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Lifespan Psychology > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span

A

development

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2
Q

What does the lifespan approach emphasize?

A

developmental change throughout adulthood and childhood

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the life-span perspective?

A
  1. multidimensional
  2. plastic
  3. contextual
  4. lifelong
  5. co-construction of biology, cultural and the individual
  6. multidirectional
  7. involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss
  8. multidisciplinary
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4
Q

Which characteristic of the lifespan states that no matter what your age may be mind, body, emotions, and relationships are changing and affecting each other?

A

multidimensional

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5
Q

What is meant by development is plastic?

A

there is a capacity for change as one ages

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6
Q

All development occurs within with a setting or ____?

A

context

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7
Q

T/F. Contexts change

A

T

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of influences exerted by contexts?

A
  1. normative-age graded
  2. nonnormative life events
  3. normative history-graded
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9
Q

Nonnormative life events

A

unusual occurrences that have a major impact on the lives of individual people

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10
Q

Normative age-graded

A

similar for individuals in a particular age group

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11
Q

Normative history-graded influences

A

common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances

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12
Q

If dimensions or components of a dimension expand and other shrink, which characteristic does this describe?

A

multidirectional

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13
Q

If psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest, development is what?

A

multidisciplinary

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14
Q

A gov’t’s course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens shaped by values, economics, and politics

A

social policy

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15
Q

What are the 9 period of development?

A
  1. prenatal period
  2. infancy
  3. toddler
  4. early childhood
  5. middle and late childhood
  6. adolescence
  7. early adulthood
  8. middle adulthood
  9. late adulthood
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16
Q

Describe the lifespan into the 4 ages

A

1st age: childhood and adolescence
2nd age: prime adulthood, ages 20-59
3rd age: approx 60-79
4th age: approx 80+

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17
Q

During which period of life is approx 40-60 years of age which is a time for expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility?

A

middle adulthood

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18
Q

What occurs during middle and late childhood? Age range?

A

6-10 or 11 years old. Children master the fundamental skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic and formally exposed to larger world and its culture

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19
Q

What does the term toddler describe?

A

a child from 1.5-3 years which is a transitional period from infancy and early childhood

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20
Q

What is the longest span of any period of development? age range?

A

late adulthood during 60s or 70s until death

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21
Q

Describe the prenatal period

A

the time from conception to birth taking approximately 9 months

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22
Q

What is the developmental period from 3-5 years old?

A

early childhood

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23
Q

Describe early childhood

A

the young child is learning to become more self-sufficient and to care for themselves

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24
Q

What developmental period is a transition from childhood to early adulthood?

A

adolescence

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25
Q

What changes occur during adolescence?

A

height, weight, body contour, & sexual characteristics

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26
Q

Which developmental period is from birth to 18 or 24 months?

A

infancy

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27
Q

Describe infancy period

A

psychological activities

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28
Q

Describe early adulthood

A

begins early 20s-40s. developing personal and economic independence, selecting a mate, and learning to live intimately with someone

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29
Q

Which age refers to the number of years that time has elapsed?

A

chronological age

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30
Q

Which age refers to the connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt?

A

social age

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31
Q

Which age refers to an individual’s adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age?

A

psychological age

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32
Q

Which age refers to a person’s biological health?

A

biological age

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33
Q

What is the difference between nature and nurture?

A

nature is the biological aspect and nurture is the environmental aspect

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34
Q

List the developmental issues

A
  1. nature vs nurture
  2. stability vs change
  3. continuity vs discontinuity
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35
Q

What is the difference between stability and change?

A

Stability is the result of heredity and possible early experiences, while change states that later experiences can produce change

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36
Q

What does the continuity- discontinuity issue focus?

A

the degree to while development involves gradual, cumulative or distinct stages

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37
Q

Describe continuity

A

gradual, cumulative change; quantitative

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38
Q

Describe discontinuity

A

distinct stages or sequence of stages; qualitative

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39
Q

List the psychosexual stages in order with age ranges

A
  1. oral stage: birth-1.5 years
  2. anal stage: 1.4 years-3
  3. Phallic stage: 3-6 years
  4. Latent stage(sexual repression w/ focus on social): 6- puberty
  5. Genital: puberty+
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40
Q

List Erik Erickson’s 8 psychosocial stages in order

A
  1. trust vs. mistrust
  2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
  3. initiative vs guilt
  4. industry vs inferiority
  5. identity vs. identity confusion
  6. intimacy vs isolation
  7. generativity vs stagnation
  8. integrity vs despair
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41
Q

According to Erickson how does one move from stage to the next?

