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Lifespan Psychology > Adolescence-Late Adulthood > Flashcards

Adolescence-Late Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

T/F/ Adolescence experience storm-and-stress. If false what do adolescence experience

A

F. Adolescence are actually positive toward their families, and they felt the ability to cope with stress

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2
Q

The brain-neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in ear adolescence that provides stimulation for the rapid physical changes that take place during development

A

puberty

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3
Q

What are the male characteristics that change during adolescence(in order)?

A
  1. ejaculation
  2. appearance of kinky pubic hair
  3. onset of max growth in height and weight
  4. armpit hair growth
  5. voice change
  6. facial hair
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4
Q

What are the female characteristics that change during adolescence (in order)?

A
  1. breasts enlarge or pubic hair appears
  2. hair in armpits
  3. growth in weight, height, and hips
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5
Q

What is the term referred to as a girl’s first period?

A

menarche

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6
Q

Compared to boys when does a girl’s growth spurt occur?

A

approx. 2 years earlier

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7
Q

What is the mean age for growth spurt boys? girls?

A

boys: 11
girls: 9

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8
Q

What is the peak rate of pubertal for girls? boys?

A

girls: 11.5 years
boys: 13.5 years

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9
Q

Which factors activate or suppress the hormonal system?

A

stress, eating patterns, exercise, sexual activity, tension, and depression

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10
Q

T/F. Since the mid-19th century, the average menarche has declined significantly.

A

true

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11
Q

What experiences are linked to earlier pubertal experiences?

A 
low SES 
urban env 
adoption 
father absence 
family conflict 
maternal harshness 
child maltreatment 
substance abuse
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12
Q

During which phase of adolescence is body image is a teen most preoccupied?

A

early adolescence

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13
Q

T/F. Adolescents who mature earlier or later than their peers perceive themselves differently

A

true

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14
Q

Compare late-maturing and early-maturing boys

A

early-maturing boys perceived themselves more positively and had more successful peer relationships. In their 30s, late-maturing had more stronger sense of self

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15
Q

Why would a late-maturing have a stronger sense of self than early-maturing boys?

A

late-maturing boys had more time to explore life’s options or because early-maturing boys focused on their advantageous physical status instead of career development and achievement

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16
Q

Is more advantageous to be a late-maturing or early-maturing boy?

A

it is advantageous to be an early-maturing boy than late-maturing boy

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17
Q

Do early-maturing or late-maturing girls have greater satisfaction with their figures?

A

early-maturing girls

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18
Q

what occurs to the corpus callosum during adolescence?

A

it become thicker

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19
Q

As of 2011, what percentage of 12th graders have had sex?

A

63%

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20
Q

As of 2011 are 12th grade boys or girls having more sex?

A

girls

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21
Q

In one single act of unportected sex what is the chance a girl will contract HIV? gonorrhea? genital herpes?

A

1% HIV, 50% gonorrhea and 30% genital herpes

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22
Q

What are the 3 leading causes of death in adolescence in order?

A
  1. unintentional injuries
  2. homicide
  3. suicide
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23
Q

What is the leading activity involving unintentional injuries?

A

motor vehicle accidents

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24
Q

What percentage of adolescent deaths in vehicle accidents is from drinking?

A

50 % BAC is level 0.10%

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25
Q

T/F More adolescence are drinking more than ever now

A

False, this rate has actually declined

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26
Q

T/F Marijuana has increased in adolescents

A

T

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27
Q

An eating disorder that involves the rentless pursuit pursuit of thinness through starvation

A

anorexia nervosa

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28
Q

When does anorexia develop in adolescence?

A

typically begins early to middle adolescent years often following an episode of dieting and some type of life stress

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29
Q

An eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge pattern?

A

bulimia nervosa

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30
Q

When does bulimia nervosa develop in adolescence?

A

late adolescence or early adulthood

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31
Q

Which Piagetian phase begins around 7?

A

formal operational

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32
Q

What is the formal operational stage main concept?

