Midterm Review Flashcards
1
Q
What is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span
A
development
2
Q
What does the lifespan approach emphasize?
A
developmental change throughout adulthood and childhood
3
Q
What are the characteristics of the life-span perspective?
A
- multidimensional
- plastic
- contextual
- lifelong
- co-construction of biology, cultural and the individual
- multidirectional
- involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss
- multidisciplinary
4
Q
Which characteristic of the lifespan states that no matter what your age may be mind, body, emotions, and relationships are changing and affecting each other?
A
multidimensional
5
Q
What is meant by development is plastic?
A
there is a capacity for change as one ages
6
Q
All development occurs within with a setting or ____?
A
context
7
Q
T/F. Contexts change
A
T
8
Q
What are the 3 types of influences exerted by contexts?
A
- normative-age graded
- nonnormative life events
- normative history-graded
9
Q
Nonnormative life events
A
unusual occurrences that have a major impact on the lives of individual people
10
Q
Normative age-graded
A
similar for individuals in a particular age group
11
Q
Normative history-graded influences
A
common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances
12
Q
If dimensions or components of a dimension expand and other shrink, which characteristic does this describe?
A
multidirectional
13
Q
If psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest, development is what?
A
multidisciplinary
14
Q
A gov’t’s course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens shaped by values, economics, and politics
A
social policy
15
Q
What are the 9 period of development?
A
- prenatal period
- infancy
- toddler
- early childhood
- middle and late childhood
- adolescence
- early adulthood
- middle adulthood
- late adulthood
16
Q
Describe the lifespan into the 4 ages
A
1st age: childhood and adolescence
2nd age: prime adulthood, ages 20-59
3rd age: approx 60-79
4th age: approx 80+
17
Q
During which period of life is approx 40-60 years of age which is a time for expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility?
A
middle adulthood
18
Q
What occurs during middle and late childhood? Age range?
A
6-10 or 11 years old. Children master the fundamental skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic and formally exposed to larger world and its culture
19
Q
What does the term toddler describe?
A
a child from 1.5-3 years which is a transitional period from infancy and early childhood
20
Q
What is the longest span of any period of development? age range?
A
late adulthood during 60s or 70s until death
21
Q
Describe the prenatal period
A
the time from conception to birth taking approximately 9 months
22
Q
What is the developmental period from 3-5 years old?
A
early childhood
23
Q
Describe early childhood
A
the young child is learning to become more self-sufficient and to care for themselves
24
Q
What developmental period is a transition from childhood to early adulthood?
A
adolescence
25
What changes occur during adolescence?
height, weight, body contour, & sexual characteristics
26
Which developmental period is from birth to 18 or 24 months?
infancy
27
Describe infancy period
psychological activities
28
Describe early adulthood
begins early 20s-40s. developing personal and economic independence, selecting a mate, and learning to live intimately with someone
29
Which age refers to the number of years that time has elapsed?
chronological age
30
Which age refers to the connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt?
social age
31
Which age refers to an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age?
psychological age
32
Which age refers to a person's biological health?
biological age
33
What is the difference between nature and nurture?
nature is the biological aspect and nurture is the environmental aspect
34
List the developmental issues
1. nature vs nurture
2. stability vs change
3. continuity vs discontinuity
35
What is the difference between stability and change?
Stability is the result of heredity and possible early experiences, while change states that later experiences can produce change
36
What does the continuity- discontinuity issue focus?
the degree to while development involves gradual, cumulative or distinct stages
37
Describe continuity
gradual, cumulative change; quantitative
38
Describe discontinuity
distinct stages or sequence of stages; qualitative
39
List the psychosexual stages in order with age ranges
1. oral stage: birth-1.5 years
2. anal stage: 1.4 years-3
3. Phallic stage: 3-6 years
4. Latent stage(sexual repression w/ focus on social): 6- puberty
5. Genital: puberty+
40
List Erik Erickson's 8 psychosocial stages in order
1. trust vs. mistrust
2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3. initiative vs guilt
4. industry vs inferiority
5. identity vs. identity confusion
6. intimacy vs isolation
7. generativity vs stagnation
8. integrity vs despair
41
According to Erickson how does one move from stage to the next?
the more successful a crisis is resolved the healthier development will be
42
According to Piaget, which 2 processes underlie the construction of the world?
adaptation and organization
43
What are the 4 stages Piaget suggested we understand the world? Age ranges?