A

the more successful a crisis is resolved the healthier development will be

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42
Q

According to Piaget, which 2 processes underlie the construction of the world?

A

adaptation and organization

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43
Q

What are the 4 stages Piaget suggested we understand the world? Age ranges?

A
  1. sensiorimotor: birth-2 years
  2. preoperational: 2-7 years
  3. concrete operational: 7-11 years
  4. formal operational: 11-15 to adulthood
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44
Q

What is Vygotsky’s theory?

A

a sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how cultural social interactions guide cognitive development

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45
Q

What is the information-processing theory?

A

Emphasizes that individuals manipulate info, monitor it, and strategize about it

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46
Q

How does the info-processing theory differ from Piaget and Vygotsky?

A

Piaget and Vygotsky suggest discontinuity, while info-processing theory suggest continuity

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47
Q

Which 2 theories emphasize continuity?

A

behavioral and social cognitive

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48
Q

What are the 3 elements of social cognitive theory?

A

behavior, cognition and environment

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49
Q

What are the 5 environmental systems from smallest to largest?

A
  1. microsystem
  2. mesosytem
  3. exosystem
  4. macrosystem
  5. chronosystem
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50
Q

Which environmental system consists of patterning o environmental events and transitions over the life course

A

chronosystem

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51
Q

Which environmental system involves connections between contexts?

A

mesosystem

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52
Q

Which environmental system is the setting in which the individual lives?

A

microsystem

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53
Q

Which environmental system involves the culture in which the individual lives?

A

macrosystem

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54
Q

Which environmental system consists of links between social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual’s immediate context?

A

exosystem

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55
Q

Which theory states that what matters is that individuals live long enough to reproduce and pass on their characteristics?

A

evolutionary theory

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56
Q

How many protein producing genes does one human have?

A

approx 20,000 genes

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57
Q

What affects genetic expressions?

A

environment, stress, radiation and temperature

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58
Q

List the difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis is an cellular event for all regular cells, while meiosis is a cellular particular events for sex cells. Mitosis produces 2 identical cells with 23 chromosomes(diploid n=46), while meiosis produces 4 different cells (haploid n=23)

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59
Q

What are the 2 sources of variability?

A
  1. DNA

2. Genetic recombination

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60
Q

The process when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or father passed on the gene?

A

gene imprinting

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61
Q

What is the term that describes how genes are determined by the interaction of many different genes?

A

polygenetically determination

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62
Q

What is the result of having one extra copy of chromosome 21?

A

Down syndrome

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63
Q

Which chromosomal disorder in which a male has an extra Y chromosome?

A

XYY syndrome

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64
Q

Which genetic disorder results from an abnormality in the X chromosomes? Result?

A

Fragile X Syndrome

A child can suffer from autism also

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65
Q

Which chromosomal disorder disorder in females in which either an X-chromosome is missing?

A

Turner Syndrome

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66
Q

Which chromosomal disorder in which a male has an extra X chromosome?

A

Klinefelter syndrome

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67
Q

Which genetic disorder results when one has the inability to metabolize Phenylalanine?

A

PKU

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68
Q

What is the first choice in fetal screening?

A

ultrasound

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69
Q

What can a fetal MRI detect better than an ultrasound?

A

abnormalities in the CNS, GI tract, genital/urinary organs and placenta

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70
Q

Between the 15th and 18th weeks of pregnancy which method in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosomal and metabolic syndromes?

A

amniocentesis

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71
Q

What is the term used to describe what occurs because a child’s genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments?

A

evocative genotype- environment correlations

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72
Q

What type of correlation occurs because biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing for the child?

A

passive genotype-environment correlations

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73
Q

Also known as niche-picking, which type of correlation occurs when children seek out environments that the find compatible and stimulating?

A

active genotype- environment

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74
Q

What is the difference between shared and unshared environmental experiences?

A

shared are siblings’ common experienced while unshared consists of a child’s unique experiences

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75
Q

What are the 3 periods of prenatal development in order?

A
  1. germinal
  2. embryonic
  3. fetal
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76
Q

In which prenatal development period lasts about 7 months in which growth and development continue their dramatic course during this time?

A

fetal period

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77
Q

How long is the typical prenatal developmental take?

A

38-40 weeks

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78
Q

Which period of prenatal development takes places in the first 2 weeks after conception?

A

germinal period

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79
Q

What occurs during the germinal period?