A

abstract thinking and reasoning

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33
Q

Hypothetical- deductive reasoning

A

involves creating a hypothesis and deducing its implications

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34
Q

Adolescent egocentrism

A

heightened self-consciousness

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35
Q

imaginary audience

A

adolescents’ belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are

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36
Q

personal fable

A

part of adolescent egocentrism involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility

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37
Q

What is the most important cognitive change in adolescence?

A

improvement in executive function

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38
Q

Explain the top-dog phenomenon

A

moving from the oldest, biggest, and most powerful student elementary school to the youngest, smallest, and least powerful in middle school same into high school

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39
Q

Why does self-esteem decline in adolescent females?

A

girls’ negative body image and greater interest in social relationships and society’s failure to reward that interest

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40
Q

Narcissim

A

self-centered and self-concerned approach toward others

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41
Q

What is the fifth developmental stage according to Erikson?

A

identity vs identity confusion

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42
Q

The term Erikson gave for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy

A

psychosocial moratorium

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43
Q

The period identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives?

A

crisis

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44
Q

Personal investment in identity

A

commitment

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45
Q

The status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment

A

identity achievement

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46
Q

The status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis

A

identity foreclosure

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47
Q

The status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or commitment

A

identity diffusion

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48
Q

The status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitment are either absent or are only vaguely defined

A

identity moratorium

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49
Q

During which developmental period are key changes in identity most likely to occur?

A

emerging adulthood

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50
Q

An enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group

A

ethnic identity

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51
Q

What does parental monitoring include?

A

social settings, activities, friends, and academic efforts

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52
Q

Compare the old and new model emphasizes of the parent-adolescent relationship

A

the old model emphasized that parents-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful while the new model suggests that in most families parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe and that everyday negotiations and minor disputes are normal but also can have a positive influence during this developmental period

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53
Q

T/F. Teenagers prefer to have more friends and less intense friendships than those of young children

A

FALSE, teenagers typically prefer to have a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate than those of young children

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54
Q

T/F. If adolescents fail to develop such close friendships, they experience loneliness and reduced sense of self-worth

A

true

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55
Q

What is the difference between a crowd and a clique?

A

a crowd are larger than cliques, a crowd are usually members of a crowd based on reputation and they may or may not spend much time together. cliques are small groups that range from 2-12 individuals (~6) clique members are usually of the same sex and about the same age

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56
Q

What are the 3 states of developmental changes in dating and romantic relationships?

A
  1. entry into romantic attractions and affiliations about 11-13
  2. exploring romantic relationships at approx 14-16
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57
Q

A ceremony or ritual that marks an individuals’s transition from one status to another

A

rite of passage

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58
Q

T/F. Delinquency is less exclusively a phenomenon of lower SES that it was in the past

A

true

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59
Q

By what % of females have a rate of depression that is TWICE that of males?

A

15%

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60
Q

Why are females more than males more likely to have depression?

A

females tend to ruminate on their depressed mood and amplify it, self-image (body image) are more negative, puberty

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61
Q

Suicide maybe rare in childhood, but during which developmental does it escalate? increase?

A

escalates in adolescence and increases further in adulthood

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62
Q

Which gender is more like to attempt to suicide? succeed?

A

females are more likely to attempt and males are more likely to succeed

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63
Q

What are the 4 problems that affect most adolescents?``

A
  1. drug abuse
  2. juvenile delinquency
  3. sexual problems
  4. school-related problems
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64
Q

What is the difference between life expectancy and life span?

A

life expectancy is the number of years that the average person born in a particular year will die and life span is is the maximum number of years an individuals can live

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65
Q

What is the life span one can live?

A

120-125 years

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66
Q

What is the life expectancy in the US?

A

78.7 years

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67
Q

What is the cause of the increase in life expectancy?

A

health and the reduction in infant deaths in recent decades

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68
Q

Which gender outlives the other?

A

Women live longer than men

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69
Q

What factors are associated with reasons why women live longer than men?

A

social factors: health attitudes, lifestyles, and occupation

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70
Q

What are men more likely than women to die most from?

