Midterm Review Flashcards
Sister chromatids are attached to one another at the ____.
Centromere
The cells found in loose connective tissue that function in the production of heparin and histamine are
Mast Cells
A joint in which two bony surfaces are connected by hyaline cartilage is called
Synchondrosis
Light-skinned people generally have a lower amount of
Melanin
The white crescent at the proximal end of the nail is called the ____.
Lunula
Which kind of gland is ductless and secretes hormones?
Endocrine
What act like male sex hormones
Anabolic steroids
What kind of molecule is a double-stranded helical chain made up of nucleotides?
DNA
When we cut a finger, cells are repaired and replaced by ____.
Mitosis
Bones are formed from microscopic cells called
Osteocytes
Myelin sheaths surrounding nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system are produced by ____.
Schwann cells
What permits us to turn our heads?
Odontoid Process
Hair-like projections of the cell that beat and vibrate are called
Cilia
A solution with a pH of 8 is
Alkaline
The membranes enclosing the brain and spinal cord are the
Meninges
The transparent fibrous membrane that forms a tube around and adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain is called the
Pia Mater
Water makes up what percentage of cytoplasm?
70% - 90%
Degenerative joint disease, a condition affecting the weight-bearing joints, is also known as
Osteoarthritis
Which muscle closes the jaw
masseter
Which common metabolic disease presents with irregular thickening and softening of the bones?
Paget’s disease
Softening of the bones in adults is known a
Osteomalacia
The cells of the human body contain how many chromosomes.
46
As the nerve impulse of an axon reaches the neuromuscular junction, it triggers the release of a neurotransmitter called ____.
Acetylcholine
The formation of ____ is the final step in the transformation of light energy into the chemical energy of a biologically usable form.
ATP
What is the energy-requiring process that builds larger molecules by combining smaller molecules.
Anabolism
What is the membrane lines the abdominal cavity and protects the abdominal organs?
Peritoneal Membrane
The large intestine is part of what system?
Digestive
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons are called
Isotopes
What is the process of the messenger RNA molecule copying the genetic code from the DNA molecule in the nucleus.
Transcription
Which process occurs when water is used to break down larger molecules?
Hydrolysis
What is the formation of the male sex cell called?
Spermatogenesis
What is it called when transmission of nerves impulses across the synapse is brought about by the secretion of very low concentrations of chemicals called? (These moves across the gaps)
Neurotransmitters
What is an example of an electron carrier?
NAD
A ball-and-socket is an example of a(n) ____ joint.
Multiaxial
During a muscle contraction, the muscle cell membrane becomes temporarily permeable to
Sodium
The first step in the anaerobic breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide gas and water is known as ____.
Glycolysis
Where is ATP created?
In the mitochondria
What type of tissue generates movement by contracting in a forcible manner?
Muscle
Inflammation of a tendon is called ____.
Tendonitis
Atoms combine chemically with one another by forming what?
Bonds
Term meaning toward the back
Posterior
What are short, branched nerve fibers on the nerve cell that are the receptive areas of the neuron.
Dendrites
An imaginary dividing line useful in separating the areas of the body is a
Plane
Down syndrome is a congenital defect commonly caused by an extra copy of which chromosome
21
The process of translation occurs in the ____.
Cytoplasm
The outermost spinal meninx is called the ____.
Dura Mater
A traumatic injury to the cervical vertebrae caused by violent back-and-forth movement of the neck and head is
Whiplash
Digestion decomposes fat molecules into fatty acids and ____.
Glycerol
What occurs during the first step of glycolysis?
Phosphate is added to the glucose.
Males who have an extra X chromosome (47,XXY) have ____.
Klinefelter’s syndrome
What is the formation of the female sex cell called?
Oogenesis
The organs of any cavity are referred to as the
Viscera
What type of muscle controls peristalsis?
Smooth muscle
Which muscle extends the knee
quadriceps femoris
The act of increasing the angle between bones is
Extension
What is the anatomical body position?
Standing erect, face forward, arms at the sides, palms toward the front, feet parallel
The skin is part of what system?
Integumentary
Which system brings oxygen to, and eliminates carbon dioxide from, the blood?
Respiratory
The formation of red and white blood cells by the red bone marrow is known as
Hematopoiesis
What type of tissue forms glands that secrete materials such as digestive juices, hormones, milk, perspiration, and wax?
Epithelial Tissue
What bones form the shoulder girdle?
Clavicles and scapulae
Which layer of the skin contains the only cells of the epidermis that are capable of dividing by mitosis?
Stratum germinativum
The first meiotic division of oogenesis yields one large cell and one smaller cell called a(n) ____.
Polar Body
What muscle raises your eyebrows and wrinkles the skin of your forehead.
Frontalis
Which muscle plantar flexes the foot
seoleus
The action potential traveling down the T tubule causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release ____ ions into the fluids surrounding the myofibrils.
Calcium
Which term refers to the breakdown of glucose in human muscle cells when oxygen is insufficient due to muscle fatigue?
anaerobic respiration
Which muscle moves the head
sternocleidomastoid
A single muscle contraction is called
A twitch
The connective tissue covering a whole muscle is called
Fascia
Bone cells that develop new bone are called
Osteoblasts
The kidney is part of what system?
Urinary
A flat, small discoloration of the skin that is even with the skin surface is known as a ____.
Macule
The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower sections is called the
Transverse plane
The four main groups of organic compounds are
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
An inflammation of the whole joint is called ____.
Arthritis
Underarm odor is caused by the interaction of bacteria and secretions from what?
Sweat glands
The spinal cord is a continuation of the ____.
medulla oblongata
Specialized protein molecules that help control chemical reactions in the cell are called
Enzymes
What is a natural process by which cells in the body die?
Apoptosis
What is the universal solvent?
Water
What is a type of joint in which the movement is limited to flexion and extension in a single plane.
Hinge Joint
The inorganic matrix of bone is primarily made of what?
Calcium Phosphate
Nerve cells known as ____ transmit nerve impulses in the form of electrochemical changes.
Neurons
The vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections is called the
Coronal plane
The nuclear membrane reforms during which phase of mitosis?
Telophase
The subatomic particles with a positive (+) charge are called
Protons
Mitochondria, lysosomes, and ribosomes are examples of
organelles
Which muscle closes the lips
Orbicular oris
Which bones are thin and typically found where there is a need for extensive muscle attachment or protection for soft or vital parts of the body?
Flat