A

creation of the zygote, cell division and attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

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80
Q

What prenatal developmental period begins as the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall?

A

embryonic period

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81
Q

Which period of prenatal development occurs from 2-8 weeks after conception?

A

embryonic period

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82
Q

During the embryonic period, which 3 layers of cells form?

A
  1. endoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. ectoderm
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83
Q

What is the outermost layer in the embryonic period that will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts?

A

ectoderm

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84
Q

What will form as the result of endoderm in the embryonic prenatal period?

A

the digestive and respiratory systems

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85
Q

Name and describe the middle layer of the embryonic prenatal period?

A

the mesoderm will become the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and the reproductive system

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86
Q

List the 3 life support systems for embryo development

A
  1. amnion
  2. umbilical cord
  3. placenta
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87
Q

What is an amnion?

A

a bag/ envelope and contains a fluid in which the developing embryo floats

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88
Q

Contains 2 arteries and one vein, and connects the baby the placenta

A

umbilical cord

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89
Q

Consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join

A

placenta

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90
Q

The process of organ formation during the first 2 months of prenatal development

A

organogensis

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91
Q

What is the age of viability?

A

6 months or 24-25 weeks after conception

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92
Q

What is the average height and weight of an average American baby at birth?

A

7.5 pounds and 20 inches long

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93
Q

What are the 4 important phases of the brain’s development during the prenatal period?

A
  1. neural tube
  2. neurogenesis
  3. neural migration
  4. neural connectivity
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94
Q

In which prenatal development period is smoking most harmful?

A

fetal period

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95
Q

List all teratogens the book mentions (9)

A 
1. prescription and nonprescription drugs 
2 . psychoactive drugs 
3. incompatible blood types 
4. environmental hazards 
5. maternal diseases 
6. maternal diet and nutrition 
7. maternal age 
8. emotional state and stress 
9. paternal factors
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96
Q

Which 3 factors influence both the severity of the damage to an embryo or fetus and the type of defect?

A
  1. Gene susceptibility
  2. dose
  3. time of exposure
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97
Q

Which syndrome occurs from a mother drink heavily during pregnancy?

A

FAS- fetal alcohol syndrome

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98
Q

How many stages are in the birth process?

A

3

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99
Q

What occurs in the second birth process?

A

Begins when the baby’s head starts to move through the cervix and the birth canal. Typically lasts 45mins-1 hour

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100
Q

What occurs in the first birth process?

A

Contractions become closer together, dilate the cervix to opening 10 cms. lasts 6-12 hours

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101
Q

What occurs during the third birth process?

A

Afterbirth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled

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102
Q

Of the birth processes which the longest? shortest?

A

the longest is the first and the shortest is the 3rd

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103
Q

What are the 3 basic kinds of drugs used for labor?

A
  1. analgesia
  2. anesthesia
  3. oxytocin
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104
Q

Which of the 3 drugs used for labor include: tranqulizers. barbiturates, and narcotics?

A

analgesia

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105
Q

Which of the 3 drugs used for labor promote uterine contractions (Pitocine)?

A

oxytocin

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106
Q

Which of the 3 drugs used for labor blocks sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness?

A

anesthesia

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107
Q

If a baby’s buttocks is the first emerge from the birth canal, what is the baby’s position?

A

breeched

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108
Q

What is the purpose of the Apgar Scale?

A

used to assess the health of newborns at 1 and 5 mins after birth by evaluating heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability

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109
Q

What is typically performed within 24-36 months after birth to asses neurological development, reflexes, and rxns to people and objects?

A

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

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110
Q

Which group of newborns does the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale assess?

A

“at-risk” infants

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111
Q

If a newborn weighs less 5.5 pounds, where do they fall i the birth weight scale?

A

low birth weight

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112
Q

What is the name given to an infant that is born 3 or more weeks before reaching full term?

A

preterm infants

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113
Q

What weight is considered to be extremely low birth weight?

A

under 2 pounds

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114
Q

If a newborn is 3.5 pounds where in the birth weight scale do they fall?

A

very low birth weight

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115
Q

What involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only a diaper, is held upright against the parent’s bare chest?

A

kangaroo care

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116
Q

What is the purpose of kangaroo care with preterm infants?

A

to stabilize preterm infant’s heartbeat, temperature, and breathing

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117
Q

What forms the bottom of the neural tube? The top?

A

The CNS forms the top of the neural tube and the PNS forms the bottom of the neural tube

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118
Q

Of the prenatal development, which period is most affected by a teratogen?

