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Anatomy and Physiology > Anatomy & Physiology Midterm > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

List some of the key individuals and their discoveries that laid the foundations for the fields of human anatomy and physiology.

A

Andreas Vesalis & William Harvey

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2
Q

Andreas Vesalis

A

Wrote book on the structure of the human body

Considered the father of anatomy

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3
Q

William Harvey

A

The circulation of blood through the body

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4
Q

What is anatomy

A

Study of the structure of an organism

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5
Q

What is physiology

A

Study of the functions of a living organism

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6
Q

Superior

A

Above

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7
Q

Thoracic cavity is _____ to the abdominal cavity

A

Superior

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8
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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9
Q

The foot is _____ to the ankle

A

Inferior

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10
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Toward the front

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11
Q

The mammary glands are on the _____ chest wall

A

anterior

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12
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Toward the back

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13
Q

The vertebral column is ______ to the digestive tract

A

posterior

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14
Q

Cephalad (cranial)

A

Toward the head

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15
Q

The thoracic cavity lies ____ to the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Cephalad

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16
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the tail

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17
Q

Medial

A

Nearest the midline of the body

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18
Q

The nose is in the ____ position on the face

A

Medial

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19
Q

Lateral

A

Toward the side or away from the midline of the body

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20
Q

The ears are _____ to the nose

A

lateral

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21
Q

Proximal

A

Near the point of attachment or origin (closest to the trunk)

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22
Q

The elbow is _____ the wrist

A

Proximal

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23
Q

Distal

A

Away from the point of attachment or origin

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24
Q

The ankle is _____ the knee

A

distal

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25
Q

Midsaggital Plane

A

Divides right and left down the center of the body

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26
Q

Coronal (frontal) Plane

A

Divides front and back

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27
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides top and bottom

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28
Q

Dorsal cavity contains

A

Organs of the nervous system

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29
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Contains the brain

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30
Q

Spinal Cavity

A

Contains the spinal cord

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31
Q

Ventral cavity

A

contains organs involved in homeostasis

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32
Q

Thoracic cavity

A 
lungs
heart
esophagus
trachea
thymus
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33
Q

Abdominal cavity

A 
stomach
liver
spleen
galbladder
small and large intestines
kidneys
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34
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

terminal end of large intestines
urinary bladder
internal reproductive organs

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35
Q

What is a cell

A

Smallest living units of biological organization

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36
Q

Function of epithelial tissue

A

Protect
absorb
secrete
excrete

37
Q

Function of connective tissue

A 
Support
nourishment
transport
connection
movement
protection
insulation
storage
attachment
38
Q

Function of muscular tissue

A

Generates physical force needed to make body move

39
Q

Function of nervous tissue

A

detects changes inside and outside the body and initiates nerve impulses

40
Q

Function of the Integumentary System

A

Provides a protective barrier for the body and contains sensory receptors

41
Q

Organs of the Integumentary system

A 
Skin
hair
nails
glands
nerves
42
Q

Function of the Skeletal System

A

protects major organs, provides levers and support for body movement

43
Q

Organs of the skeletal system

A

bones
cartilage
tendons
ligaments

44
Q

Function of the muscular system

A

moves bones and maintains posture

45
Q

Organs of the muscular system

A

smooth muscular tissue
skeletal tissue
cardiac muscle

46
Q

Function of the nervous system

A

Controls cell function with electrical signals

47
Q

Organs of the nervous system

A

Brain
spinal cord
nerves

48
Q

Function of the endocrine system

A

Controls cell function with hormones

49
Q

Organs of the endocrine system

A 
pineal gland
pituitary gland
pancreas
ovary
testis
50
Q

function of the cardiovascular system

A

transport nutrients, chemical messages, gases and wastes in blood

51
Q

Organs of the cardiovascular system

A

heart

blood vessels

52
Q

Function of the lymphatic system

A

returns fluids to cardiovascular system

detects, filters, and eliminates disease causing organisms

53
Q

Organs of the lymphatic system

A

red bone marrow
thympus
spleen
lymph nodes

54
Q

Function of the respiratory system

A

adds oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from blood

55
Q

organs of the respiratory system

A 
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
lungs
bronchus
56
Q

function of the digestive system

A

breaks down food to be absorbed by the body

57
Q

organs of the digestive system

A 
oral cavity
esophagus
liver
stomach
large and small intestines
rectum
anus
58
Q

function of the urinary system

A

removes wastes

maintains body fluid volume, ph, and electrolyte levels

59
Q

Organs of the urinary system

A

kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra

60
Q

function of the reproductive system

A

produce gametes

61
Q

Organs of the female reproductive system

A 
mammary glands
ovary
uterus
vagina
uterine tube
62
Q

organs of the male reproductive system

A 
prostate gland
penis
testis
scrotum
vas deferens
63
Q

List the major chemical elements found in living systems.

A 
water
carbon dioxide
oxygen
ammonia
mineral salts 
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
atp
64
Q

Define the structure of an atom and its component subatomic particles.

A

Proton
Neutrons
Electrons

65
Q

Explain the process of protein synthesis

A

DNA enters the nucleus where transcription occurs
RNA joins the DNA
They leave the nucleus where TRANSLATION occurs in the ribosomes on the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

66
Q

What is diffusion

A

Is the movement of molecules from a region of higher to lower concentration.

67
Q

What is osmosis

A

is movement of water from a lower concentration to a higher concentration

68
Q

What is active transport

A

protein molecules function as molecular pumps to enable the cell accumulate glucose/ions,
ATP is required

69
Q

Define Acid

A

a substance dissociates and forms an excess of H1 ions when dissolved in water

70
Q

Define base

A

A substance that combines with H1 ions when dis- solved in water

71
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

information center of the cell

72
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Transport and storage

73
Q

What is the function of the golgi body

A

the points within the cell where compounds to be secreted by the cell are collected and concentrated

74
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

produces energy through cellular respiration

75
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes

A

digestion

76
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes

A

Create proteins

77
Q

What is the function of the centrioles

A

cellular division and reproduction

78
Q

Basic structure of the cell membrane

A

phospholipids

79
Q

What are the two subcategories of metabolism

A

Anabolism and catabolism

80
Q

What is anabolism

A

builds large molecules

81
Q

What is catabolism

A

breaks down large molecules

82
Q

What is glycolysis

A

Initial stage in the break down of glucose

83
Q

What is the krebs citric acid cycle

A

It is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide.

84
Q

Interphase

A

Cell grows
performs normal functions
prepares for division

85
Q

Prophase

A

First step

chromatin condenses into chromosomes

86
Q

Metaphase

A

Proteins pull chromatids to the center

87
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

88
Q

Telophase

A

The nucleoli reappear

nuclear membranes form

89
Q

Nitrogen base pairs of dna

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
thymine

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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