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Anatomy of the Eye > Midterm & Beyond > Flashcards

Midterm & Beyond Flashcards

1
Q

Person A is extremely nearsighted. Which might appear on the prescription? +1 +8 -1 -8

A

-8

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2
Q

What time describes the position of the inferior rectus?

A

6:00

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3
Q

Term for binocular double vision

A

diplopia

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4
Q

Unit for refraction

A

diopters

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5
Q

Four refractive errors

A

Myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia

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6
Q

Macular degeneration is associated with which visual dysfunction?

A

Visual field loss

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7
Q

Area seen looking straight ahead, measured in degrees

A

Visual field

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8
Q

Unaligned eyes

A

strabismus

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9
Q

Lack of symmetry in curvature of cornea

A

astigmatism

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10
Q

What are the pairs of ocular muscles?

A

Superior and inferior recti, lateral and medial recti, superior and inferior obliques

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11
Q

At age 40, which visual dysfunction are adults likely to develop?

A

Presbyopia

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12
Q

What are the three causes of acuity problems?

A

Refractive errors, disease, syndromes

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13
Q

If the eye attempts to focus the image before the retina, there is too much bending, so what type of lens is needed to diverge rays before they reach the cornea?

A

Concave

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14
Q

What is the path of light through the refractive structures of the eye?

A

Tears, conjunctiva, cornea, lens, aqueous, vitreous

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15
Q

What supports and nourishes the eye?

A

Choroid

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16
Q

What three structures provide protection for the eye?

A

Bony orbit, conjunctiva, and lacrimal system

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17
Q

What structure helps to maintain pressure in the anterior and posterior chambers of the normal eye?

A

Canal of Schlemm

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18
Q

Two things that are true about cones and rods?

A

Cones perceive fine details, color, and central vision. Rods perceive movement, objects in low light, and peripheral

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19
Q

Two things that are true about the optic tract?

A

Starts at the chiasm and goes to the geniculate bodies. Carries information from both the left and right eye to each side of the brain

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20
Q

Similarities and differences between hyperopia and presbyopia?

A

Both are refractive errors. Both are related to seeing things up close. Hyperiopia would have a convex lens prescription, while presbyopia would have a bifocal lens prescription. Hyperopia is caused by the eye being too short or lack of bend in the cornea, while presbyopia is caused by the lens losing its ability to accommodate and focus on items up close.

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21
Q

At what time is superior oblique rectus of the right eye?

A

About 2:00. Definitely not 7:00.

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22
Q

Sharpness of vision at designated distance

A

visual acuity

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23
Q

A normal eye generates how many diopters?

A

60

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24
Q

List 9 structures that will encounter image information in order

A

Tears, lens, vitreous, retina, optic disc, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, visual cortex

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25
Q

What visual dysfunction is when the image is focused before it reaches the retina?

A

Myopia

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26
Q

Looking ahead, an object is coming into view from the right. You see the object first with which, or both eyes?

A

Right eye

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27
Q

Where does the greatest portion of processing of visual information take place?

A

Visual cortex

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28
Q

Which two structures that help you see color and motion are found in the retina?

A

Macula and fovea are located there

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29
Q

What produces aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary bodies

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30
Q

Three true things about vitreous humor?

A

Ideal material for light to travel through, provide structure for the eye, support the retina

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31
Q

Two facts about the fovea?

A

Part of retina, composed mostly of cones

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32
Q

Doctor says that bending power of the eye is 60 diopters. What should you expect?

A

No problem with acuity.

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33
Q

What is true about the aqueous humor?

A

Nourishes the conjunctiva and cornea in front of the eye, helps bend light

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34
Q

What is true about the vitreous humor?

A

Supports the shape of eye and lens, helps bend light

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35
Q

Where is the point that visual information splits into two?

A

Optic chiasm

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36
Q

Which structure is most involved in focusing in the eye?

A

Zonules of Zinn

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37
Q

The area of the retina with the highest concentration of cones

A

Macula

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38
Q

Jelly like structure, thick and viscous, occupies chamber in the posterior cavity of the eyeball

A

Vitreous humor

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39
Q

The pupil is formed by which part of the eye?