A

embryonic period

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119
Q

Why is the ova larger in comparison to sperm?

A

the ova provides nutrients

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120
Q

Compared to other senses, which sense is not as developed as others in the womb? Explain

A

vision because it is dark in the womb

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121
Q

During an infant’s physical development which years are the most extensive?

A

the first 2 years

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122
Q

The developmental sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top (the head) with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working from bottom to top

A

cephalocaudal pattern

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123
Q

The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities

A

proximodistal pattern

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124
Q

At birth, what percentage of the newborn’s brain is of an adult’s brain? by the second birthday?

A

25% and 75% by their second birthday

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125
Q

What is the portion farthest from the spinal cord?

A

forebrain

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126
Q

List the 4 lobes of the brain and function

A

Occipital lobe- vision
Frontal- decision making, problem solving, personality
Parietal- sensory, motor control, and spatial location
Temporal- auditory, language, and memory

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127
Q

In which 2 ways does neurons change during the 1st years of life?

A
  1. myelination

2. increase in neuron connectivity

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128
Q

According to neuroscientists what wires the brain or rewires it?

A

repeated experiences

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129
Q

Which region of the brain has the most prolonged development if any brain region with changes detectable at least into emerging adulthood?

A

prefrontal cortex

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130
Q

What is myelination?

A

process of encasing axons with fat cells which begins prenatally and continues after birth into adolescence

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131
Q

Which view emphasizes the importance of considering interactions between experience and gene expression in the brans’s development?

A

neuroconstructivist view

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132
Q

What is the range newborn typically sleep? Average?

A

Range: 10-21 hours
Average: 18 hours/day

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133
Q

What is the leading cause of death of infants in the US?

A

SIDS

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134
Q

What is caused by a sever protein-calorie deficiency and results in a wasting away of body tissues in the infant’s first year?

A

marasums

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135
Q

What is caused by sever protein deficiency usually appearing between 1-3 years of age?

A

kwashiorkor

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136
Q

Describe the rooting reflex

A

when the infant’s cheeks are stroked or the side of the mouth is touched, the infant turns its head toward the side that was touched to find something to suck on

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137
Q

If Timmy touches Suzie on the palm of her hand, what is Suzies response? What is this called?

A

Suzie will respond by grasping tightly. this is called the grasping reflex

138
Q

If Suzie is sitting in her walker and her dad startles her, what is Suzie’s response? What is this called?

A

Suzie will arch her back, throw back her head, and fling out her arms and legs. this is called the moro reflex

139
Q

If Jax automatically starts sucking anything placed in his mouth as newborn, what is this called?

A

sucking reflex

140
Q

Gross motor skills

A

involves large-muscle activities

141
Q

Fine motor skills

A

finely tunes movements

142
Q

If Jax grabs a pencil with his whole hand, what is this called?

A

Palmer grasp

143
Q

If Azalia holds small objects with her thumb and forefinger what is this called?

A

pincer grasp

144
Q

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

A

sensation interacts with sensory receptors whereas perception is the interpretation

145
Q

Sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant

A

perceptual constancy

146
Q

The recognition that n object remains the same even though the retinal image of an object changes as you move toward or away from the object

A

size constancy

147
Q

The recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes

A

shape constancy

148
Q

Which 3 aspects change in hearing during infancy?

A
  1. loudness
  2. pitch
  3. localization
149
Q

Which 2 scents do newborns prefer?

A

vanilla and strawberry

150
Q

At what age can newborns differentiate taste?

A

after 2 hours of birth

151
Q

What type of perception involves integrating info from 2 or more sensory modalities?

A

intermodal perception

152
Q

In terms if perceptual development, what name is given to those who prefer nature proponents? Those who emphasize learning and experience?

A

Nativists and empiricists

153
Q

Much of early perception develops from ______, and as infants develop _____ refine or calibrate perceptual functions

A

nature; nurture

154
Q

Define schemes

A

actions or mental representations that organize knowledge

155
Q

What types of schemes are seen in infancy? in childhood?

A

infancy: behavioral
childhood: cognitive abilities

156
Q

According to Piaget, which concepts allow children to construct their knowledge of the world?

A
  1. assimilation
  2. accommodation
  3. organization
  4. equilibrium
  5. equlibration
  6. schemes
157
Q

According to Piaget, cognitive development is guided by which 2 concepts?

A

guided by experiences and genetics (biology)

158
Q

If Noah knows the word “car” and he refers all moving vehicles as “car.” What is this called?