1. sensiorimotor: birth-2 years
2. preoperational: 2-7 years
3. concrete operational: 7-11 years
4. formal operational: 11-15 to adulthood
44
What is Vygotsky's theory?
a sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how cultural social interactions guide cognitive development
45
What is the information-processing theory?
Emphasizes that individuals manipulate info, monitor it, and strategize about it
46
How does the info-processing theory differ from Piaget and Vygotsky?
Piaget and Vygotsky suggest discontinuity, while info-processing theory suggest continuity
47
Which 2 theories emphasize continuity?
behavioral and social cognitive
48
What are the 3 elements of social cognitive theory?
behavior, cognition and environment
49
What are the 5 environmental systems from smallest to largest?
1. microsystem
2. mesosytem
3. exosystem
4. macrosystem
5. chronosystem
50
Which environmental system consists of patterning o environmental events and transitions over the life course
chronosystem
51
Which environmental system involves connections between contexts?
mesosystem
52
Which environmental system is the setting in which the individual lives?
microsystem
53
Which environmental system involves the culture in which the individual lives?
macrosystem
54
Which environmental system consists of links between social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context?
exosystem
55
Which theory states that what matters is that individuals live long enough to reproduce and pass on their characteristics?
evolutionary theory
56
How many protein producing genes does one human have?
approx 20,000 genes
57
What affects genetic expressions?
environment, stress, radiation and temperature
58
List the difference between mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis is an cellular event for all regular cells, while meiosis is a cellular particular events for sex cells. Mitosis produces 2 identical cells with 23 chromosomes(diploid n=46), while meiosis produces 4 different cells (haploid n=23)
59
What are the 2 sources of variability?
1. DNA
| 2. Genetic recombination
60
The process when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or father passed on the gene?
gene imprinting
61
What is the term that describes how genes are determined by the interaction of many different genes?
polygenetically determination
62
What is the result of having one extra copy of chromosome 21?
Down syndrome
63
Which chromosomal disorder in which a male has an extra Y chromosome?
XYY syndrome
64
Which genetic disorder results from an abnormality in the X chromosomes? Result?
Fragile X Syndrome
| A child can suffer from autism also
65
Which chromosomal disorder disorder in females in which either an X-chromosome is missing?
Turner Syndrome
66
Which chromosomal disorder in which a male has an extra X chromosome?
Klinefelter syndrome
67
Which genetic disorder results when one has the inability to metabolize Phenylalanine?
PKU
68
What is the first choice in fetal screening?
ultrasound
69
What can a fetal MRI detect better than an ultrasound?
abnormalities in the CNS, GI tract, genital/urinary organs and placenta
70
Between the 15th and 18th weeks of pregnancy which method in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosomal and metabolic syndromes?
amniocentesis
71
What is the term used to describe what occurs because a child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments?
evocative genotype- environment correlations
72
What type of correlation occurs because biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing for the child?
passive genotype-environment correlations
73
Also known as niche-picking, which type of correlation occurs when children seek out environments that the find compatible and stimulating?
active genotype- environment
74
What is the difference between shared and unshared environmental experiences?
shared are siblings' common experienced while unshared consists of a child's unique experiences
75
What are the 3 periods of prenatal development in order?
1. germinal
2. embryonic
3. fetal
76
In which prenatal development period lasts about 7 months in which growth and development continue their dramatic course during this time?
fetal period
77
How long is the typical prenatal developmental take?
