Midterm Review Flashcards
Sister chromatids are attached to one another at the ____.
Centromere
The cells found in loose connective tissue that function in the production of heparin and histamine are
Mast Cells
A joint in which two bony surfaces are connected by hyaline cartilage is called
Synchondrosis
Light-skinned people generally have a lower amount of
Melanin
The white crescent at the proximal end of the nail is called the ____.
Lunula
Which kind of gland is ductless and secretes hormones?
Endocrine
What act like male sex hormones
Anabolic steroids
What kind of molecule is a double-stranded helical chain made up of nucleotides?
DNA
When we cut a finger, cells are repaired and replaced by ____.
Mitosis
Bones are formed from microscopic cells called
Osteocytes
Myelin sheaths surrounding nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system are produced by ____.
Schwann cells
What permits us to turn our heads?
Odontoid Process
Hair-like projections of the cell that beat and vibrate are called
Cilia
A solution with a pH of 8 is
Alkaline
The membranes enclosing the brain and spinal cord are the
Meninges
The transparent fibrous membrane that forms a tube around and adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain is called the
Pia Mater
Water makes up what percentage of cytoplasm?
70% - 90%
Degenerative joint disease, a condition affecting the weight-bearing joints, is also known as
Osteoarthritis
Which muscle closes the jaw
masseter
Which common metabolic disease presents with irregular thickening and softening of the bones?
Paget’s disease
Softening of the bones in adults is known a
Osteomalacia
The cells of the human body contain how many chromosomes.
46
As the nerve impulse of an axon reaches the neuromuscular junction, it triggers the release of a neurotransmitter called ____.
Acetylcholine
The formation of ____ is the final step in the transformation of light energy into the chemical energy of a biologically usable form.
ATP
What is the energy-requiring process that builds larger molecules by combining smaller molecules.
Anabolism
What is the membrane lines the abdominal cavity and protects the abdominal organs?
Peritoneal Membrane
The large intestine is part of what system?
Digestive
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons are called
Isotopes
What is the process of the messenger RNA molecule copying the genetic code from the DNA molecule in the nucleus.
Transcription
Which process occurs when water is used to break down larger molecules?
Hydrolysis
What is the formation of the male sex cell called?
Spermatogenesis
What is it called when transmission of nerves impulses across the synapse is brought about by the secretion of very low concentrations of chemicals called? (These moves across the gaps)
Neurotransmitters
What is an example of an electron carrier?
NAD
A ball-and-socket is an example of a(n) ____ joint.
Multiaxial
During a muscle contraction, the muscle cell membrane becomes temporarily permeable to
Sodium
The first step in the anaerobic breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide gas and water is known as ____.
Glycolysis
Where is ATP created?
In the mitochondria
What type of tissue generates movement by contracting in a forcible manner?
Muscle
Inflammation of a tendon is called ____.
Tendonitis
Atoms combine chemically with one another by forming what?
Bonds
Term meaning toward the back
Posterior
What are short, branched nerve fibers on the nerve cell that are the receptive areas of the neuron.
Dendrites
An imaginary dividing line useful in separating the areas of the body is a
Plane
Down syndrome is a congenital defect commonly caused by an extra copy of which chromosome
21
The process of translation occurs in the ____.
Cytoplasm
The outermost spinal meninx is called the ____.
Dura Mater
A traumatic injury to the cervical vertebrae caused by violent back-and-forth movement of the neck and head is
Whiplash
Digestion decomposes fat molecules into fatty acids and ____.
Glycerol
What occurs during the first step of glycolysis?
Phosphate is added to the glucose.
Males who have an extra X chromosome (47,XXY) have ____.
Klinefelter’s syndrome
What is the formation of the female sex cell called?
Oogenesis
The organs of any cavity are referred to as the
Viscera
What type of muscle controls peristalsis?
Smooth muscle
Which muscle extends the knee
quadriceps femoris
The act of increasing the angle between bones is
Extension
What is the anatomical body position?
Standing erect, face forward, arms at the sides, palms toward the front, feet parallel
The skin is part of what system?
Integumentary
Which system brings oxygen to, and eliminates carbon dioxide from, the blood?
