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Anatomy of the Eye > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

Which structure provides structure and nourishment to the retina?

A

choroid

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2
Q

Which structure(s) produces the aqueous humor?

A

ciliary bodies

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3
Q

Name three structures that provide protection for the eye.

A

bony orbit, conjunctiva, lacrimal system

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4
Q

What is the jelly-like substance, thick and viscous, that occupies the chamber in the posterior concavity of the eyeball?

A

vitreous humor

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5
Q

Which structure has the function of focusing light especially in near objects?

A

lens

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6
Q

The pupil is formed by which structure?

A

iris

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7
Q

Cones are responsible for sensing what two things?

A

color and fine detail

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8
Q

Which describes the position of inferior rectus?

A

6 o’clock

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9
Q

What part of the skull encloses the eyes?

A

bony orbits

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10
Q

Which structure is the link between the visual system and the brain?

A

optic nerve

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11
Q

What time describes the position of the superior oblique rectus of the right eye?

A

2:00 (definitely not 7:00)

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12
Q

What structures are found in the anterior chamber of the visual system?

A

aqueous humor and cornea

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13
Q

What is the main structure involved in the bending of light?

A

cornea

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14
Q

If poor drainage of aqueous humor is an issue, which structure(s) could be be affected?

A

canal of Schlemm

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15
Q

What structure(s) produce tears?

A

lacrimal gland

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16
Q

What are the 5 categories of visual dysfunction?

A

visual acuity, field, binocularity, color perception, CVI

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17
Q

What are 3 things that cause all acuity problems?

A

refractive errors, diseases, syndromes

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18
Q

Which dysfunction is being described? “The sharpness of vision at a designated distance”

A

visual acuity

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19
Q

A normal eye generates how many diopters?

A

60

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20
Q

What is the term that means bending of light?

A

refraction

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21
Q

When an image is focused before it reaches the retina, because it is bending too much, that’s called…

A

myopia

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22
Q

What are the 4 refractive errors?

A

myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia

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23
Q

What is the term for unaligned eyes?

A

strabismus

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24
Q

What is the term for lack of symmetry in the curvature of the cornea?

A

astigmatism

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25
Q

What is the unit for measuring the amount of refraction?

A

diopters

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26
Q

Macular degeneration mainly causes which type of visual dysfunction?

A

visual field loss

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27
Q

Which term means binocular (both eyes) double vision?

A

diplopia

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28
Q

The area that can be seen by looking straight ahead

A

visual field

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29
Q

What unit is used to measure the visual field?

A

degrees

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30
Q

Is astigmatism related to where an image lands on the retina?

A

no- it’s related to the shape/curvature of the cornea

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31
Q

What is the main function of the bony orbit?

A

to protect the eyeballs

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32
Q

What is the thin layer that covers the eyes, attaches to eyelids, and protects the eyes?

A

conjunctiva

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33
Q

Which structure is the major refractor in the eye?

A

cornea

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34
Q

How much of the light bending in the eye does the cornea do?

A

90%

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35
Q

Where is the anterior of the eye? From the __ to the __

A

from the cornea to the iris

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36
Q

Which structure drains the occleus to keep pressure down?

A

Canal of Schlemm

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37
Q

What surrounds the lens, keeps it in place, is attached to ciliary bodies, and are most involved in the process of focusing?

A

Zonules of Zinn

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38
Q

What area in the retina provides sharp vision with the greatest detail?

A

macula

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39
Q

Which structure is the sentry/file station, and sorts information?

A

geniculate bodies

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40
Q

At what time is the medial rectus positioned? (looking at right eye)

A

3:00, by the nose

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41
Q

At what time is the lateral rectus positioned? (looking at right eye)

A

9:00, by the temple

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42
Q

At what time is the superior rectus positioned?

A

12:00

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43
Q

At what time is the inferior rectus positioned?

A

6:00

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44
Q

Which muscle moves the eye UP?

A

superior rectus

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45
Q

Which muscle moves the eye DOWN?

A

inferior rectus

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46
Q

Which muscle moves the eye IN?

A

medial rectus

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47
Q

Which muscle moves the eye OUT?

A

lateral rectus

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48
Q

What should a child be wearing during an eye exam?

A

Their best glasses or contacts, so it can be determined how well the child can see with correction.

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49
Q

Part of retina made mostly of cones, center of macula, provides sharp vision

A

fovea

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50
Q

Colored part of the eye, controls the amount of light that enters the eye, helps sharpen focus

A

iris

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51
Q

If problems in this part of the eye, photophobia, too much light, glare, loss of acuity, pain, too little light

A

iris

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52
Q

Protecting and caring for the eye through controlling tears

A

lacrimal system

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53
Q

Structure that changes shape/thickness to add bending power for closer viewing (accommodation)

A

lens

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54
Q

Where cataracts form

A

lens

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55
Q

Part of the retina with the highest concentration of cones, used for reading very small print, central visual field is here

A

macula

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56
Q

What is ARMD?