A

Iris

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40
Q

Where in the retina are rod cells found in greater number, center or peripheral?

A

Peripheral/outer edges

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41
Q

Cone cells are responsible for color and…

A

fine detail

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42
Q

The part of the retina that is used to read very fine print…

A

macula

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43
Q

Function of rods

A

perceive movement, see objects in low light, objects located in edges of vision

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44
Q

How would vision be impacted if the iris did not function properly?

A

Too much/too little light in eye

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45
Q

Which of the 5 areas of vision would be affected if the retina had problems?

A

Visual field

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46
Q

Myopia vs. hyperopia, including probable causes

A

Myopia - eye is too long or cornea too curved, object is in view before retina, needs less bend so negative prescription, concave lens Hyperopia - eye is too short or cornea too flat, object is in view behind retina, needs more bend so positive prescription, convex lens

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47
Q

Covering of thin tissue stretched over the top of the eye and up into eyelids

A

Conjunctiva

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48
Q

What does a +3 prescription mean

A

Farsighted

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49
Q

Information from the retina travels along a “cable” to the optic chiasm, cable is called the…

A

Optic nerve

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50
Q

Common visual condition that affects information processing?

A

CVI

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51
Q

Sensory relay station

A

Geniculate bodies

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52
Q

Visual field losses can be related to problems with which three situations?

A

Loss of cornea, optic nerve issues, retina issues (but not lens removal)

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53
Q

If you had severe problems with the macula, you’d expect problems with…

A

Central visual field

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54
Q

Convex lens corrects…

A

Hyperopia

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55
Q

How much overlap is there between the visual fields of the left and right eyes?

A

60 degrees

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56
Q

Appearance of eyes

A

During an examination of the appearance of the eyes, the doctor would inspect the eyelids and the area of the eye between the eyelids. The conjunctiva and the sclera are inspected by retracting the upper and lower eyelids and shining a light onto the eye while the patient looks up.

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57
Q

Blink to threat

A

Blink to threat a method used by doctors to test visual visual processing. In response to sudden finger gestures near the eyes, it is a normal reflex to blink. If the patient does not blink, it can be an indicator that there is difficulty with visual processing.

58
Q

Counts fingers

A

CF means counts fingers. For people with low visual acuity, they are asked to count fingers at a certain distance. A report of “CF 3” would indicate that the patient could count the doctor’s fingers at a distance of three feet.

59
Q

Convergence

A

Convergence is the ability to turn two eyes inward toward each other to look at a close object.

60
Q

CSM

A

CSM is a method of testing visual acuity in preverbal or nonverbal children. C stands for centrality and refers to the location of the corneal light reflex as the patient looks at the doctor’s light with the other eye covered. Normally the light reflex should be located near the center of the cornea. S refers to the steadiness of the patient’s fixation on the examiner’s light. M refers to the patient’s ability to maintain alignment.

61
Q

ECC

A

ECC stands for the Expanded Core Curriculum. The ECC is used to define concepts and skills requiring specialized instruction for students who are blind or visually impaired in order to compensate for their inability to learn by visual observation of others, either to be able to access the general curriculum or meet needs specific to the child’s disability. There are 9 areas: assistive technology, career education, compensatory skills, independent living skills, orientation and mobility, recreation & leisure, self determination, sensory efficiency, and social interaction skills.

62
Q

Eye contact

A

Eye contact is aligning pupils with another person, one of the most important forms of nonverbal communication. Eye contact is important for recognizing non-verbal and social cues, which puts students with visual impairments at a disadvantage socially.

63
Q

Eye preference

A

The eyes should be used simultaneously. One eye should not be favored over another, which may be indicated by head turning or tilting, or holding objects to one side to look at them.

64
Q

Fixation

A

Fixation is the ability to accurately aim the eyes at a particular spot.

65
Q

FVE

A

FVE stands for functional vision evaluation. A functional vision evaluation is an evaluation of visual abilities as used in functional tasks, such as reading, daily living, vocational pursuits, and educational programming. An FVE is usually conducted at the person’s school, home or work environment. Also known as functional vision assessment.