38-40 weeks
78
Which period of prenatal development takes places in the first 2 weeks after conception?
germinal period
79
What occurs during the germinal period?
creation of the zygote, cell division and attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
80
What prenatal developmental period begins as the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall?
embryonic period
81
Which period of prenatal development occurs from 2-8 weeks after conception?
embryonic period
82
During the embryonic period, which 3 layers of cells form?
1. endoderm
2. mesoderm
3. ectoderm
83
What is the outermost layer in the embryonic period that will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts?
ectoderm
84
What will form as the result of endoderm in the embryonic prenatal period?
the digestive and respiratory systems
85
Name and describe the middle layer of the embryonic prenatal period?
the mesoderm will become the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and the reproductive system
86
List the 3 life support systems for embryo development
1. amnion
2. umbilical cord
3. placenta
87
What is an amnion?
a bag/ envelope and contains a fluid in which the developing embryo floats
88
Contains 2 arteries and one vein, and connects the baby the placenta
umbilical cord
89
Consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join
placenta
90
The process of organ formation during the first 2 months of prenatal development
organogensis
91
What is the age of viability?
6 months or 24-25 weeks after conception
92
What is the average height and weight of an average American baby at birth?
7.5 pounds and 20 inches long
93
What are the 4 important phases of the brain's development during the prenatal period?
1. neural tube
2. neurogenesis
3. neural migration
4. neural connectivity
94
In which prenatal development period is smoking most harmful?
fetal period
95
List all teratogens the book mentions (9)
```
1. prescription and nonprescription drugs
2 . psychoactive drugs
3. incompatible blood types
4. environmental hazards
5. maternal diseases
6. maternal diet and nutrition
7. maternal age
8. emotional state and stress
9. paternal factors
```
96
Which 3 factors influence both the severity of the damage to an embryo or fetus and the type of defect?
1. Gene susceptibility
2. dose
3. time of exposure
97
Which syndrome occurs from a mother drink heavily during pregnancy?
FAS- fetal alcohol syndrome
98
How many stages are in the birth process?
3
99
What occurs in the second birth process?
Begins when the baby's head starts to move through the cervix and the birth canal. Typically lasts 45mins-1 hour
100
What occurs in the first birth process?
Contractions become closer together, dilate the cervix to opening 10 cms. lasts 6-12 hours
101
What occurs during the third birth process?
Afterbirth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled
102
Of the birth processes which the longest? shortest?
the longest is the first and the shortest is the 3rd
103
What are the 3 basic kinds of drugs used for labor?
1. analgesia
2. anesthesia
3. oxytocin
104
Which of the 3 drugs used for labor include: tranqulizers. barbiturates, and narcotics?
analgesia
105
Which of the 3 drugs used for labor promote uterine contractions (Pitocine)?
oxytocin
106
Which of the 3 drugs used for labor blocks sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness?
anesthesia
107
If a baby's buttocks is the first emerge from the birth canal, what is the baby's position?
breeched
108
What is the purpose of the Apgar Scale?
used to assess the health of newborns at 1 and 5 mins after birth by evaluating heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability
109
What is typically performed within 24-36 months after birth to asses neurological development, reflexes, and rxns to people and objects?
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
110
Which group of newborns does the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale assess?
"at-risk" infants
111
If a newborn weighs less 5.5 pounds, where do they fall i the birth weight scale?
low birth weight
112
What is the name given to an infant that is born 3 or more weeks before reaching full term?
preterm infants
113
What weight is considered to be extremely low birth weight?
under 2 pounds
114
If a newborn is 3.5 pounds where in the birth weight scale do they fall?
very low birth weight
115
What involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only a diaper, is held upright against the parent's bare chest?
kangaroo care
116
What is the purpose of kangaroo care with preterm infants?
to stabilize preterm infant's heartbeat, temperature, and breathing
117
What forms the bottom of the neural tube? The top?