A

assimilation because he had referred all vehicles as car

159
Q

If Noah then learns there are different vehicles like motorcycles he then changes his schemes of car to include motorcycles. What is this called?

A

accommodation

160
Q

If Azalia learns how to vaguely knows how to use a pan, she may have a vague idea about other cookware. After learning how to use each one, she relates these uses. According to Piaget what is this called?

A

Organization

161
Q

Equilibration

A

the mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next

162
Q

According to Piaget, cognition is ____ different in one stage compared with another

A

qualitatively

163
Q

What occurs during the sensorimotor stage?

A

an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical, motoric actions

164
Q

Define object permanence

A

the understanding that objects continue to exists even when they cannot be seen, heard or touched

165
Q

What is once concept researchers concluded about Piaget?

A

Piaget wasn’t specific enough about how infants learn about their world and that especially young infants are more competent than Piaget theorized

166
Q

What is the focusing of mental resources on select info , improves cognitive processing on many tasks?

167
Q

Which lobe and region of the brain are active when infants orient their attention?

A

the cerebral cortex in the parietal lobe

168
Q

In the first year, what dominates attention?

A

orienting/ investigative process

169
Q

What is orienting/investigative process?

A

directing attention to potentially important locations in the environment and recognizing objects and their features

170
Q

What type of attention allows infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a stimulus as it becomes familiar?

A

sustained/focused attention

171
Q

Why does peek-a-boo cause a child to lose interest after about 5 times?

A

habituation

172
Q

If Jonathan become interested in peek-a-boo again after 5 times, this is called?

A

dishabituation

173
Q

What 3 elements are required for joint attention?

A
  1. an ability to track another’s behavior
  2. one person’s directing another’s attention
  3. reciprocal interaction infant’s head, snapping fingers, or using words to direct the infant’s attention
174
Q

What involves the retention over time?

175
Q

______ plays an important role in memory as a part of a process called ______

A

attention; encoding

176
Q

Implicit memory

A

memory without conscious recollection; memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically

177
Q

Explicit memory

A

conscious remembering facts and experiences

178
Q

What makes explicit memory possible in those 6-12 months?

A

the maturation of the hippocampus and the surrounding cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobe

179
Q

The inability to remember anything before 3rd birthday party

A

infantile/childhood amnesia

180
Q

What are the 2 most common infant gestures?

A
  1. extending the arm to show the caregiver something

2. pointing with arm and index finger extended at an interesting object

181
Q

Cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people or ideas

182
Q

What are the 2 types of categorizations?

A
  1. perceptual

2. conceptual

183
Q

Early categorizations are best as ______ categorizations that are based on similar features of objects (size, color, and movement)

A

perceptual categorization

184
Q

About 7-9 months, ____ categorizations develop

A

conceptual

185
Q

How do infants advance in processing info?

A

attention, memory, imitation and concept formation

186
Q

A form of communication whether spoken, written or signed

187
Q

The ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules

A

infinite generativity

188
Q

Sound system of the language

189
Q

phoneme

A

the basic unit of sound in a language

190
Q

the units of meaning in word formation

A

morphology

191
Q

Syntax

A

the way words are combines to form acceptable phrases and sentences

192
Q

Semantics

A

the meaning of words and sentences

193
Q

Pragmatics

A

the appropriate use of language in different contexts

194
Q

When do babies start to coo

A

2-4 months

195
Q

When do babies start to babble

A

middle of the 1st year

196
Q

What is the difference between underextension and overextension?

A

overextension is the tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word’s meaning and underextension is the tendency to apply a word roo narrowly

197
Q

The use of short and precise words without grammatical markers

A

telegraphic speech

198
Q

“Mommy give Tommy ice cream” is an example of what?

A

telegraphic speech

199
Q

If Lee cannot produce words, which region of his brain may be affected?

A

Broca’s area in the frontal love

200
Q

A loss or impairment of language ability caused by brain damage

201
Q

If Ron has trouble with language comprehension, which region of the brain may be affected?

A

Wernicke’s area, left hemisphere

202
Q

Typically when adults speak with children they use a higher pitch of voice, what is this called?

A

child-directed speech

203
Q

What are 3 other ways adults use to enhance a child’s acquisition of language?

A
  1. recasting
  2. expanding
    3 labeling
204
Q

Form of language that identifies the names of objects

205
Q

Tammy says “doggie eat” and her mom replies “yes, the doggie is eating”

206
Q

Sky says “the dog was barking,” and his dad replies with “when was the doggie barking”

207
Q

Feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her

208
Q

What 2 roles does emotion play in infancy?