66
Q

HHSC

A

HHSC stands for the Health and Human Services Commission. This organization provides guidance and support for families with students with disabilities. The areas of support are: diagnosis/health care, insurance/finance, family support, education/schools, transition to adulthood, and services/groups/events.

67
Q

HM

A

HM refers to hand motion, or the ability of a person to perceive whether or not a hand is moved directly in front of the eyes. This test of visual acuity is given if the patient has difficulty with the counting fingers test. The letters HM and the distance would indicate how far away the patient could see the moving hand, though often HM is reported without a testing distance since most of the testing is done within one foot of the patient’s eyes.

68
Q

ID

A

ID stands for intellectual disability. People with intellectual disabilities such as Down’s syndrome, cerebral palsy, Rubella syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome are at a higher risk for experiencing sight problems.

69
Q

IOL

A

-IOL refers to an Intraocular lens, which is a tiny, artificial lens transplanted into the eye as treatment for cataracts or myopia.

70
Q

IOP

A

IOP is the intraocular pressure within the eye, measured using the tonometer, which sends a puff of air into the eye. IOP is important in the evaluation of patients at risk of or suspected of glaucoma. Intraocular pressure is determined by the production and drainage of the aqueous humor.

71
Q

LID

A

LID is the acronym for low incidence disabilities, which include visual impairments, hearing loss, deaf-blindness, or cognitive impairment. It includes any conditions that require specialized instruction for a child to be able to benefit from their education.

72
Q

LMA

A
  • LMA stands for learning media assessment. The LMA determines what format the student will use to read and write. It may include braille, large print, audio, digital text, or a combination of those. Assistive technology and low vision devices could also be used. The LMA provides information about the accessible educational materials students will need for their classes. A key purpose of the LMA is to determine whether or not the student needs braille.
73
Q

Localization

A

Localization is having an awareness of the location of an object of interest in the environment from visual, auditory, or kinesthetic cues so that a fixation can be directed toward it.

74
Q

LP

A

Light perception (LP) is the ability to perceive the presence or absence of light. It could mean knowing whether the room is dark or light, or being able to move toward a lighted lamp.

75
Q

MDVI

A

MDVI stands for multiple disabilities and visual impairment. People with MDVI have vision impairment as well as one or more additional disabilities.

76
Q

Muscle balance

A

The two eyes are meant to move together and in the same position. If they do not move at the same speed or in the same decision, then the brain receives different signals that cannot be merged into one image, resulting in double vision. Muscle balance can be tested with a corneal light test, the cover test, or looking at a person’s tracking ability.

77
Q

NLP

A

NLP is the acronym for “no light perception.” Total blindness is recorded as NLP, which refers to no light or form perception.

78
Q

O & M

A

O & M stands for Orientation and Mobility, which refers to travel and movement. Students should be oriented in their surroundings and able to move around as independently and safely as possible. Students learn about themselves and their environments, including home, school, and the community. O & M lessons can include basic body image, spatial relationship, purposeful movement, cane usage, travel in community, and public transportation. The goal of O & M is for students to be as independent as possible.

79
Q

OD

A

On a glasses prescription, OD refers to the right eye. OD is the abbreviation for a latin term, oculus dextrus.

80
Q

OS

A

On a glasses prescription, OS refers to the left eye. OS is the abbreviation for a latin term, oculus sinister.

81
Q

OU

A

On a glasses prescription, OU refers to the visual acuity with both eyes together. OU is the abbreviation for a latin term, oculus uterque.

82
Q

Pupillary response

A

Pupillary response is the constriction of the pupil in response to light. There is also consensual pupillary response, when the other eye also constricts, but usually to a lesser extent.

83
Q

ROP

A

ROP stands for Retinopathy of Prematurity. ROP is an eye disease that occurs in premature babies. When children are born early, the blood vessels to the retina haven’t finished growing. They stop growing for a time, then start growing abnormally. These new vessels are not strong and they leak, bleed, or cause scarring. As the scars shrink they may detach the retina from the back of the eye, which could result in blindness. Functional vision in people with ROP can range from near normal to total blindness.

84
Q

Scanning

A

Scanning is making a series of fixations in order to inspect a large area visually.

