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Biology Lab 1115 > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of distortion happened with compound microscopes?

A

Image reversal

Left-right, top-bottom

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2
Q

Advantages of stereoscopic dissecting microscope

A

Observe think and large objects under high mag.

Observe in 3D

No image reversal

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3
Q

How to find Total magnification

A

Ocular (10x) x objective lens magnification

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4
Q

How to measure field diameter

A

Put ruler slide under microscope.
Find how many mm there are in the circle for objective 4x.
Then turn to 10x and do the same.
For 40x divide the number you got for 4x by 10

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5
Q

How do you measure true diameter?

A

Field diameter x linear fraction

Linear fraction: estimate the portion of the field that the specimen takes up.

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6
Q

How to measure scale of drawing

A

Drawing diameter /true diameter

Put x after number

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7
Q

How to prepare a wet mount

A

Add drop of culture onto microscope slide

Add clean cover slip at angle!!

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8
Q

Cross section:
Longitudinal section:
Median section:
Radial section:

A

Cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis
Cut parallel to longitudinal axis
Cut along the middle of an object
Cut made along a radius of a circular object

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9
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Absence of nucleus and membrane bound organelles

May have chloroplasts (Cyanobacteria)

Found in bacteria , blue-green algae

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10
Q

4 differences between plant and animal cells

A
  • large central vacuole in plants
  • ridged cell wall (plants)
  • chloroplasts
  • centrioles are in animal cells (can’t be seen under microscope)
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11
Q

Some rules for biological drawings

A
  • arrange labels in a straight column on the right hand side of the drawing
  • use straight continuous label lines
  • if too many labels make second column on left
  • no shading, crosshatching
  • Below drawing has…. title(underline if scientific), manner in which slide was prepared(cross section, wet mount, total mag. , scale
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12
Q

Enzyme facts

A 
Proteins
Specific enzyme has specific substrate 
Don’t require substantial heat 
Don’t change equilibrium 
Don’t affect free energy
Emerge unaltered
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13
Q

Spectrophotometer

A

Measures light absorbed by products

500nm mode 0-1 absorbance

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14
Q

For enzyme experiments how can you tell which experiment is experimental or control?

A

Experimental has both substrate and enzyme present

Should have highest absorbance rate

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15
Q

Competitive vs. Non competitive inhibition

A

Blocks substrate by attaching to active site of enzyme
(Can be reversed if concentration of substrate is raised)

Inhibitor binds to a non active site and changes nature of enzyme

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16
Q

Two things that can alter enzyme activity

A

Ph and temp (independent variable-we can change them)

Absorbance is dependent

17
Q

DNA is made up of

A

Nucleotides- 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose, nitrogenous bass, phosphate, hydrogen bonds

Double helix

18
Q

Leading and lagging strand

A

Leading 5’-3’

Lagging 3’-5’

19
Q

Dina replication occurs in what phase of cell division

A

S phase of interphase

20
Q

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

A

The division of nuclear material, separation of duplicated chromosomes into daughter cells that are identical to parent.

Segregation of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells

21
Q

Interphase

A

(Cell not dividing)(chromosomes refereed to as chromatin)
G1 phase: immediately after division, period of intense metabolic activity resulting in cell growth and new organelles.
S phase: DNA rep. Occurs; chromosomes replicate into sister chromosomes he,d by centromere.
G2 phase: short, Cell is metabolically preparing to divide

22
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin coils and condense Into visible chromosomes.
Nuclear membrane starts to break down and nucleolus disappears.
Spindle of microtubules form across cell.
Sister chromatids attached to spindle by kinetochores
Spindles extend to poles

23
Q

Metaphase

A

Orientation of the chromosomes at the equator of the spindle

24
Q

Anaphase

A

Division the centromeres to produce two separate, functional daughter cells each with own centromere.
Daughter chromosomes migrate to poles.

25
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes disperse, no longer visible(chromatin)
Nuclear membrane forms around chromatin. New nucleoli appear
Spindle disintegrates
Cytokinesis (cell plate for plants)

26
Q

Differences of mitosis in plant and animal cells

A

Interphase: centrosomes and centrioles in all animal cells, but absent in higher land cells.
Mitosis: asters in animals
Telophase: animal cells forms cleavage furrow

27
Q

Cells formed by mitosis are…. or

Cells formed by meiosis are…. or

A

Diploid 2n

Haploid n

28
Q

Meiosis interphase

A

S phase, chromosomes drawn out into threads, definite nucleus with a nuclear membrane

29
Q

Prophase 1

A

Individual chromosomes become apparent
Chromosomes appear double stranded
Each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids
Nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear
Spindles appear
(Homologous pairs) group of 2 homologous chromosomes is a tetrad, goes through crossing over.

30
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Independent assortment: paternal and material chromosomes are random.

31
Q

Anaphase 1

A

No division of centimetres. Members of each pair of homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles.

32
Q

Telophase 1

A

New nuclei formed have half as many chromosomes

33
Q

Interkinesis

A

Short interval between two divisions of meiosis cycle. No replication of material.

34
Q

Prophase 2

Metaphase 2

A

Chromatids begin to attach to 2 spindle fibres at its centromere

Line up along equatorial

35
Q

Anaphase 2

Telophase 2

A

Chromatids separate and centromeres split, pulled to opposite poles

Nuclear membrane reform,. Cleavage furrow, cytokinesis. 4 haploid cells result

36
Q

Controls amount of light emitted to a specimen

A

Iris diaphragm

37
Q

Move slide on stage in x or y axis

A

Specimen holder knobs

38
Q

Concentrates light up to the specimen

A

Condenser

39
Q

If an object is in the bottom of the field of view in a light compound microscope and you want to move it upward to the Center, you would move the slide?

A

Down

Biology Lab 1115 (2 decks)

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