A

cancer of the respiratory system, motor vehicle accidents, cirrhosis, emphysema, and coronary heart disease

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71
Q

T/F. Women have more resistance to infections and degenerative diseases

A

true

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72
Q

Hardening of the arteries

A

Arteriosclerosis

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73
Q

Which factors are associated with long life in centenarians?

A

longevity genes and the ability to cope with stress, not being obese, habitual smoking is rare, thinking skills

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74
Q

Give the age range for young-old and oldest-old

A

young-old: 65-84

oldest: 85 and older

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75
Q

What is the longest span of any period of human development?

A

50-60

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76
Q

Compared to the oldest-old, young-old are..?

A

have a substantial potential for physical and cognitive fitness, higher levels of emotional well-being and more effective strategies for mastering the gains and losses of old age

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77
Q

Which gender comprises most of the oldest-old?

A

women, majority are widowed and not institutionalized

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78
Q

Which theory of aging suggests that natural selection has not not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults such as Alzheimer disease?

A

evolutionary theory of aging

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79
Q

Which theory of aging states that people age because when cells metabolize energy, the by-products include unstable oxygen molecules?

A

free-radical theory

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80
Q

Which theory of aging suggests hat aging in the body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease?

A

hormonal stress theory

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81
Q

Which theory of aging suggests that cells can divide a maximum of 75-80 times, and that as we age our cells become less capable of dividing?

A

cellular clock theory

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82
Q

Which theory of aging suggests that aging is due to the mitochondria?

A

mitochondrial theory

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83
Q

What is the percentage range a brain shrinks between the age of 20 and 90?

A

5-10%

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84
Q

In which 2 regions of the brain does brain volume decrease during aging?

A

hippocampus and frontal lobe

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85
Q

What is the older explanation that explains why brain volume decreases?

A

shrinkage of neurons, lower # of synapses, reduced length of axons

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86
Q

Which region of the brain experiences the most significant shrinkage during the aging process?

A

prefrontal cortex

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87
Q

Which region of the brain experiences the least amount of shrinking in the aging process?

A

parietal lobe: primary visual cortex, somatosensory cortex, and primary motor cortex

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88
Q

What is today’s explanation that states why the brain shrinks during the aging process?

A

myelination and neural networks

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89
Q

Neurogenesis

A

the generation of new neurons

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90
Q

In which 2 regions of the human brain has neurogenesis taken place?

A

olfactory bulb and hippocampus

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91
Q

T/F. Using both hemispheres may improve the cognitive functioning of older adults.

A

true

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92
Q

What percentage of adults complain of having difficulty sleeping?

A

50%

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93
Q

What is the average hours of sleep that is linked to longer telomere length?

A

7 hours

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94
Q

What are the 2 most noticeable changes in the aging process?

A

wrinkles and age spots

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95
Q

at what age does weight usually drop? cause?

A

60 years old, the cause is due to muscle loss giving the body a “sagging” look

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96
Q

What changes in visual acuity occur in late adulthood?

A
  1. visual processing speed declines
  2. night driving is especially difficult
  3. dark adaptations is slower
  4. visual field becomes smaller
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97
Q

What is the affect of yellowing of the eyes?

A

color vision may decline

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98
Q

A thickening of the lends of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted?

A

cataracts

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99
Q

Involves deterioration of the macula of the retina

A

macular degeneration

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100
Q

T/F. Smoking does not contribute to macular degeneration

A

False. Smoking DOES contribute to macular degeneration

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101
Q

Involves damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure by a buildup of fluid in the eye

A

glaucoma

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102
Q

What is the leading cause of blindness in adults?

A

macular degeneration

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103
Q

Can older adults detect touch less in the lower or upper extremities?

A

lower extremities

104
Q

T/F Cardiovascular diseases increase in late adulthood

105
Q

Which type of hypertension is more common in the elderly?