A

age related macular degeneration

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57
Q

Where information from both eyes cross to create a complete visual picture. Nerves from each eye come together and are split so information from both eyes is shared with both parts of the brain

A

optic chiasm

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58
Q

Where optic nerve and retinal blood vessels enter and optic nerve attaches from the brain, where the blindspot is in each eye

A

optic disc

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59
Q

Bundle of nerves that carry information from the retina to the brain

A

optic nerve

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60
Q

What is the most common eye condition related to optic nerve damage caused by abnormally high pressure in the eye

A

glaucoma

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61
Q

Which structure is in the corner, is pink skin that covers gland

A

coruncula

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62
Q

What structures make up the uveal tract?

A

choriod, ciliary body, iris

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63
Q

What does the ciliary body produce?

A

aqueous humor

64
Q

Perceives fine details, color, color contrast, clear vision, and objects positioned in the central portion of vision

A

cones

65
Q

How many cones and rods do we have?

A

6 million cones, 120 million rods

66
Q

What is concentrated in the fovea, which is the center of the macula?

A

cones

67
Q

Crystalline is another name for which part of the eye?

A

lens

68
Q

Where does the optic tract start? Where does it go next?

A

starts at the optic chiasm and goes to the geniculate bodies, then onto the brain

69
Q

Where is the posterior chamber? Behind the __ and in front of the __.

A

behind the iris and in front of the lens

70
Q

Hole in the top and bottom lid to collect tears

A

punctum

71
Q

Opening of the iris, hole that expands and contracts as the iris changes shape

A

pupil

72
Q

Nerve layer lining 2/3 of the back of the eye, connected to our brain

A

retina

73
Q

Disorder that affect babies born too early, before blood vessels have developed to the edge of retina, so abnormal blood vessels develop which are fragile and weak, and as they scar they shrink, pull on the retina and detach it

A

ROP - retinopathy of prematurity

74
Q

Perceive movement and objects in low light, as well as objects located in the edges of vision, no color, found in greater number around the edges of the retina

A

rods

75
Q

Congenital eye disorder that first affects the rods and leads to decreased night vision

A

RP - retinitis pigmentosa

76
Q

The white part of the eye, tough outer wall that with the cornea forms the external coat of the eye, also forms protective sheath around the optic nerve.

A

sclera

77
Q

Fibers that connect the ciliary body of the eye with the lens, holding it in place

A

suspensory ligaments

78
Q

Dots along the base of bottom lid that produce oils and prevent evaporation and prevent tear spillage onto the cheek making closed lids airtight

A

tarsal glands

79
Q

Serve to clean and lubricate the eyes in response to irritation, produced by the lacrimal gland

A

tears

80
Q

Layer of tissue between the outer and inner layers of the eye

A

uveal tract

81
Q

AKA Occipital lobe

A

visual cortex

82
Q

AKA Visual cortex

A

occipital lobe

83
Q

Which part of the brain is involved with spatial organization of a scene, shapes, brightness and shading?

A

primary visual cortex

84
Q

Which part of the brain interprets patterns?

A

secondary visual cortex

85
Q

Supports the retina against the choroids, provides structure and shape of the eye, fills up central cavity

A

vitreous humor

86
Q

What are the 6 refractive structures, in order?

A

TCCALV - tears, conjunctiva, cornea, aqueous, lens, vitreous

87
Q

Eye condition caused by high pressure in the eye

A

glaucoma

88
Q

What two structures make up the outer layer of the eye, and in what proportions?

A

sclera is 5/6 and cornea is 1/6

89
Q

Which system of structures provides light absorption? What three structures are included?

A

uveal tract - iris, choroid, ciliary bodies

90
Q

Which part of the brain is the center for visual learning and recognition by sight?

A

temporal lobes

91
Q

Which part of the brain is the limbic sector and guides visual attention and is involved with emotional responses?

A

midbrain

92
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for most eye movement, pupil, and lid function?

A

3rd cranial nerve

93
Q

Which cranial nerve works the superior oblique and may cause double vision, manifested by a head tilt?

A

4th cranial nerve

94
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the lateral rectus?

A

6th cranial nerve

95
Q

What is measured by determining the smallest object or line seen clearly at a set distance?

A

visual acuity

96
Q

What does 20/30 vision mean?

A

you can see at 20 feet what most people can see at 30 feet - less acuity than the average person (worse vision)

97
Q

On an eye prescription, what does OD mean?

A

right eye

98
Q

On an eye prescription, what does OS mean?

A

left eye

99
Q

On an eye prescription, what does OU mean?

A

both eyes

100
Q

On an eye prescription, what does + mean?

A

farsighted, so need to add (+) more bend

101
Q

On an eye prescription, what does - mean?

A

nearsighted, so need to decrease (-) bend

102
Q

On an eye prescription, what does AXIS refer to?

A

astigmatism

103
Q

On on eye prescription, what is the range for sphere?

A

1 - 9 diopters

104
Q

What is the benchmark for legal blindness?

A

20/200 with correction, with both eyes

105
Q

How many diopters are generated by an eye?