Respiratory
The formation of red and white blood cells by the red bone marrow is known as
Hematopoiesis
What type of tissue forms glands that secrete materials such as digestive juices, hormones, milk, perspiration, and wax?
Epithelial Tissue
What bones form the shoulder girdle?
Clavicles and scapulae
Which layer of the skin contains the only cells of the epidermis that are capable of dividing by mitosis?
Stratum germinativum
The first meiotic division of oogenesis yields one large cell and one smaller cell called a(n) ____.
Polar Body
What muscle raises your eyebrows and wrinkles the skin of your forehead.
Frontalis
Which muscle plantar flexes the foot
seoleus
The action potential traveling down the T tubule causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release ____ ions into the fluids surrounding the myofibrils.
Calcium
Which term refers to the breakdown of glucose in human muscle cells when oxygen is insufficient due to muscle fatigue?
anaerobic respiration
Which muscle moves the head
sternocleidomastoid
A single muscle contraction is called
A twitch
The connective tissue covering a whole muscle is called
Fascia
Bone cells that develop new bone are called
Osteoblasts
The kidney is part of what system?
Urinary
A flat, small discoloration of the skin that is even with the skin surface is known as a ____.
Macule
The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower sections is called the
Transverse plane
The four main groups of organic compounds are
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
An inflammation of the whole joint is called ____.
Arthritis
Underarm odor is caused by the interaction of bacteria and secretions from what?
Sweat glands
The spinal cord is a continuation of the ____.
medulla oblongata
Specialized protein molecules that help control chemical reactions in the cell are called
Enzymes
What is a natural process by which cells in the body die?
Apoptosis
What is the universal solvent?
Water
What is a type of joint in which the movement is limited to flexion and extension in a single plane.
Hinge Joint
The inorganic matrix of bone is primarily made of what?
Calcium Phosphate
Nerve cells known as ____ transmit nerve impulses in the form of electrochemical changes.
Neurons
The vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections is called the
Coronal plane
The nuclear membrane reforms during which phase of mitosis?
Telophase
The subatomic particles with a positive (+) charge are called
Protons
Mitochondria, lysosomes, and ribosomes are examples of
organelles
Which muscle closes the lips
Orbicular oris
Which bones are thin and typically found where there is a need for extensive muscle attachment or protection for soft or vital parts of the body?
Flat
What are the basic units of organization of all organisms?
Cells
Cancer that occurs in the bone marrow is known as
Leukemia
Cells that line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain, some of which produce cerebrospinal fluid, are called ____.
ependymal cells
The dark bands of skeletal muscle are made of
Myosin (thick filaments)
The lung is part of what system?
Respiratory
What type of contraction occurs when lifting a weight
Isotonic
What is the basic unit of organization of nervous tissue?
Neuron
Which tissue binds together and supports other tissues and organs?
Connective
A bundle of fibers located outside the central nervous system is called a(n)
Nerve
What sends signals to muscles, causing us to shiver to raise our body temperature.
Hypothalamus
Lipids or fats may also be known as what?
Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and Fatty acids
What are the layers of the skin from outermost to innermost?
Stratum Corneum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale
The name for scientists that work with recombinant DNA to alter and control the genotype of organisms.
Genetic Engineers
The process of cellular reproduction that occurs in the nucleus, forming two identical nuclei, is known as
Mitosis
Movement of the sole of the foot outward at the ankle is known as
Eversion
Tendons that are wide and flat form what is known as
aponeurosis
The name given to glands found along the walls of hair follicles is
Sebaceous
What are the three types of muscle found in the body?
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Muscles that bend a limb at a joint are called ____.
Flexors
The addition of phosphate to glucose is called
Phosphorylation
Descending tracts of the central nervous system that conduct impulses down the spinal cord are concerned with ____ functions.
Motor
The rootlike extensions of a neuron that receive stimuli are called ____.
Dendrites
What are the three types of loose connective tissue
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
The basic building blocks of proteins are ____.
Amino Acids
What occurs when a bone is displaced from its proper position in a joint:
Dislocation
The cells that line ducts, the digestive tract, and parts of the respiratory tract are called
Columnar epithelial cells
The joint between the atlas vertebra and the axis vertebra is an example of what kind of joint?