85
Q

Shifting of gaze

A

Shifting of gaze is changing fixation to a new object of interest.

86
Q

Snellen Chart

A

A Snellen Chart is an eye chart used to measure visual acuity. The smallest row that can be read determines a person’s visual acuity in each eye.

87
Q

TBI

A

A TBI is a traumatic brain injury, which is a sudden injury that causes damage to the brain. TBI can affect vision by damaging the parts of the brain involved in visual processing and/or perception. The most common eye issues associated with TBI are blurred vision, double vision, and decreased peripheral vision.

88
Q

Tracking

A

Tracking is the ability to quickly and accurately fixate on an object, visually follow a moving object, and to efficiently move the eyes from point to point, as is done while reading.

89
Q

TSBVI

A

TSVBI is the acronym for Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired, located in Austin, Texas. TSVBI has some students who attend on-site. But the institution serves 11,000 students throughout Texas by providing courses, consultations, publications, and training for students and staff working.

90
Q

UCUSUM

A

UCUSUM stands for “uncentral unsteady unmaintained.” One eye is covered, and the doctor notes if the fixation is central or uncentral, if the fixation remains steady on an object while it is held still and slowly moved, and if the patient is able maintain fixation with the viewing eye when the other eye is uncovered. UCUSUM would mean that the fixation was uncentral, unsteady, and unmaintained.

91
Q

Visual field

A

Visual field is the area that one can see above, below, left, and right, when facing directly ahead. It is measured in degrees.

92
Q

In determining eligibility for low vision services, what must the eye report from an optometrist or ophthalmologist include?

A

Must include vision loss in exact measures of visual field and corrected visual acuity, at a distance and close range, in each eye; or best estimates of visual loss if exact measures cannot be obtained

93
Q

For a student already receiving special education services, what must be in place before a FVE is requested?

A

an eye report less than one year old and corrective lenses, if indicated by report

94
Q

For a student not receiving special education services, why is it recommended that the eye report be received before requesting a FVE?

A

timeline constraints and treatment recommendations

95
Q

What 2 documents are needed for a student to qualify for VI services?

A

eye report, FVE/LMA

96
Q

What is a FVE?

A

An evaluation procedure used to determine how an individual uses vision in everyday life tasks

97
Q

Who can perform an FVE?

A

TVI or O&M

98
Q

How is an FVE conducted? (4)

A

Systematically, using a protocol, on multiple days, in multiple environments

99
Q

What is in a Learning Media Assessment? (3)

A

efficiency with which a student gathers information from sensory channels, types of general learning media a student uses and instructional methods, literacy media the student will use for reading and writing

100
Q

Who can perform a LMA?

A

Only a TVI

101
Q

What is the ECC? (Expanded Core Curriculum)

A

Concepts and skills that require specialized instruction to compensate for decreased opportunities to learn by observing others

102
Q

What are the 9 components of the ECC?

A

A- Assistive Technology C - Career Exploration C - Compensatory or Functional Skills R - Recreation and Leisure O - Orientation and Mobility S - Social Interaction Skills S - Self-Determination S - Sensory Efficiency I - Independent Living Skills

103
Q

Who can perform the ECC assessment?

A

TVI or O&M

104
Q

FVE/LMA process (8)

A
  1. Referral 2. Eye report received 3. Record reviewed 4. Interviews conducted 5. Observations conducted (multiple days/environments) 6. Protocol completed 7. Report written 8. ARD/IEP meeting held
105
Q

If glasses held to print bring the print closer, it means they are …

A

nearsighted

106
Q

If glasses held to print make the print smaller, it means they are…

A

farsighted

107
Q

Distance or near? Telescope/Monocular

A

Distance

108
Q

Uses for Telescopes/Monoculars

A

Reading from blackboard from 10+ feet, looking at objects you can’t get close to, driving, watching sporting events/concerts

109
Q

Advantages of Telescopes/Monoculars

A

Makes distant objects appear closer, can be used inside or outside, portable, can be used in reverse as a field expander

110
Q

Disadvantages of Telescopes/Monoculars

A

Requires good contrast, reduces visual field, copying from board is difficult, can be expensive, requires extensive training