The CNS forms the top of the neural tube and the PNS forms the bottom of the neural tube
118
Of the prenatal development, which period is most affected by a teratogen?
embryonic period
119
Why is the ova larger in comparison to sperm?
the ova provides nutrients
120
Compared to other senses, which sense is not as developed as others in the womb? Explain
vision because it is dark in the womb
121
During an infant's physical development which years are the most extensive?
the first 2 years
122
The developmental sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top (the head) with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working from bottom to top
cephalocaudal pattern
123
The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities
proximodistal pattern
124
At birth, what percentage of the newborn's brain is of an adult's brain? by the second birthday?
25% and 75% by their second birthday
125
What is the portion farthest from the spinal cord?
forebrain
126
List the 4 lobes of the brain and function
Occipital lobe- vision
Frontal- decision making, problem solving, personality
Parietal- sensory, motor control, and spatial location
Temporal- auditory, language, and memory
127
In which 2 ways does neurons change during the 1st years of life?
1. myelination
| 2. increase in neuron connectivity
128
According to neuroscientists what wires the brain or rewires it?
repeated experiences
129
Which region of the brain has the most prolonged development if any brain region with changes detectable at least into emerging adulthood?
prefrontal cortex
130
What is myelination?
process of encasing axons with fat cells which begins prenatally and continues after birth into adolescence
131
Which view emphasizes the importance of considering interactions between experience and gene expression in the brans's development?
neuroconstructivist view
132
What is the range newborn typically sleep? Average?
Range: 10-21 hours
Average: 18 hours/day
133
What is the leading cause of death of infants in the US?
SIDS
134
What is caused by a sever protein-calorie deficiency and results in a wasting away of body tissues in the infant's first year?
marasums
135
What is caused by sever protein deficiency usually appearing between 1-3 years of age?
kwashiorkor
136
Describe the rooting reflex
when the infant's cheeks are stroked or the side of the mouth is touched, the infant turns its head toward the side that was touched to find something to suck on
137
If Timmy touches Suzie on the palm of her hand, what is Suzies response? What is this called?
Suzie will respond by grasping tightly. this is called the grasping reflex
138
If Suzie is sitting in her walker and her dad startles her, what is Suzie's response? What is this called?
Suzie will arch her back, throw back her head, and fling out her arms and legs. this is called the moro reflex
139
If Jax automatically starts sucking anything placed in his mouth as newborn, what is this called?
sucking reflex
140
Gross motor skills
involves large-muscle activities
141
Fine motor skills
finely tunes movements
142
If Jax grabs a pencil with his whole hand, what is this called?
Palmer grasp
143
If Azalia holds small objects with her thumb and forefinger what is this called?
pincer grasp
144
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
sensation interacts with sensory receptors whereas perception is the interpretation
145
Sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant
perceptual constancy
146
The recognition that n object remains the same even though the retinal image of an object changes as you move toward or away from the object
size constancy
147
The recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes
shape constancy
148
Which 3 aspects change in hearing during infancy?
1. loudness
2. pitch
3. localization
149
Which 2 scents do newborns prefer?
vanilla and strawberry
150
At what age can newborns differentiate taste?
after 2 hours of birth
151
What type of perception involves integrating info from 2 or more sensory modalities?
intermodal perception
152
In terms if perceptual development, what name is given to those who prefer nature proponents? Those who emphasize learning and experience?
Nativists and empiricists
153
Much of early perception develops from ______, and as infants develop _____ refine or calibrate perceptual functions
nature; nurture
154
Define schemes
actions or mental representations that organize knowledge
155
What types of schemes are seen in infancy? in childhood?
infancy: behavioral
childhood: cognitive abilities
156
According to Piaget, which concepts allow children to construct their knowledge of the world?
1. assimilation
2. accommodation
3. organization
4. equilibrium
5. equlibration
6. schemes
157
According to Piaget, cognitive development is guided by which 2 concepts?
guided by experiences and genetics (biology)
158
If Noah knows the word "car" and he refers all moving vehicles as "car." What is this called?
assimilation because he had referred all vehicles as car
159
If Noah then learns there are different vehicles like motorcycles he then changes his schemes of car to include motorcycles. What is this called?
accommodation
160
If Azalia learns how to vaguely knows how to use a pan, she may have a vague idea about other cookware. After learning how to use each one, she relates these uses. According to Piaget what is this called?