Pivot Joint
The breakdown of food molecules in a cell to release energy, water, and carbon dioxide is called
Catabolism
The muscles that make up the hamstrings are the
Semitendinosus, biceps femoris, and semimembranosus
The act of moving the bone around a central axis is called ____.
Rotation
Which muscle flexes and adducts the arm
pectoralis major
Which system is involved in controlling, correlating, and regulating the other body systems.
The Nervous System
The brain is part of what system?
Nervous
The movement of an extremity away from the midline is called
Abduction
Fibrous sheets of connective tissue that wrap around muscle bundles are
Fasciae
What is the simplest pathway able to receive a stimulus, enter the central nervous systems for immediate interpretation, and produce a response?
A reflex arc
All glands are made up of what kind of tissue?
Epithelial
Which muscle flexes the knee
biceps femoris
What muscle lowers the eye?
Inferior Rectus
The type of transport that requires energy input is called ____.
Active transport
The stage of meiosis in which the centromeres of the chromosomes divide is
Anaphase II
The clear liquid fluid that fills the spaces around the chromatin and the nucleoli is
Nucleoplasm
Most of the ATP produced during biochemical respiration is produced in
The electron transport system
The assembly of flat saclike cisternae where compounds to be secreted by the cell are collected and concentrated is called the ____.
Golgi apparatus
The body’s physical barrier to light, heat, and microorganisms is formed by the
Stratum corneum
What are the two purine nitrogen bases
Adenine
Guanine
Carrying messages from the sensory neurons to the brain for interpretation and the response from the brain to the muscles and glands is a major function of the
Spinal Cord
What is the genetic material located within the nucleus of the cell that determines all of the cell’s functions and characteristics
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
The thyroid gland is part of what system?
Endocrine
What are considered the suicide agents of the cell?
Lysosomes
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system uses the neurotransmitter ____ at nerve endings.
acetylcholine
Term meaning uppermost or above
Superior
Which bone of the lower leg is known as the shin bone?
Tibia
The process by which yeast cells break down glucose in the absence of oxygen is known as
Fermentation
Ascending tracts of the spinal cord carry ____ information from body parts to the brain.
Sensory
A form of rheumatism that does not affect the joints is called ____.
fibromyalgia
The liver converts toxic ammonia to a harmless substance called ____.
Urea
Secretion of a substance from a cell or structure is a function of which system?
Endocrine System
What is formed when two or more different elements combine by sharing electrons?
Compound
What are muscles that assist the prime mover muscles in performing movement?
Synergists
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes migrate to the opposite poles of the cell?
Telophase
What is the muscle found only in the heart?
Cardiac
Neurons that convey information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands are called
Efferent
The covalent bonds that are formed between different amino acids to form a protein are known as ____.
Peptide Bond
A region of DNA that contains instructions for the amino acid sequence of a particular protein is called a(n) ____.
Gene
The uterus is part of what system?
Reproductive
Which cavity is divided into the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.
Dorsal
Materials enter and exit the cell through what?
The membrane
The brain is located in which cavity?
Cranial
The bone is part of what system?
Skeletal
Which term refers to a fertilized egg?
Zygote
Muscles that produce movement in a single direction are
Prime Movers
What is the process by which a cell divides into two and duplicates its genetic material.
The cell cycle
The heart is part of what system?
Cardiovascular
What is the tearing of joint ligaments due to trauma?
Sprain
What are spastic and painful contractions of muscles that occur because of an irritation within the muscle?
Cramps
The spleen is part of what system?
Lymphatic
The nervous system shares in the maintenance of homeostasis with what other system?
Endocrine System
What are star-shaped cells that twine around nerve cells to form a supporting network in the brain and spinal cord.
Astrocytes
DNA molecules that shorten and thicken during cell division are known as _____.
Chromosomes
The flexor digitorum muscles flex the ____.
Fingers
Structures composed of similar cells that perform similar functions are known as
Tissues
Which muscle abducts the thumb
abductor pllicis
A red blood cell that is placed in a hypotonic solution will ____.