A

resistant hypertension

106
Q

T/F. Sexuality is not lifelong

A

false, sexuality is lifelong

107
Q

Fill in the blanks. Orgasms becomes less frequent in ____ with age, occurring in every ____ to ___ attempt rather than every time.

A

males, second, third

108
Q

What is used to treated erectile dysfunction?

A

testosterone replacement therapy

109
Q

What is the challenge for a sexually interested older woman?

A

not having a partner

110
Q

What is the most common chronic disorder in late adulthood?

111
Q

What is the second most common chronic disorder in late adulthood?

A

hypertension

112
Q

What is the leading cause of death of those in late adulthood?

A

cardiovascular disease

113
Q

An inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems

114
Q

What is osteoporosis linked to?

A

deficiencies in CA2+, vitamin D, and estrogen and lack of exercise

115
Q

What is the leading cause of injury deaths among adults 65 years and older?

116
Q

What is known as the “invisible epidemic” of those in late adulthood?

A

substance abuse

117
Q

What problem is often related to loneliness, loss of a spouse, or a disabling condition?

A

late-onset alcoholism

118
Q

T/F Researchers have especially found that moderate drinking of red wine is linked to better health and increased longevity

119
Q

Which 3 aspects of nutrition are especially important in older adults?

A
  1. getting adequate nutrition
  2. avoiding overweight and obesity
  3. the role of caloric restriction in improving health and extending life
120
Q

Which group of vitamins help to slow the aging process and improve the health of older adults?

A

antioxidants

121
Q

the “hardware” of the mind that consists of speed and accuracy of the processes involved i sensory input, attention, visual and motor memory, discrimination, comparison, and categorization

A

cognitive mechanics

122
Q

the “software” of the mind that includes reading and writing skills, language comprehension, educational qualifications, and professional skills

A

cognitive pragmatics

123
Q

which type of intelligence is associated with cognitive pragmatics? cognitive mechanics?

A

crystallized intelligence is associated with cognitive pragmatics and fluid intelligence is associated with cognitive mechanics

124
Q

what are the 2 factors that causes decline in processing speed in older adults?

A

the CNS and declination in brain functioning

125
Q

Focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant

A

selective attention

126
Q

Involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

A

divided attention

127
Q

Type of attention that is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or some other aspect of the environment

A

sustained attention

128
Q

This type of attention involves planning of actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances?

A

executive attention

129
Q

Which type of attention is also referred to as vigilance?

A

sustained attention

130
Q

Explicit memory

A

memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state

131
Q

Episodic memory

A

the retention of information about the where and when of life’s happenings

132
Q

Implicit memory

A

memory without conscious recollection, involving skill and routine procedures that are automatically performed

133
Q

Which type of memory is often referred to as declarative memory?

A

explicit memory

134
Q

Semantic memory

A

a person’s knowledge about the world, including a person’s field of expertise

135
Q

What are 2 important cognitive resources?

A

working memory and perceptual speed

136
Q

Does working increase or decrease during late adulthood?

137
Q

____ shows considerable decline in late adulthood and is strongly linked with declines in working memory

A

perceptual speed

138
Q

The ability to remember where one learned something

A

source memory

139
Q

Involves remembering to do something in the future, such as remembering to take meds or running an errand

A

prospective memory

140
Q

Which types of memories declines in late adulthood?

A

explicit, episodic and working memory

141
Q

What are 2 ways aspects of working memory especially declines in older adults?

A
  1. updating memory representations that relevant for the task at hand
  2. replacing old, no longer relevant information
142
Q

Not only is executive function involved in cognitive performance but also in what?

A

emotion regulation

143
Q

In what conditions do older adults perform better with making decisions?

A

no time pressures, decisions are meaningful to them and no involvement of high risks

144
Q

Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters

145
Q

What is main window for wisdom to emerge?

A

late adolescence to early adulthood

146
Q

T/F High levels of wisdom are not rare

A

false, high levels of wisdom is rare

147
Q

What are 3 important influences on the cognitive functioning?

A
  1. health
  2. education
  3. work
148
Q

Which concept emphasizes changed in cognitive functioning may be linked to distance from death or cognition-related pathology than to distance from birth?

