hold an electron in the atom is called the 
A. strong nuclear force
B. energy potential well
C. electron binding energy
D. weak nuclear force
A

C. electron binding energy

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10
Q

if a radionuclide has a decay constant of 0.123/minute, how much will remain after 20 minutes?

A

8.5%

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11
Q

If we start with 25 MBq of a radioactive material with a half-life of 27 days, how much will be left after 95 days?

A

2.2 MBq

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12
Q

What is the decay constant for iodine-125 (half-life = 60.2 days).

A

0.0115 day-1

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13
Q 
A nuclear reaction which releases additional energy in the reaction is known as
A. nucleonic 
B. energetic
C. endoergic
D. exoergic
A

D. exoergic

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14
Q 
Which type of radioactive decay only occurs with radionuclides with high atomic numbers?
A. beta particle dcay 
B. electron capture
C. alpha particle decay
D. internal conversion
A

C. alpha particle decay

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15
Q

Which of the following is true regarding radionuclides in Secular Equilibrium?
A. neither answer is correct
B. The activity of the daughter radionuclide equals the activity of the parent radionuclide.
C. both answers are correct
D. The half-life of the daughter radionuclide is much greater than the half-life of the parent radionuclide.

A

B. The activity of the daughter radionuclide equals the activity of the parent radionuclide.

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16
Q

For low Z materials the stable elements have a nucleus with
A. an approximately equal number of protons and electrons.
B. an approximately equal number of protons and neutrons.
C. a higher ratio of protons to neutrons
D. a higher ratio of neutrons to protons

A

B. an approximately equal number of protons and neutrons.

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17
Q 
As the atomic number increases the ratio of neutrons to protons in stable nuclei
A. becomes increasing greater than one
B. becomes increasingly closer to one
C. difficult to predict 
D. becomes increasingly less than one
A

A. becomes increasing greater than one

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18
Q 
Which type of radioactive decay is a precursor to annihilation radiation?
A. electron capture 
B. negatron emission
C. positron emission 
D. internal conversion
A

C. positron emission

19
Q

Iridium-192 has a half-life of 74.3 days. The average life of iridium-192 is

A

107 days

20
Q 
What type of radioactive decay can be modelled as a neutron converting to a proton in the nucleus?
A. beta minus decay
B. beta plus decay
C. internal conversion
D. electron capture
A

A. beta minus decay

21
Q

For the nuclear reaction equation below, what is the Atomic Mass Number, A, for Polonium, Po?

Note: the Atomic Number of Pb is 82.

204Pb(α,n)APo

A

207

22
Q

For the nuclear reaction equation below, what is the Atomic Number, Z, for Polonium, Po?

Note: the Atomic Number of Pb is 82.

204Pb(α,γ)APo

A

84

23
Q

The primary purpose of the glass envelope of an x-ray tube is
A. attenuate scatter x-rays
B. direct the elctron to the anode
C. prevent electron leakage from the tube
D. to maintain a vacuum

A

D. to maintain a vacuum

24
Q 
Tungsten is a good x-ray target due to
A. high atomic number
B. the high melting point
C. high x-ray production 
D. all answers are correct
A

D. all answers are correct

25
Q

The function of the voltage rectifier for an x-ray tube is to
A. increase the x-ray output for the same input energy.
B. increase the average energy of the x-rays.
C. prevent electrons from traveling from anode to cathode.
D. all answers are correct

A

D. all answers are correct

26
Q

Which is true of bremsstrahlung radiation?
A. The production efficiency is inversely related to the voltage.
B. The process is very efficient, producing very little heat.
C. The production efficiency is directly related to the square of the tube voltage.
D. The probability of production increases with the square of the atomic number.

A

D. The probability of production increases with the square of the atomic number.

27
Q 
Which of the following type of generator has the lowest efficiency?
A. single phase
B. three phase 
C. high frequency 
D. constant potential
A

A. single phase

28
Q

T/F: In an x-ray tube the high voltage circuit causes the x-rays to travel from the cathode to the anode.