A
  1. communication with others

2. behavioral organization

209
Q

What type of emotions are present in humans in the first 6 months of development?

A

primary emotions

210
Q

List primary emotions

A

surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust

211
Q

Which type of emotions require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of “me?”

A

self-conscious emotions

212
Q

List all self-conscious emotions

A

empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, jealousy, and guilt

213
Q

_____ is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world

214
Q

What are the 3 types cries babies have?

A
  1. basic cry
  2. anger cry
  3. pain cry
215
Q

A variation of a basic cry in which more excess air is forced through the vocal cords

216
Q

A sudden long, initial cry followed by holding breathing

217
Q

A rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry followed by a briefer silence

218
Q

______ is a key social signal and a very important aspect of positive social interaction in developing a new social skill

219
Q

What are the 2 types of smiles a babies exhibit

A
  1. reflexive

2. social

220
Q

A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli

221
Q

A smile that occurs in response to an external stimulus and occurs as early as 2 months

222
Q

The most frequent of an infant’s fear involves _____

A

stranger anxiety; peaks around 18 months

223
Q

Crying when the caregiver leaves

A

separation protest; peaks around 15 months

224
Q

What 2 factors can influence emotional regulation in infancy?

A
  1. caregiver’s actions

2. contexts

225
Q

T/F. An infant can be spoiled in first year of life

A

False the reason is that they depend on you

226
Q

What involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding?

A

temperament

227
Q

According to Chess and Thomas, what are the 3 types of temperaments in children?

A
  1. easy child
  2. slow-to-warm-up
  3. difficult
228
Q

If a child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines and slow to accept change, which temperament does this describe?

A

difficult child

229
Q

What are the characteristics of an easy child?

A

generally positive mood, quick to establish regular routines in infancy and adapts easily to new experiences

230
Q

What type of child temperament has a low activity level, somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood?

A

slow-to-warm-up

231
Q

_______ children react to many aspects of unfamiliarity with initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect

232
Q

What are 3 dimensions that best represent what researchers have found to characterize the structure of development?

A
  1. extraversion/surgency
  2. negativ affectivity
  3. effortful control
233
Q

T/F. Temperament consists of just one dimension

A

False, temperament consists multiple dimensions

234
Q

What is meant by the term goodness of fit?

A

a match between a child’s temperament and environment demands the child cope with

235
Q

____ and ____ form key aspects of personality

A

emotions and temperament

236
Q

Which 3 characteristics are thought of as central personality development during infancy?

A
  1. independence
  2. trust
  3. self development
237
Q

According to Erickson, what established trust in the first years of life?

A

physical comfort and sensitive care

238
Q

At what age do infants begin to develop a self-understanding?

239
Q

What is the term used to describe “reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation?

A

social referencing

240
Q

Define attachment

A

is a close emotional bond between 2 people

241
Q

According to Bowlby, how many phases conceptualize attachment?

242
Q

Describe the first 2 phases of conceptualized attachment including age range

A

Phase 1: birth- 2 months: infants instinctively attach to human figures
phase 2: 2 months-7 months: attachment becomes focused on one figure

243
Q

Describe the last 2 phases of conceptualized attachment including age range

A

Phase 3: 7months-24months: specific attachment develops with increased locomotion
Phase 4: 24 months on: children become aware of others’ feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take into account forming their own actions

244
Q

In a strange situation, ken appears disoriented and shows fear around his mom, what type of baby is Ken?

A

insecurely disorganized

245
Q

In a strange situation, Ryan plays with toys with his mom in his room, once she leaves he mildly cries, but smiles when she returns, what type of baby is Ryan?

A

securely attached

246
Q

In a strange situation, Lisa avoids her mom, and does not care when her mom leaves the room, and does not reestablish a connection when her mom comes back, what type of baby is Lisa?

A

insecurely avoidant

247
Q

In a strange situation, Kelly clings to her mom and fights her when she tries to leave, and when she returns Kelly fights her, what type of baby is Kelly?

A

insecurely resistant

248
Q

What type of caregivers do insecurely avoidant children have?

A

caregivers tend to be rejecting or unavailable

249
Q

What type of caregivers do securely attached children have?

A

caregivers who are sensitive to their signals snd are consistently available to respond to their needs

250
Q

What type of caregivers do insecurely disorganized children have?

A

caregivers often neglect or physically abuse them and may be depressed

251
Q

What type of caregivers do insecurely resistant children have?