A

terminal decline

149
Q

Explain “use it or lose it”

A

changes in cognitive patterns that result in disuse and consequent atrophy

150
Q

What are 2 key conclusions regarding older adults training their cognitive skills?

A
  1. training can improve the cognitive skills of many older adults
  2. there is some loss plasticity in late adulthood
151
Q

Age-related declines in the prefrontal cortex are associated with declines in?

A
  1. working memory
  2. episodic memory
  3. complex reasoning tasks
152
Q

T/F. Older adults are more likely than younger adults to use both hemispheres of the brain to compensate for aging declines in attention, memory, and language

153
Q

What are the 2 most common language-related complaints in older adults?

A
  1. retrieving words

2. understanding spoken language

154
Q

Explain the speech of older adults

A

speech is typically lower in volume, slower, less precisely articulated, and less fluent

155
Q

T/F. Vocabulary of individuals often continues to increase most of the adult years at least until late adulthood

156
Q

What is the best predictors of job performance in older adults?

A

cognitive ability

157
Q

Which policy is responsible for benefits to older workers when they retire?

A

social security system

158
Q

What is the average retirement age for men? women?

A

men: 64
women: 62

159
Q

T/R/ Retirement is an event

A

false, it is a prcoess

160
Q

What are the characteristics of a person who is better at adjusting to retirement?

A
  1. healthy
  2. adequate income
  3. active
  4. better educated
  5. extended social networks
  6. satisfied with life
161
Q

What are the 2 main worries as people approach retirement?

A
  1. drawing retirement income from savings

2. paying for health care expenses

162
Q

A mood disorder in which the individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self-derogatory, and bored

A

major depression

163
Q

At what age is older women more depressed? men?

A

older women are more depressed at 50-60 years old while men are more depressed from 60-80

164
Q

The global term for an neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve deterioration of any mental fxning

165
Q

What is the form of dementia that is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical fxn.

A

Alzheimer Disease

166
Q

Which gender is more likely to develop Alzheimer? Why?

A

women are more likely than men because they live longer than men

167
Q

What is the cause of Alzheimer Disease?

A

deficiency in ACH

168
Q

What occurs as Alzheimer progresses?

A

the brain shrinks and deteriorates

169
Q

What term represents a potential transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early stages of Alzheimer disease and other dementias.

A

MCI- Mild cognitive impairment

170
Q

Services that provide temporary relief for those who are caring for individuals with disabilities, illness or the elderly

A

respite care

171
Q

A chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis

A

parkinson disease

172
Q

What triggers Parkinson disease?

A

degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain

173
Q

Compared to younger adults, what types of crimes are older adults more likely to commit?

A

older adults are more likely to commit serious offenses such as bank robbery

174
Q

What is the final stage according to Erikson?

A

integrity vs despair

175
Q

What is meant by integrity vs despair?

A

reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one’s life has not been spent well

176
Q

What type of therapy is related to having a higher sense of integrity?

A

reminiscence therapy

177
Q

Which theory states that the more active and involved older adults are, the more likely that are to be satisfied with their lives?

A

activity theory

178
Q

Which theory states that older adults become more selective about their social networks

A

socioemotional selectivity theory

179
Q

What does the socioemotional selectivity theory challenge?

A

the stereotype that the majority of older adults are in emotional despair because of their social isolation

180
Q

What are the 2 classes of goals in the socioemotional selectivity theory?

A
  1. knowledge-related

2. emotional

181
Q

Selective optimization with compensation theory

A

states that successful aging depends on 3 main factors:

  1. selection
  2. optimization
  3. compensation
182
Q

Of the Selective optimization with compensation theory which of the factors is based on the concept that older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of fxning, which require a reduction in peformance in most life domains

183
Q

Of the Selective optimization with compensation theory which concept becomes relevant when life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the older adult’s performance potential

A

compensation

184
Q

of the Selective optimization with compensation theory suggests that it is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies

A

optimization

185
Q

Which of the 5 personality traits of the Big Five, continued to increase in late adulthood?