A

false

29
Q

Anodes are often made of copper because
A. copper is efficient at creating x-rays.
B. copper performs as a good heat sink.
C. copper provides good attenuation of the electrons.
D.copper is the preferred tubing for the cooling water.

A

B. copper performs as a good heat sink.

30
Q

Why are diodes used in a voltage rectification circuit?
A. They hold the charge of voltage during the inverse of the waveform.
B. They block AC currrent from the anode
C. They increase the voltage across the x-ray tube
D. They only allow current to flow in one direction

A

D. They only allow current to flow in one direction

31
Q 
Which of the x-ray generators below use simultaneous input waveforms with shifted phases?
A. constant potential 
B. three phase
C. high frequency 
D. single phase
A

B. three phase

32
Q

Which is true of bremsstrahlung radiation?
A. It is the primary source of x-rays from an x-ray tube.
B. It is caused by the interaction of coulomb forces.
C. The resultant x-ray can be of varying energies.
D. All of the answers are true

A

D. All of the answers are true

33
Q 
The efficiency of bremsstrahlung production for an x-ray target increases with a decrease in
A. energy 
B. atomic number 
C. both answers are correct
D. neither of the answers is correct
A

D. neither of the answers is correct

34
Q

Which is true about a cyclotron?
A. It accelerates charged particles
B. It is a source of protons or neutrons for treatment
C. It can be used to produce radionuclides for nuclear medicine procedures
D. All of the answers are correct

A

D. All of the answers are correct

35
Q 
Which of the following is a disadvantage of a Cobalt-60 teletherapy machine?
A. Complexity of machine 
B. Energy of the radiation output 
C. Lower treatment output 
D. High initial cost of purchase
A

C. Lower treatment output

36
Q 
What is the advantage of the Bragg Peak?
A. More penetrating than x-rays 
B. Delivers more dose at depth than at the surface 
C. Has an unlimited depth of treatment 
D.  All of the answers are correct.
A

B. Delivers more dose at depth than at the surface

37
Q 
Which parameter of the treatment beam determines the depth of the Bragg Peak?
A. field size
B. energy 
C. output 
D.none of the answers are correct
A

B. energy

38
Q 
Which low energy treatment machine is commonly used to treat the surgical cavity after breast lumpectomy?
A. Cyberknife 
B.Grenz-ray machine 
C. Gamma Knife 
D. Intrabeam 
E. Tomotherapy
A

D. Intrabeam

39
Q 
Which component of a linear accelerator injects the electrons into the accelerating tube?
A. modulator 
B. magnetron 
C. klystron 
D. electron gun
A

D. electron gun

40
Q 
Which radiotherapy treatment machine accelerates electrons in a circle using two D-shaped segments?
A. Betatron  
B. Superficial therapy machine 
C. Linear accelerator 
D. Cyclotron 
E. Grenz-ray machine
A

D. Cyclotron

41
Q 
Which radiotherapy treatment machine operates at the lowest potential?
A. Betatron 
B. Van de Graaff generator 
C. Grenz-ray machine 
D. Linear accelerator 
E. Superficial therapy machine
A

C. Grenz-ray machine

42
Q 
Which component of a linear accelerator is used to transmit microwaves to the accelerating tube?
A. modulator
B. waveguide
C. magnetron 
D. klystron
A

B. waveguide

43
Q

Which is the correct order of the beam path for electron treatment in a linear accelerator?
A. Primary collimator, scattering foil, secondary collimator, ionization chamber
B. Scattering foil, primary collimator, ionization chamber, secondary collimator
C. Primary collimator, ionization chamber, scattering foil, secondary collimator
D. Primary collimator, scattering foil, ionization chamber, secondary collimator

A

D. Primary collimator, scattering foil, ionization chamber, secondary collimator

44
Q

Calculate the penumbra for Source size = 0.2 cm, SDD = 65 cm, SSD = 100 cm, d = 10 cm

Give your answer in millimeters to one decimal place.

A

1.3-1.4

Physics III (3 decks)

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