Organization
161
Equilibration
the mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next
162
According to Piaget, cognition is ____ different in one stage compared with another
qualitatively
163
What occurs during the sensorimotor stage?
an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical, motoric actions
164
Define object permanence
the understanding that objects continue to exists even when they cannot be seen, heard or touched
165
What is once concept researchers concluded about Piaget?
Piaget wasn't specific enough about how infants learn about their world and that especially young infants are more competent than Piaget theorized
166
What is the focusing of mental resources on select info , improves cognitive processing on many tasks?
attention
167
Which lobe and region of the brain are active when infants orient their attention?
the cerebral cortex in the parietal lobe
168
In the first year, what dominates attention?
orienting/ investigative process
169
What is orienting/investigative process?
directing attention to potentially important locations in the environment and recognizing objects and their features
170
What type of attention allows infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a stimulus as it becomes familiar?
sustained/focused attention
171
Why does peek-a-boo cause a child to lose interest after about 5 times?
habituation
172
If Jonathan become interested in peek-a-boo again after 5 times, this is called?
dishabituation
173
What 3 elements are required for joint attention?
1. an ability to track another's behavior
2. one person's directing another's attention
3. reciprocal interaction infant's head, snapping fingers, or using words to direct the infant's attention
174
What involves the retention over time?
memory
175
______ plays an important role in memory as a part of a process called ______
attention; encoding
176
Implicit memory
memory without conscious recollection; memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically
177
Explicit memory
conscious remembering facts and experiences
178
What makes explicit memory possible in those 6-12 months?
the maturation of the hippocampus and the surrounding cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobe
179
The inability to remember anything before 3rd birthday party
infantile/childhood amnesia
180
What are the 2 most common infant gestures?
1. extending the arm to show the caregiver something
| 2. pointing with arm and index finger extended at an interesting object
181
Cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people or ideas
concepts
182
What are the 2 types of categorizations?
1. perceptual
| 2. conceptual
183
Early categorizations are best as ______ categorizations that are based on similar features of objects (size, color, and movement)
perceptual categorization
184
About 7-9 months, ____ categorizations develop
conceptual
185
How do infants advance in processing info?
attention, memory, imitation and concept formation
186
A form of communication whether spoken, written or signed
language
187
The ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules
infinite generativity
188
Sound system of the language
phonology
189
phoneme
the basic unit of sound in a language
190
the units of meaning in word formation
morphology
191
Syntax
the way words are combines to form acceptable phrases and sentences
192
Semantics
the meaning of words and sentences
193
Pragmatics
the appropriate use of language in different contexts
194
When do babies start to coo
2-4 months
195
When do babies start to babble
middle of the 1st year
196
What is the difference between underextension and overextension?
overextension is the tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning and underextension is the tendency to apply a word roo narrowly
197
The use of short and precise words without grammatical markers
telegraphic speech
198
"Mommy give Tommy ice cream" is an example of what?
telegraphic speech
199
If Lee cannot produce words, which region of his brain may be affected?
Broca's area in the frontal love
200
A loss or impairment of language ability caused by brain damage
aphasia
201
If Ron has trouble with language comprehension, which region of the brain may be affected?
Wernicke's area, left hemisphere
202
Typically when adults speak with children they use a higher pitch of voice, what is this called?
child-directed speech
203
What are 3 other ways adults use to enhance a child's acquisition of language?
1. recasting
2. expanding
3 labeling
204
Form of language that identifies the names of objects
labeling
205
Tammy says "doggie eat" and her mom replies "yes, the doggie is eating"
expanding
206
Sky says "the dog was barking," and his dad replies with "when was the doggie barking"
recasting
207
Feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her
emotions
208
What 2 roles does emotion play in infancy?