A

caregivers tend to be inconsistent

252
Q

List the regions of the brain proposed as likely to be important in infant-mother attachment (6)

A
  1. amygdala
  2. hippocampus
  3. prefrontal cortex
  4. nucleus accumbens
  5. corpus callosum
  6. hypothalamus
253
Q

What is the term given when children socialize parents just as parents socialize children?

A

reciprocal socialization

254
Q

______ is an important form of reciprocal socialization

A

scaffolding

255
Q

______ parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child’s performance

A

scaffolding

256
Q

In terms of height and weight what does the average grow annually?

A

2.5 inches in height and gains 5-7 pounds

257
Q

Compare boys and girls during early childhood

A

girls are only slightly smaller and lighter than boys. Girls have more fatty tissue than boys because boys have more muscle tissue

258
Q

What are the 2 most contributors to height differences ?

A

nutrition and ethnic origin

259
Q

What is the name of the sleep disorder that causes extreme daytime sleepiness?

A

narcolepsy

260
Q

What is the name of the sleep disorder that makes it difficult to sleep or staying asleep?

261
Q

How can a caregiver improve a child’s eating behaviors?

A

a caregiver can create a predictable schedule, model choosing nutritious foods, make mealtimes pleasant and engage in certain feeding styles

262
Q

What determines categories for obesity, overweight, and risk if being overweight?

263
Q

If Stacey is over the 97th percentile of the average weight, what is her classification?

264
Q

If Jake is between the 85th-94th percentile of the average weight, what is his classification?

A

risk of being overweight

265
Q

If Jay is between the 95th or 96th percentile of the average weight, what is his classification?

A

overweight

266
Q

What is the one of the most common nutritional problems in young children?

A

iron deficiency anemia

267
Q

What is the age range for the preoperational stage?

A

2-7 years old

268
Q

According to Piaget, what occurs in the preoperational stage?

A

children begin to represent the world with words, images, drawings. they form stable concepts and begin to reason

269
Q

Define egocentrism

A

the inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s

270
Q

Define animism

A

the belief that inanimate objects have life like qualities and action capabilities

271
Q

What do children lack in the preoperational stage?

A

conservation

272
Q

What does it mean when a child lack conservation?

A

A child believes that liquid in a taller rather than a wide beaker has more liquid

273
Q

According to Piaget, what is an operation?

A

reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what before they could do physically

274
Q

What is the difference between how Piaget and Vygotsky suggested how children understood the world?

A

Piaget said understand by their actions and interactions with the physical world. Vygotsky suggested it was primarily through social interactions

275
Q

What is the ZPD?

A

zone of proximal development is a range of tasks that are too difficult for child to master on their own and need assistance

276
Q

What is on the lower limit of the ZPD? Higher limit?

A

lower limit: level of problem solving reached on these tasks by child working alone

higher limit: level of additional responsibility child can accept with assistance of an able instructor

277
Q

What did Vygotsky suggest that children use language for?

A

to plan, guide and monitor behavior

278
Q

Children makes advances in which 2 aspects of attention?

A
  1. sustained

2. executive

279
Q

What type of attention involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances?

A

executive attention

280
Q

What type of attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, event, tasks?

A

sustained attention

281
Q

In short term memory how long can information be retained?

A

30 seconds

282
Q

_____ refers to awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others

A

theory of mind

283
Q

From 18 months-3 years of age, children begin to understand which 3 mental states?

A
  1. perceptions
  2. emotions
  3. desires
284
Q

According to Erickson, what is the great governor of initiative?

A

conscience

285
Q

Representation of self, the substance and content of self-description

A

self-understanding

286
Q

How do children describe themselves in preschool as oppose when they become 4 or 5?

A

preschoolers describe themselves with physical attributes while 4 or 5 year old describe themselves with psychological traits

287
Q

What is linked to a child’s growing awareness?

A

expanding range of emotions

288
Q

What are the differences between an emotion-coaching and emotion-dismissing parent?

A

An emotion coaching parent monitors emotions by teaching, less rejecting, more nurturing while emotion-dismissing parents deny or ignore or try to change emotions

289
Q

Involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do their interactions with other people

A

moral development

290
Q

Involves responding to another person’s feelings with an emotion that echoes the other feeling’s

291
Q

An observer experiences emotions that are similar/ identical to what the other person is feeling

292
Q

What are the 2 distinct stages that Piaget said children go through in how they think about morality?

