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Cross Culture Business > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  1. Define culture, according to the lecture.
A

-acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and
group striving.

-Culture refers to a particular group of people at a particular place at a particular time.

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2
Q
  1. Define ethnocentrism and provide clear examples of it to assist in understanding the definition.
A

-Ethnocentric: your culture is the preferred culture.

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3
Q
  1. List five ways that culture can be transmitted from generation to generation.
A

-Stories traditions holidays teachers mass media

Parents/ grandparents

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4
Q
  1. Define worldview and provide five examples of potential clashes between worldviews.
A

Cultures orientation towards god, humanity, nature, questions of existence, cosmos, life, death, sickness and other issues that deal with how its members view the world.

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5
Q
  1. Give examples of cultural symbols and explain what is the most important symbol of culture and why.
A

Flags, currency, dress, gestures, language, religious icons.

Language most important.

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6
Q
  1. What does Hi Mr. K. Cram, Bestv stand for?
A
  1. Hierarchies
  2. Meanings
  3. Religions
  4. Knowledge
  5. Concepts of the Universe
  6. Roles
  7. Attitudes
  8. Material Objects
  9. Beliefs
  10. Experience
  11. Spatial Relationships
  12. Timing
  13. Values
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7
Q
  1. How does avowel differ from ascription? Provide examples to assist in understanding how these terms differ.
A

Avowel- our perception of the world

Ascription- our perception about others & their perception of us.

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8
Q
  1. What are the six characteristics of culture?
A
  1. Learned
  2. Transmitted from generation to generation (proverbs)
  3. Based on symbols
  4. Dynamic
  5. Integrated
  6. Ethnocentric
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9
Q
  1. Describe some distinguishing features of a universalistic culture and a particularistic culture and the potential challenges that might arise in business between these two approaches to culture?
A

Universalistic- role based, Canada, contract set in stone

Particularistic- Focus on relationships, Japan, contract is a guideline

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10
Q
  1. Provide a detailed description of how low-context cultures differ from high-context culture.
A

High context- indirect communication (observe)

Low context- direct communication (talk)

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11
Q
  1. Explain Hofstede’s dimensions of culture.
A

 Power Distance-
The extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions, organizations, and societies is distributed unequally.
 Individualism vs. Collectivism
Individualism: Degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of a group and believe in individual rights above all else.
Collectivism: Emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.
 Masculinity vs. Femininity
Masculinity: The extent to which the culture favours traditional masculine roles of achievement, power, and control.
Femininity: A national cultural attribute that sees little difference between male and female roles. Places high value on the quality of life, interpersonal relationships, nurturing behaviours.
 Uncertainty Avoidance
The extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.
 Long Term vs. Short Term Orientation
Long-term Orientation:
 Emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence.
Short-term Orientation:
 Emphasizes the past and the present, respect for tradition, and fulfillment of social obligations.

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12
Q
  1. Describe the iceberg and the onion as representations of culture.
A

Iceberg- 10% visible (behavior), 90% invisible (attitude, beliefs, values)
Onion- Outer layer- observable, can perceive with 5 senses)
Middle layer- norms & values
Core- assumptions about existence

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13
Q
  1. Explain the concept of face and provide examples of how loss of face may differ in individualistic versus collectivist societies.
A

Face- self esteem, self respect
Individualistic- self face important
Collectivistic- mutual face and other face important

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14
Q
  1. Explain how meaning is transferred in intercultural communication.
A

Transferred through language, messages, exchange of messages, gestures, tone of voice

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15
Q
  1. What are some differences in value assumptions regarding nature and society and interpersonal relationships between nonwestern and western cultures?
A

Heterogeneity- western cultures, horizontal, guilt, doing something
Homogeneity- non-western cultures, vertical, shame, being
Interpersonal relationships- westsern (independence, informal, achieve status)
-non western (co-dependence, formal, ascribed status)

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16
Q
  1. What are three predictors of power distance? What is the best predictor of power distance? Explain why?
A

Climate, population size, distribution of wealth.

Distribution of wealth best predictor because the more unequal the wealth the greater the power distance.