1. communication with others
| 2. behavioral organization
209
What type of emotions are present in humans in the first 6 months of development?
primary emotions
210
List primary emotions
surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust
211
Which type of emotions require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of "me?"
self-conscious emotions
212
List all self-conscious emotions
empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, jealousy, and guilt
213
_____ is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world
crying
214
What are the 3 types cries babies have?
1. basic cry
2. anger cry
3. pain cry
215
A variation of a basic cry in which more excess air is forced through the vocal cords
anger cry
216
A sudden long, initial cry followed by holding breathing
pain cry
217
A rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry followed by a briefer silence
basic cry
218
______ is a key social signal and a very important aspect of positive social interaction in developing a new social skill
smiling
219
What are the 2 types of smiles a babies exhibit
1. reflexive
| 2. social
220
A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli
reflexive
221
A smile that occurs in response to an external stimulus and occurs as early as 2 months
social
222
The most frequent of an infant's fear involves _____
stranger anxiety; peaks around 18 months
223
Crying when the caregiver leaves
separation protest; peaks around 15 months
224
What 2 factors can influence emotional regulation in infancy?
1. caregiver's actions
| 2. contexts
225
T/F. An infant can be spoiled in first year of life
False the reason is that they depend on you
226
What involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding?
temperament
227
According to Chess and Thomas, what are the 3 types of temperaments in children?
1. easy child
2. slow-to-warm-up
3. difficult
228
If a child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines and slow to accept change, which temperament does this describe?
difficult child
229
What are the characteristics of an easy child?
generally positive mood, quick to establish regular routines in infancy and adapts easily to new experiences
230
What type of child temperament has a low activity level, somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood?
slow-to-warm-up
231
_______ children react to many aspects of unfamiliarity with initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect
inhibited
232
What are 3 dimensions that best represent what researchers have found to characterize the structure of development?
1. extraversion/surgency
2. negativ affectivity
3. effortful control
233
T/F. Temperament consists of just one dimension
False, temperament consists multiple dimensions
234
What is meant by the term goodness of fit?
a match between a child's temperament and environment demands the child cope with
235
____ and ____ form key aspects of personality
emotions and temperament
236
Which 3 characteristics are thought of as central personality development during infancy?
1. independence
2. trust
3. self development
237
According to Erickson, what established trust in the first years of life?
physical comfort and sensitive care
238
At what age do infants begin to develop a self-understanding?
18 months
239
What is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation?
social referencing
240
Define attachment
is a close emotional bond between 2 people
241
According to Bowlby, how many phases conceptualize attachment?
4 phases
242
Describe the first 2 phases of conceptualized attachment including age range
Phase 1: birth- 2 months: infants instinctively attach to human figures
phase 2: 2 months-7 months: attachment becomes focused on one figure
243
Describe the last 2 phases of conceptualized attachment including age range
Phase 3: 7months-24months: specific attachment develops with increased locomotion
Phase 4: 24 months on: children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take into account forming their own actions
244
In a strange situation, ken appears disoriented and shows fear around his mom, what type of baby is Ken?
insecurely disorganized
245
In a strange situation, Ryan plays with toys with his mom in his room, once she leaves he mildly cries, but smiles when she returns, what type of baby is Ryan?
securely attached
246
In a strange situation, Lisa avoids her mom, and does not care when her mom leaves the room, and does not reestablish a connection when her mom comes back, what type of baby is Lisa?
insecurely avoidant
247
In a strange situation, Kelly clings to her mom and fights her when she tries to leave, and when she returns Kelly fights her, what type of baby is Kelly?
insecurely resistant
248
What type of caregivers do insecurely avoidant children have?
caregivers tend to be rejecting or unavailable
249
What type of caregivers do securely attached children have?
caregivers who are sensitive to their signals snd are consistently available to respond to their needs
250
What type of caregivers do insecurely disorganized children have?
caregivers often neglect or physically abuse them and may be depressed
251
What type of caregivers do insecurely resistant children have?
caregivers tend to be inconsistent
252
List the regions of the brain proposed as likely to be important in infant-mother attachment (6)
1. amygdala
2. hippocampus
3. prefrontal cortex
4. nucleus accumbens
5. corpus callosum
6. hypothalamus
253
What is the term given when children socialize parents just as parents socialize children?
reciprocal socialization
254
______ is an important form of reciprocal socialization
scaffolding
255
______ parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance
scaffolding
256
In terms of height and weight what does the average grow annually?