A

conscientiousness

186
Q

What are the factors that result in declination of self-esteem in older adults?

A

1, being widowed

  1. institutionalized
  2. physically impaired
  3. low religious values
187
Q

What is meant by the term possible selves?

A

what individuals might become and what they are afraid to become

188
Q

Which group of older adults are most likely to be living in poverty?

A

oldest-old

189
Q

What age range is emerging adulthood?

190
Q

What are the 5 key features characterized by emerging adulthood?

A
  1. identity exploration
  2. instability
  3. self-focused
  4. feeling in-between
  5. the age of possibilitits
191
Q

In the US, what is the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood?

A

holding a permanent full time job

192
Q

T/F. Today’s college students experience more stress and depression than students in previous generations?

193
Q

What age range do we usually reach peak of our physical performance?

A

19-26 before 30

194
Q

A behavior pattern characterized by an overwhelming involvement with a drug and a preoccupation with securing its supply

195
Q

T/F/ Binge drinking has increased over time

A

false, binge drinking has declined

196
Q

T/F One in nine individuals who drink will become an alcoholic

197
Q

What is the average age of marriage in the US for males and females?

A

males: 28
females: 26

198
Q

What is postformal thought?

A

thinking that is reflective, relativistic, provisional, and influenced by emotions

199
Q

When does creativity peak occur?

200
Q

Since women in the U.S. took jobs outside the home in what 3 ways has responsibility for work and family?

A
  1. U.S. men are taking increased responsibility for maintaining the home
  2. U.S. women are takin increased responsibility for breadwinning
  3. U.S. men are showing greater interest in their families and parenting
201
Q

T/F Links between early and late attachment styles were heightened by stressful and disruptive experience such as the death of a parent

A

false, links between early and late attachment styles were lessened by stressful and disruptive experience

202
Q

What are the 3 attachment styles in earl adulthood?

A
  1. secure attachment style
  2. avoidant attachment style
  3. anxious attachment style
203
Q

Which attachment style describes individuals are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once they are in relationship distance themselves from their partner?

A

avoidant attachment style

204
Q

Which attachment style describes these individuals demand closeness, are less trusting, and are more emotional, jealous, and possessive?

A

anxious attachment style

205
Q

Which attachment style describes individuals that have positive views of relationships , find it easy to get close to other?

A

secure attachment style

206
Q

Consensual validation

A

explains why individuals are attached to people who are similar to them

207
Q

Which traits do women prefer in men?

A
  1. considerateness
  2. honesty
  3. dependability
  4. understanding
  5. earning prospects
208
Q

What do men prefer in women?

A
  1. good looks
  2. cooking skills
  3. frugality
209
Q

Matching hypothesis

A

states that although we may prefer more attractive person in the abstract, in the real world we end up choosing someone who is close to our own level of attractiveness

210
Q

What is the most common thread in romantic, affectionate and consummate love?

211
Q

According to Erikson, what stage do early adults enter?

A

intimacy vs isolation

212
Q

Compared to men what type of friendships do women have?

A

women have more close friends and their friendships involves more self-disclosure and exchange of mutual support

213
Q

What are the 3 types of love described in the book?

A
  1. romantic
  2. affectionate
  3. consummate
214
Q

Which type of love predominates the early part of a love relationship?

A

romantic love

215
Q

What is another name for affectionate love?

A

companionate love

216
Q

Describe romantic love

A

strong components of sexuality and infatuation, including emotions like feat, anger, sexual desire, joy, and jealousy

217
Q

Describe consummate love

A

passion, intimacy, and commitment

218
Q

Describe affectionate

A

intimacy and low commitment and lacking passion, type of love that occurs when someone desires to have another person near and has a deep, caring affection

219
Q

What are 3 reasons people cohabit?

A

spending time together, sharing expenses, and evaluating compatibility

220
Q

What are the 2 factors that predict whether marriage will last longer?

A

education and ethnicity

221
Q

What is the average duration of a marriage in the US?