A

60

106
Q

Of the 60 diopters per eye, how many are from the cornea?

A

40 diopters from the cornea

107
Q

Which refractive error requires a concave lens?

A

myopia

108
Q

Which refractive error requires a convex lens?

A

hyperopia

109
Q

Which refractive error is caused by a loss of accommodation, usually in 40+ yrs olds?

A

presbyopia

110
Q

Which term refers to the ability to adjust the focus on an object being viewed?

A

accommodation

111
Q

Area of space above, below, left and right when visible while looking straight ahead

A

visual field

112
Q

Each eye sees how many degrees horizontally?

A

160 degrees

113
Q

How many degrees of overlap are there between the two eyes when working together?

A

60 degrees

114
Q

Blind spots within the visual field

A

scotomas

115
Q

Any condition affecting the retina will affect which visual dysfunction?

A

visual field

116
Q

What term describes the hemisphere you can’t see?

A

hemianopsia

117
Q

Visual field losses can be described as __ or __

A

lateral or central

118
Q

Using two eyes together to form a three-dimensional object

A

stereopsis

119
Q

Ability to see the world in 3-d and perceive distance using cues from one or both eyes

A

depth perception

120
Q

Double vision

A

diplopia

121
Q

Double vision in just one eye

A

monocular diplopia

122
Q

When the brain fails to process input from one eye and over time favors one eye over the other (lazy eye)

A

amblyopia

123
Q

When an eye turns in, toward the nose

A

esotropia

124
Q

When an eye turns out, toward the temple

A

exotropia

125
Q

When an eye turns downward

A

hypotropia

126
Q

When an eye turns upward

A

hypertropia

127
Q

Involuntary movement of the eye

A

nystagmus

128
Q

Which visual dysfunction is primarily inherited?

A

color perception

129
Q

Loss of cone receptors which results in total loss of color vision

A

achromatopsia

130
Q

School activities that will provide challenge for those with color perception problems

A

maps, charts, graphs, color coding

131
Q

What is the current leading cause of VI in children?

A

CVI

132
Q

What is the fastest growing visual impairment diagnosis?

A

CVI

133
Q

Brain problem rather than an eye problem - eyes are physically fine

A

CVI

134
Q

Absence of visually guided reach (look, look away, touch) is related to which visual dysfunction?

A

CVI

135
Q

What are the critical windows when children have the most pronounced visual plasticity and opportunity for vision rehabilitation?

A

0-6 months and 3 years

136
Q

What are some CVI strategies?

A

more response time, routines, consistency, predictability, focus on daily living skills, simple tasks and goals, visual experiences scheduled for optimal times

137
Q

What is visual acuity at birth?

A

20/400

138
Q

In a baby, when is 20/20 vision usually achieved by?

A

2 years

139
Q

What term will doctors use to indicate that a child is not seeing well yet?

A

delayed visual maturation

140
Q

Functional implication of loss of acuity

A

severe problem everywhere and all the time

141
Q

Functional implication of loss of accommodation

A

can’t focus on close objects, reading, games, classwork

142
Q

Functional implication of loss of stereopsis

A

lack of binocular vision, problems with PE, movement, stairs, driving

143
Q

Functional implication of diplopia

A

double vision, trouble reading, writing, PE

144
Q

Functional implication of glare

A

excess light entering the eye and decreases visual acuity, problems outside, fluorescent light, whiteboards

145
Q

Functional implication of problems adapting to changes in light levels

A

cannot adapt to environmental changes in light, photophobia is when even normal light hurts eyes, other conditions may require more light to improve function

146
Q

Which conditions may require more light to improve functional vision?

A

albinism, RP, stargards, macular degeneration

147
Q

Functional implication of problems with color discrimination

A

cannot interpret some or all hues of color, maps, charts, getting dressed

148
Q

Functional implication of inability to maintain visual acuity

A

fatigue, ocular mobility challenges limits ability to use vision, afternoon/homework is an issue because students’ eyes are done

149
Q

Functional implication of difficulty obtaining or maintaining fixation on an object

A

problem going through lunch line, grabbing small items, placing on proper section of tray

150
Q

Functional implication of inability to obtain a complete view of visual field

A

blind spots (scotoma), problems with sports, crossing the street

151
Q

Functional implication of ambulation difficulties

A

problem with unfamiliar areas

152
Q

Functional implication of inability to locate objects in the visual field or locate changes in terrain or levels

A

bleachers, pep rallies, football games, marching band

153
Q

Functional implication of difficulty in recognizing, using, or storing visual information

A

challenges with spatial or pattern recognition or memory, trouble with color, contrast, complexity

154
Q

What 5 types of needs should be addressed for students with VI?

A

social skills, self-advocacy, self help, recreation and leisure, interpersonal skills

155
Q

On your prescription, what does ADD mean?

A

bifocals, diopters added to the lower part of the lens

156
Q

Nickname for presbyopia

A

long arm syndrome

Anatomy of the Eye (3 decks)

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