111
Q

Distance or Near? Hand Magnifiers

A

Near

112
Q

Uses for Hand Magnifiers

A

reading signs, labels, ID money, inspect objects, quick spot reading

113
Q

Advantages of Hand Magnifiers

A

easy to carry, portable, available from low to high power, cheap to make or buy, can be used in any position or angle, allows light onto print or objects

114
Q

Disadvantages of Hand Magnifiers

A

difficult to keep appropriate distance, one hand occupied, difficult to hold steady (tremor)

115
Q

Uses for Stand Magnifiers

A

Reading from a book or newspaper, looking at a picture or diagram

116
Q

Advantages of Stand Magnifiers

A

Has a fixed distance for ease of movement, easy to use, available from low to high magnification, some have built in lights

117
Q

Disadvantages of Stand Magnifiers

A

Keeps one hand occupied, not useful for writing, poor posture, causes fatigue

118
Q

Distance or Near? Spectacle Microscopes (rare!)

A

Near

119
Q

Uses for Spectacle Microscopes

A

reading any material, writing, looking at objects from a close range

120
Q

Advantages of Spectacle Microscopes

A

range of magnification, both hands free, readily available, once used efficiently can be used for long periods, can be built into traditional eyeglass frames

121
Q

Disadvantages of Spectacle Microscopes

A

exact reading distance is important, short reading distance with high powered lenses, more fragile than magnifiers (scratching, breaking), good lighting is needed, often needs to be paired with a reading stand to bring material close

122
Q

Distance or Near? Video Magnifiers

A

Both (new technology!)

123
Q

Uses for Video Magnifiers

A

Read mail, books, newspapers, write letters, pay bills, do craft work, exploring

124
Q

Advantages of Video Magnifiers

A

Color or black and white, magnificiation up to 60 times, reversible print/background, can be integrated with computers, great for longer reading tasks, now portable options

125
Q

Disadvantages of Video Magnifiers

A

Cost!

126
Q

Glare - which dysfunction is related?

A

photophobia/light sensitivity can be a severe problem

127
Q

What does wavelength have to do with glare?

A

Shorter wavelength, high-energy part of the visible spectrum dominates daylight and contributes to glare

128
Q

FVE & Glare…

A

Consider both inside and outside glare problems

129
Q

How do filters help with glare control?

A

Filters reduce glare and increase contrast, reduce chromatic aberration, light scattering, and fluorescence

130
Q

Besides filters, how else can glare be controlled?

A

Hats/visors

131
Q

How important is it to consider lighting?

A

Very - lighting is often the most helpful low vision aid, proper lighting and positioning can be more important than magnification!

132
Q

How much more illumination do low vision patients require?

A

5 times more illumination

133
Q

What are lighting considerations?

A

Positioning - direct light on reading material, reduce shadowing. Minimize Glare - do not face window, close blinds. Night Lights - carry a flashlight.

134
Q

What are some non-optical aids for writing?

A

Signature, letter, envelope guides, bold black pens, paper with thick black lines

135
Q

What are some non-optical aids for the computer?

A

Screen enlarging software, large print keyboards, large print labels

136
Q

What is meant by “One is not enough”?

A

No single vision device will serve all visual needs, mos people require a combination of devices for different tasks.

137
Q

How can field defects be treated?

A

Prism, reverse telescopes, class placement (preferential seating), guidance (driving, vocation), scanning skills, cane

138
Q

Prism

A

Attach to glasses, pull in items from visual field loss, puts image in center of lens, Image displacement, must have good central acuity, patient must be high functioning, reduction of vision

139
Q

Reverse telescopes

A

minification of images, need good scanning skills, distorted perception (peep hole), not for use while moving

140
Q

Conditions that cause peripheral vision loss

A

Retina detachment, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Glaucoma, Head injuries/brain tumor/stroke, ROP, Colobomas, Retinoblastoma, optic nerve hypoplasia

141
Q

Conditions that cause central vision loss

A

Macular Degeneration, Stargardt’s, CVI, diabetic retinopathy, nystagmus

Anatomy of the Eye (3 decks)

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