Swell
Term that means a decrease in cell size?
Atrophy
What muscle raises the eye?
Superior Rectus
Which term describes a cell with a full complement of chromosomes (2n)?
Diploid
Where does cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria?
The cristae which are the folds of the inner membrane
Glucose is a simple ____.
Carbohydrate
Name the three layers of the hair
Cuticle
Cortex
Medulla
Which type of cartilage is dense and very resistant to stretching?
fibrocartilage
Which unique connective tissue is composed of a fluid portion (plasma) and formed elements?
Blood
The skin layer that functions as a physical barrier to light and heat waves is the stratum ____.
Corneum
The movement of fluid and solutions through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is known as
Osmosis
The area where an electron can be found is referred to as the
Electron’s Orbital
Sodium-potassium pumps restore the resting membrane potential following an action potential, a process known as ____.
repolarization
The wrist is ____ to the elbow.
Distal
Which muscle flexes the thigh
psoas
What tissue reacts to stimuli and conducts impulses?
Nervous Tissue
Clusters of nerve cell bodies found outside the central nervous system are called
Ganglia
The first nerve cell receiving an impulse directly from a receptor is called a
Motor or efferent neuron
Which tissue is characterized by an abundance of intercellular material called the matrix?
Connective
The subcutaneous tissue that contains a lot of fat is the ____.
Hypodermis
Name the pairings of the nitrogenous bases in the DNA ladder
Thymine - Adenine
Cytosine - Guanine
The most common and most numerous type of sweat glands is the ____ gland.
Eccrine
What is the specialized connective tissue that forms our teeth?
Dentin
In which phase of the cell cycle does a cell spend most of its time?
Interphase
What is glycolysis?
The first step in biochemical respiration.
A complex carbohydrate, or fiber, synthesized by Golgi bodies in plant cells.
Cellulose
The epidermal layer containing melanocytes is the
Stratum germinativum
Which muscle extends the great toe
extensor hallucis longus
The eustachian tube connects what?
The pharynx and the middle ear
The thin membrane that lines the eyelids and covers part of the eye is called
Conjunctiva
What condition of the eye is characterized by a cloudy lens
Cataracts
The area of the retina where the nerve fibers leave the eye is known as
The optic disk
What is the transparent central area of the sclera on the anterior eye.
Cornea
What is the ability to see close objects but not distant ones, commonly called nearsightedness
Myopia
The ability of the eye to see distant objects but not close ones is known as farsightedness or
Hyperopia
What is a disorder in the brain in which certain parts of the brain are overactive, producing convulsive seizures and possible loss of consciousness.
Epilepsy
Olfactory signals are transmitted to which lobe
Frontal
What is characterized by tremors of the hand when resting and a slow shuffling walk with rigidity of muscular movements.
Parkinson’s disease
What part of the ear serves to equalize the air pressure in the middle ear with that of the outside atmosphere?
Eustachian tube
Taste buds are located on what part of the tongue?
Papillae
What is the watery fluid found in the anterior chamber of the eye called?
Aqueous humor
What is the wax-like substance that is secreted by the sebaceous glands in the auditory canal called?
Cerumen
The colored part of the eye is called the
Iris
What part of the midbrain is a reflex center controls movement of the head and eyeballs in response to visual stimuli and the head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli.
Dorsal tectum
What is the second largest portion of the brain and functions as a reflex center in coordinating complex skeletal muscular movements, maintaining proper body posture, and keeping the body balanced.
Cerebellum
an enlargement or dilation of a blood vessel wall, commonly referred to as ballooning.
Aneurysm
a condition that is a normal part of aging, commonly occurring during the 40s, and resulting in a decrease in the ability of the eye to accommodate for near vision.
Presbyopia
What is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which immune cells attack the myelin sheath of nerve and cell axons?
Multiple sclerosis
The posterior part of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland is the
Diencephalon
What contains a center that controls respiration?
Pons
a condition that affects the muscles of the jaws, locking them into a closed position.
Tetanus
Sound waves that enter the ear canal are directed to the ____, causing it to vibrate.
tympanic membrane
The ____ fluid serves as a shock absorber for the central nervous system
cerebrospinal