A
  1. heteronomous morality

2. autonomous morality

293
Q

Heteronomous morality

A

from age 4-7 where children think justice and rules are unchangeable properties of the world , removed from the control of people

294
Q

Autonomous morality

A

at about 10 years of age and older; children become aware that rules and laws are created by people and in judging an action they consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences

295
Q

The concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately

A

immanent justice

296
Q

T/F. What children do in one situation is often only weakly related to what they do in other situations

297
Q

T/F Children are less likely to imitate moral behavior

A

F. they are more likely

298
Q

refers to an internal regulation of standard of right ad wrong that involves integration of moral thought, feeling, and behavior

A

conscience

299
Q

What are the four important aspects of the relationship between parents and children that contribute to moral development?

A
  1. relational quality
  2. parental discipline
  3. proactive strategies
  4. conversational dialogue
300
Q

Gender identity

A

involves a sense of one’s own gender including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female

301
Q

Gender roles

A

sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel

302
Q

Gender typing

A

acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

303
Q

What are the 4 types of parenting styles?

A
  1. indulgent
  2. neglectful
  3. authoritarian
  4. authoritative
304
Q

Indulgent parenting

A

a style in which the parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or control on them

305
Q

Authoritative parenting

A

encouraging children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions

306
Q

Authoritarian parenting

A

a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort

307
Q

Neglectful parenting

A

a style in which the parent is involved in the child’s life

308
Q

What type of child is the result of a authoritarian parent?

A

are often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves with others, weak communication skills, and failure to initiate activity

309
Q

What type of child is the result of a neglectful parent?

A

low self-esteem, immature, and may be alienated

310
Q

What type of child is the result of a authoritative parent?

A

cheerful, self-controlled, and self reliant and achievement-oriented

311
Q

What type of child is the result of an indulgent parent?

A

rarely learn respect, have difficulty controlling their behavior

312
Q

What are 4 types of child maltreatment?

A
  1. physical abuse
  2. child neglect
  3. sexual abuse
  4. emotional abuse
313
Q

What is the mot common type of child maltreatment?

A

child neglect

314
Q

What are the 3 important characteristic of sibling relationships?

A
  1. emotional quality
  2. familiarity and intimacy
  3. variation
315
Q

involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports

A

practice play

316
Q

behavior by infants that lets them derive pleasure from exercising sensorimotor schemes

A

sensorimotor play

317
Q

Occurs when the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol

A

pretense/symbolic play

318
Q

the social cognitive process involved in assuming perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings improve

A

perspective taking

319
Q

self-esteem

A

global evaluation of the self

320
Q

self-concept

A

domain specific evaluations of the self

321
Q

Self-efficacy

A

the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

322
Q

Where in the brain is developmental advances linked to the increased capacity for self-regulation?

A

prefrontal cortex

323
Q

What are the 3 stages of moral development suggested Kohlberg?

A
  1. preconventional reasoning
  2. conventional reasoning
  3. postconventional reasoning
324
Q

At which stage suggested by Kohlberg does an individual abide by certain standard (internal), but they are standard others

A

conventional

325
Q

At which stage suggested by Kohlberg is morality more internal?

A

postconventional

326
Q

people who’s moral character personality, identity, character, and set of virtues reflect moral excellence and commitment

A

moral exemplars

327
Q

a person who displays honesty, truthfulness, trustworthiness, and compassion. can overcome distractions and disappointments

A

moral character

328
Q

people who construct the self with reference to moral categories

A

moral identity

329
Q

Compare and contrast female and male brains

A

females approx have a 10% smaller brain than males, but have more folds therefore females have more surface brain tissue

330
Q

Androgyny

A

presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person

331
Q

Average children

A

receive equal positive and negative nominations from peers

332
Q

Rejected children

A

infrequently nominated as someone’s best friend and actively disliked by peers

333
Q

Popular children

A

frequently nominated as a best friend and rarely disliked

334
Q

controversial children

A

frequently nominated as someone’s best friend and as being disliked

335
Q

Learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their own knowledge

A

constructivist approach

336
Q

Teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control

A

direct instruction approach

337
Q

During elementary school years, how many inches does a child grown until 11 years old? pounds?

A

2-3 inches and 5-7 pounds

338
Q

What is the average height for a girl and boy at 11?

A

girl: 4’10
boy: 4’9

339
Q

Changes also occur in the thickness of the _____ _____ in middle and late childhood?

A

cerebral cortex

340
Q

During middle and late childhood which gender is better at gross motor skills? fine motor skills?

A

boys are better at gross motor skills while girls are better at fine motor skills

Lifespan Psychology (2 decks)

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