2.5 inches in height and gains 5-7 pounds
257
Compare boys and girls during early childhood
girls are only slightly smaller and lighter than boys. Girls have more fatty tissue than boys because boys have more muscle tissue
258
What are the 2 most contributors to height differences ?
nutrition and ethnic origin
259
What is the name of the sleep disorder that causes extreme daytime sleepiness?
narcolepsy
260
What is the name of the sleep disorder that makes it difficult to sleep or staying asleep?
insomnia
261
How can a caregiver improve a child's eating behaviors?
a caregiver can create a predictable schedule, model choosing nutritious foods, make mealtimes pleasant and engage in certain feeding styles
262
What determines categories for obesity, overweight, and risk if being overweight?
BMI
263
If Stacey is over the 97th percentile of the average weight, what is her classification?
obese
264
If Jake is between the 85th-94th percentile of the average weight, what is his classification?
risk of being overweight
265
If Jay is between the 95th or 96th percentile of the average weight, what is his classification?
overweight
266
What is the one of the most common nutritional problems in young children?
iron deficiency anemia
267
What is the age range for the preoperational stage?
2-7 years old
268
According to Piaget, what occurs in the preoperational stage?
children begin to represent the world with words, images, drawings. they form stable concepts and begin to reason
269
Define egocentrism
the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's
270
Define animism
the belief that inanimate objects have life like qualities and action capabilities
271
What do children lack in the preoperational stage?
conservation
272
What does it mean when a child lack conservation?
A child believes that liquid in a taller rather than a wide beaker has more liquid
273
According to Piaget, what is an operation?
reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what before they could do physically
274
What is the difference between how Piaget and Vygotsky suggested how children understood the world?
Piaget said understand by their actions and interactions with the physical world. Vygotsky suggested it was primarily through social interactions
275
What is the ZPD?
zone of proximal development is a range of tasks that are too difficult for child to master on their own and need assistance
276
What is on the lower limit of the ZPD? Higher limit?
lower limit: level of problem solving reached on these tasks by child working alone
higher limit: level of additional responsibility child can accept with assistance of an able instructor
277
What did Vygotsky suggest that children use language for?
to plan, guide and monitor behavior
278
Children makes advances in which 2 aspects of attention?
1. sustained
| 2. executive
279
What type of attention involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances?
executive attention
280
What type of attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, event, tasks?
sustained attention
281
In short term memory how long can information be retained?
30 seconds
282
_____ refers to awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others
theory of mind
283
From 18 months-3 years of age, children begin to understand which 3 mental states?
1. perceptions
2. emotions
3. desires
284
According to Erickson, what is the great governor of initiative?
conscience
285
Representation of self, the substance and content of self-description
self-understanding
286
How do children describe themselves in preschool as oppose when they become 4 or 5?
preschoolers describe themselves with physical attributes while 4 or 5 year old describe themselves with psychological traits
287
What is linked to a child's growing awareness?
expanding range of emotions
288
What are the differences between an emotion-coaching and emotion-dismissing parent?
An emotion coaching parent monitors emotions by teaching, less rejecting, more nurturing while emotion-dismissing parents deny or ignore or try to change emotions
289
Involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do their interactions with other people
moral development
290
Involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other feeling's
empathy
291
An observer experiences emotions that are similar/ identical to what the other person is feeling
sympathy
292
What are the 2 distinct stages that Piaget said children go through in how they think about morality?