17
Q
  1. Explain in detail, with examples, the relationship between context, time, and cognition
A

Context- high & low Time – M & P Cognition- analytical & relational

18
Q
  1. What contributions has Edward T. Hall made to our understanding of culture?
A

Context- high & low Time – M & P

19
Q
  1. Describe features of the analytical approach and the relational approach to learning and problem solving.
A

Analytical- low context, rely on facts & logical approach

Relational- high context rely on wisdom & luck rather then facts

20
Q
  1. How does a person’s culture affect their patterns of thinking and shape their approaches to presenting data and problem solving?
A

Relational thinking would try and solve a problem as a group. Problem solving would be hard as they are high context countries.
Analytical thinking is more individualistic and low context so the problem gets solved quicker.

21
Q
  1. What does the textbook author mean when she say that a frequent source of miscommunication is misreading or missing the frame of reference (the triangle of meaning)?
A

Based on culture are they HC or LC culture. It all depends on verbal or non-verbal meanings. We all hope that message is taken the same way, that you want it received in the way you meant it.

22
Q
  1. How does the author of the text define communicative competence?
A

It’s not enough to speak the language, but we need to know the use as well. The 5W of communication.

23
Q
  1. Explain how past orientation, present orientation, and future orientation of time differ. Provide examples of cultures that follow these orientations.
A

Past orientation- view traditions of what came before as more important than ways of the present.
Future orientation- Planning on what’s ahead, planning for future
Present orientation- focused on the moment, not past or future.

24
Q
  1. Explain in detail how PTime differs from MTime?
A

P-time- people are less set to their schedules, they are more concerned with relationships then deadlines.
M-time- is people staying on schedule and deadlines are taken seriously, LC

25
Q
  1. How would complimenting someone differ in an individualistic culture versus a collectivistic culture? Explain your answer with examples.
A

Individualistic-happy to hear compliment

Collectivistic- wouldn’t want to stand out

26
Q
  1. Explain how cultural identity affects cross cultural communication.
A

Identity influences interactions shaping expectations, which can create anxiety and miss understandings.

27
Q
  1. What is the concept of “one among many” in polychronic societies?
A

You are focused on more then one task at a time.

28
Q
  1. Explain how a culture that is high in masculinity may use a feminine communication style.
A

Japan is run by men but uses communication style like woman (indirect)

29
Q
  1. When trying to gain an understanding of another person’s identity, what cultural dimension(s) would help you better understand that person? Explain your answer.
A

Individual vs. collectivistic

30
Q
  1. What are three valuable frameworks for understanding culture?
A

Hi Mr K Cram Best V, Hofstedes cultural dimensions and ICC LAATE

	I- Identity- Individual or collective
	C- context- high or low
	C- change- opportunity or stability
	L-learning- action, observational
A-	Achievement- live to work or work to live
A-	Authority- achieved, ascribe(sign)
T- time- M or P
E- Environment
31
Q
  1. What are commonalities among ethnocentrism, racism, prejudice, stereotyping?
A

You think your better then someone else or that someone else is beneath you.

32
Q
  1. Explain the difference between individualism and collectivism and provide examples to explain your answer.
A

Individualism- take action to gain knowledge, LC, analytical, compartmentalize information.
Collectivism- prefer to receive wisdom, HC, relational, emphasis on the whole rather then the parts

33
Q
  1. Explain why the concept of proxemics or personal space is relevant to the global businessperson.
A

proxemics refers to different perceptions people have regarding physical space.

34
Q
  1. How do you distinguish between high and low uncertainty avoidance?
A

Low uncertainty avoidance
• Few rules, little structure: makes sense, right?
• Entrepreneurial: starting your own business is seen as very normal; the same goes for risk taking (no guts, no glory!).
Stress-free: people experience “life” as being relatively stress free.

High uncertainty avoidance
Structure, rules, expertise: makes sense too, right? But not only formal rules (like the maximum speed on the freeway, but also informal rules like how do you properly poor a glass of wine and taste it).
Security (avoiding the unfamiliar): rather then taking risks, people prefer that what they know already.
Hectic: “life” is being perceived as hectic and stress full. Pretty much from all angles.
/passion: showing your emotions is seen as a way to blow off steam. Consider a minor car collision in Rome (high scoring) versus London (low scoring).

35
Q
  1. Describe some features of Japanese culture.
A

 Male dominated culture
 Feminine communication style (indirect)
 Emphasis on group harmony, the greater good
 Inclusion in communication

Cross Culture Business (5 decks)

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