Anatomy & Physiology Midterm Flashcards
List some of the key individuals and their discoveries that laid the foundations for the fields of human anatomy and physiology.
Andreas Vesalis & William Harvey
Andreas Vesalis
Wrote book on the structure of the human body
Considered the father of anatomy
William Harvey
The circulation of blood through the body
What is anatomy
Study of the structure of an organism
What is physiology
Study of the functions of a living organism
Superior
Above
Thoracic cavity is _____ to the abdominal cavity
Superior
Inferior
Below
The foot is _____ to the ankle
Inferior
Anterior (ventral)
Toward the front
The mammary glands are on the _____ chest wall
anterior
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward the back
The vertebral column is ______ to the digestive tract
posterior
Cephalad (cranial)
Toward the head
The thoracic cavity lies ____ to the abdominopelvic cavity
Cephalad
Caudal
Toward the tail
Medial
Nearest the midline of the body
The nose is in the ____ position on the face
Medial
Lateral
Toward the side or away from the midline of the body
The ears are _____ to the nose
lateral
Proximal
Near the point of attachment or origin (closest to the trunk)
The elbow is _____ the wrist
Proximal
Distal
Away from the point of attachment or origin
The ankle is _____ the knee
distal
Midsaggital Plane
Divides right and left down the center of the body
Coronal (frontal) Plane
Divides front and back
Transverse plane
Divides top and bottom
Dorsal cavity contains
Organs of the nervous system
Cranial cavity
Contains the brain
Spinal Cavity
Contains the spinal cord
Ventral cavity
contains organs involved in homeostasis
Thoracic cavity
lungs heart esophagus trachea thymus
Abdominal cavity
stomach liver spleen galbladder small and large intestines kidneys
Pelvic cavity
terminal end of large intestines
urinary bladder
internal reproductive organs
What is a cell
Smallest living units of biological organization
Function of epithelial tissue
Protect
absorb
secrete
excrete
Function of connective tissue
Support nourishment transport connection movement protection insulation storage attachment
Function of muscular tissue
Generates physical force needed to make body move
Function of nervous tissue
detects changes inside and outside the body and initiates nerve impulses
Function of the Integumentary System
Provides a protective barrier for the body and contains sensory receptors
Organs of the Integumentary system
Skin hair nails glands nerves
Function of the Skeletal System
protects major organs, provides levers and support for body movement
Organs of the skeletal system
bones
cartilage
tendons
ligaments
Function of the muscular system
moves bones and maintains posture
Organs of the muscular system
smooth muscular tissue
skeletal tissue
cardiac muscle
Function of the nervous system
Controls cell function with electrical signals
Organs of the nervous system
Brain
spinal cord
nerves
Function of the endocrine system
Controls cell function with hormones
Organs of the endocrine system
pineal gland pituitary gland pancreas ovary testis
function of the cardiovascular system
transport nutrients, chemical messages, gases and wastes in blood
Organs of the cardiovascular system
heart
blood vessels
Function of the lymphatic system
returns fluids to cardiovascular system
detects, filters, and eliminates disease causing organisms
Organs of the lymphatic system
red bone marrow
thympus
spleen
lymph nodes
Function of the respiratory system
adds oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from blood
organs of the respiratory system
nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea lungs bronchus
function of the digestive system
breaks down food to be absorbed by the body
organs of the digestive system
oral cavity esophagus liver stomach large and small intestines rectum anus
function of the urinary system
removes wastes
maintains body fluid volume, ph, and electrolyte levels
Organs of the urinary system
kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
function of the reproductive system
produce gametes
Organs of the female reproductive system
mammary glands ovary uterus vagina uterine tube
organs of the male reproductive system
prostate gland penis testis scrotum vas deferens
List the major chemical elements found in living systems.
water carbon dioxide oxygen ammonia mineral salts carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids atp
Define the structure of an atom and its component subatomic particles.
Proton
Neutrons
Electrons
Explain the process of protein synthesis
DNA enters the nucleus where transcription occurs
RNA joins the DNA
They leave the nucleus where TRANSLATION occurs in the ribosomes on the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
What is diffusion
Is the movement of molecules from a region of higher to lower concentration.
What is osmosis
is movement of water from a lower concentration to a higher concentration
What is active transport
protein molecules function as molecular pumps to enable the cell accumulate glucose/ions,
ATP is required
Define Acid
a substance dissociates and forms an excess of H1 ions when dissolved in water
Define base
A substance that combines with H1 ions when dis- solved in water
What is the function of the nucleus
information center of the cell
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum
Transport and storage
What is the function of the golgi body
the points within the cell where compounds to be secreted by the cell are collected and concentrated
What is the function of the mitochondria
produces energy through cellular respiration
What is the function of the lysosomes
digestion
What is the function of the ribosomes
Create proteins
What is the function of the centrioles
cellular division and reproduction
Basic structure of the cell membrane
phospholipids
What are the two subcategories of metabolism
Anabolism and catabolism
What is anabolism
builds large molecules
What is catabolism
breaks down large molecules
What is glycolysis
Initial stage in the break down of glucose
What is the krebs citric acid cycle
It is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide.
Interphase
Cell grows
performs normal functions
prepares for division
Prophase
First step
chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Metaphase
Proteins pull chromatids to the center
Anaphase
Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
Telophase
The nucleoli reappear
nuclear membranes form
Nitrogen base pairs of dna
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
thymine