A

just over 9 years

222
Q

During which years does divorce usually occur?

223
Q

Which gender remarries faster after a divorce?

224
Q

T/F. Men with lower incomes are more likely to remarry than men with higher income

A

false, men with higher incomes are more likely to remarry than men with lower incomes

225
Q

According to Gottman, what are the 7 ways to make marriage work?

A
  1. establish love maps
  2. nurture fondness and admiration
  3. turn towards each other instead of away
  4. let your partner influence you
  5. solve solvable conflicts
  6. overcome gridlock
  7. create shared meaning
226
Q

What are the 2 types of problems in a marriage?

A
  1. perpetual

2. solvable

227
Q

What are 2 aspects of a successful marriage?

A
  1. forgiveness

2. commitment

228
Q

What is the age range of middle adulthood?

A

40 to 45-60 to 62 years old

229
Q

What are the signs that begin between 40s-50s?

A
  1. skin begins to sag and wrinkle
  2. age spots
  3. hair become thinner
  4. fingernails and toenails develop rigidity and become thicker
230
Q

What happens to weight and height during middle adulthood?

A

lost in height and weight gain

231
Q

The term for age-related muscle mass and strength occurs specifically in back and legs

A

sarcopenia

232
Q

What is the bad and good cholesterol?

A

HDL is the good cholesterol and LDL is the bad cholesterol

233
Q

What is the most common chronic disorder in middle adulthood?

234
Q

T/F. Chronic stress can interfere with immune functioning and this stress is linked to disease not only through the immune system but also through cardiovascular disease

235
Q

What was the leading cause of death of middle adults until the middle of the 20th century?

A

infectious diseases

236
Q

Today, what are the leading causes of death in middle adults?

A

chronic diseases

237
Q

What is the term that is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines?

A

climacteric

238
Q

What is the average age a women experiences menopause?

239
Q

What is the term given for the transitional period from normal menstrual period to no menstrual periods at all?

A

perimenopause

240
Q

What is the term given for men whose body does not produce enough testosterone?

A

male hypogonadism

241
Q

What is erectile dysfunction associated with? (6)

A
  1. smoking
  2. diabetes
  3. hypertension
  4. high cholesterol levels
  5. obesity
  6. lack of exercise
242
Q

What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?

A

Fluid intelligence is the ability to reason abstractly, and crystallized intelligence is an accumulation of information and verbal skills

243
Q

Between fluid and crystallized intelligence which increases and decline during middle adulthood?

A

crystallized intelligence increases while fluid intelligence declines

244
Q

What are the 3 most distinct human qualities?

A
  1. spirituality
  2. freedom
  3. responsibility
245
Q

What are the 4 main needs for meaningful life?

A
  1. purpose
  2. values
  3. sense of efficacy
  4. self-worth
246
Q

According to Erikson what stage do those in middle age go through?

A

generativity vs stagnation

247
Q

According to Levinson what 4 stages do males undergo throughout life?

A
  1. being young vs old
  2. destructive vs constructive
  3. masculine vs feminine
  4. attachment vs isolation
248
Q

T/F For most people midlife IS a crisis

A

false, midlife is not a crisis

249
Q

Which type of approach influences the individual’s development that depends not only on the life itself but also on mediating factors?

A

contemporary life-events

250
Q

What is the most common hassel middle adults experience?

A

concerns about weight

251
Q

What is the most common daily uplift in middle adulthood?

A

relating with spouse or lover

252
Q

What do those in middle adulthood feel less control over?

A

sex and their children

253
Q

What type of pattern do men undergo when they are feeling stressed? Women?

A

Men usually undergo the fight-or-flight response while women tend-and-befriend

254
Q

What are the Big 5 factors of personality?

A
  1. Openness to experience
  2. conscientiousness
  3. extraversion
  4. agreeableness
  5. neuroticism
255
Q

What are the 3 types of grandparents?

A
  1. formal
  2. fun-seeking
  3. distant

Lifespan Psychology (2 decks)

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