1. heteronomous morality
| 2. autonomous morality
293
Heteronomous morality
from age 4-7 where children think justice and rules are unchangeable properties of the world , removed from the control of people
294
Autonomous morality
at about 10 years of age and older; children become aware that rules and laws are created by people and in judging an action they consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences
295
The concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately
immanent justice
296
T/F. What children do in one situation is often only weakly related to what they do in other situations
T
297
T/F Children are less likely to imitate moral behavior
F. they are more likely
298
refers to an internal regulation of standard of right ad wrong that involves integration of moral thought, feeling, and behavior
conscience
299
What are the four important aspects of the relationship between parents and children that contribute to moral development?
1. relational quality
2. parental discipline
3. proactive strategies
4. conversational dialogue
300
Gender identity
involves a sense of one's own gender including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female
301
Gender roles
sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel
302
Gender typing
acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
303
What are the 4 types of parenting styles?
1. indulgent
2. neglectful
3. authoritarian
4. authoritative
304
Indulgent parenting
a style in which the parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or control on them
305
Authoritative parenting
encouraging children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions
306
Authoritarian parenting
a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort
307
Neglectful parenting
a style in which the parent is involved in the child's life
308
What type of child is the result of a authoritarian parent?
are often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves with others, weak communication skills, and failure to initiate activity
309
What type of child is the result of a neglectful parent?
low self-esteem, immature, and may be alienated
310
What type of child is the result of a authoritative parent?
cheerful, self-controlled, and self reliant and achievement-oriented
311
What type of child is the result of an indulgent parent?
rarely learn respect, have difficulty controlling their behavior
312
What are 4 types of child maltreatment?
1. physical abuse
2. child neglect
3. sexual abuse
4. emotional abuse
313
What is the mot common type of child maltreatment?
child neglect
314
What are the 3 important characteristic of sibling relationships?
1. emotional quality
2. familiarity and intimacy
3. variation
315
involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports
practice play
316
behavior by infants that lets them derive pleasure from exercising sensorimotor schemes
sensorimotor play
317
Occurs when the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol
pretense/symbolic play
318
the social cognitive process involved in assuming perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings improve
perspective taking
319
self-esteem
global evaluation of the self
320
self-concept
domain specific evaluations of the self
321
Self-efficacy
the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
322
Where in the brain is developmental advances linked to the increased capacity for self-regulation?
prefrontal cortex
323
What are the 3 stages of moral development suggested Kohlberg?
1. preconventional reasoning
2. conventional reasoning
3. postconventional reasoning
324
At which stage suggested by Kohlberg does an individual abide by certain standard (internal), but they are standard others
conventional
325
At which stage suggested by Kohlberg is morality more internal?
postconventional
326
people who's moral character personality, identity, character, and set of virtues reflect moral excellence and commitment
moral exemplars
327
a person who displays honesty, truthfulness, trustworthiness, and compassion. can overcome distractions and disappointments
moral character
328
people who construct the self with reference to moral categories
moral identity
329
Compare and contrast female and male brains
females approx have a 10% smaller brain than males, but have more folds therefore females have more surface brain tissue
330
Androgyny
presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person
331
Average children
receive equal positive and negative nominations from peers
332
Rejected children
infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and actively disliked by peers
333
Popular children
frequently nominated as a best friend and rarely disliked
334
controversial children
frequently nominated as someone's best friend and as being disliked
335
Learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their own knowledge
constructivist approach
336
Teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control
direct instruction approach
337
During elementary school years, how many inches does a child grown until 11 years old? pounds?
2-3 inches and 5-7 pounds
338
What is the average height for a girl and boy at 11?
girl: 4'10
boy: 4'9
339
Changes also occur in the thickness of the _____ _____ in middle and late childhood?
cerebral cortex
340
During middle and late childhood which gender is better at gross motor skills? fine motor skills?
boys are better at gross motor skills while girls are better at fine motor skills
