Midterm Review

Question 1

Natural environment (fertile region, red sea, precipitation)

Answer 1

• Fertile region:
  
  • the Nile Valley
  • the Nile Delta
  • the Fayum
  • the Oasis
• Everywhere dessert
• Red sea: no major city along coast line
  
  • Caught btw desert, mountain, sea
  • Drinking water problem
• Precipitation only in the delta area

Question 2

Nile (direction, source)

Answer 2

• Flowing from the South to North, end up in the Mediterranean
• White Nile: Lake Victoria in Southern Africa
• Blue Nile: Ethiopian mountains, why the Nile floods
  
  • (melting snow and heavy rain)

Question 3

Neighbor

Answer 3

• Libya, Nubia, Mesopotamia, Babylonian, Hittites, Mitanni
• Relatively isolated b/c of natural barriers

Question 4

Agricultural seasons/ Flood cycle, where you can build cities, dam

Answer 4

• Akhet: inundation (July-October)
• Peret: emergence/ growth (November- February)
• Shemu: dry time/ harvest (March-June)
• The flood comes from the Blue Nile- Ethiopian mountains, melting snow and heavy rain
• Can only build cities along riverbanks, high points (leceves?), desert edge
• High dam at Aswan, last flood: 1964
  
  • Pros: electricity, more building area, multiple harvests;
  • Cons: hard to keep land fertile, increase ground water level, huge lake south of the dam

Question 5

Building material

Answer 5

• Sun dried mud brick for domestic structures and palatial complexes
  
  • (adjust to temperature, keep indoor temp consistent; light weight and stable; easy to obtain)
• Stone for temple and grave

Question 6

Available resources and needed

Answer 6

• Have:
  
  • Copper and turquoise
  • Limestone quarries
  • Sandstone
  • Red granite
  • Amethyst
  • Gold mines (Nubia)
• Needed:
  
  • wood
  • Tin (to mix with copper to make tools and weapons)
  • Silver
  • Lapis lazuli
• Trade relations: evidence for long lasting trade relationship

Question 7

List of kings

Answer 7

Kamose (2nd intermediate period), Ahmose, Amenhotep 1, Thutmose 1, Thutmose 2, Hatshepsut, Thutmose 3, Amenhotep 2, Thutmose 4, Amenhotep 3,

Question 8

Second intermediate period (powers, beginning and ending mark of the period)

Answer 8

• NE delta: Hyksos
• South: Nubia
• Beginning: moved form Lisht to Thebe
  
  • The loss of Nubia (rejected Egyptian ruling in 13th D, King of Kush)
  • Division of delta into several small kingdoms (ruled from Avaris, Hyksos, Asiatics)
  • Rise to power of the Theban
• Ending: conquest of Avaris, the capital of the Hyksos king, by Ahmose

Question 9

Dynasty 13-18

Answer 9

• 13th D: kings ruling from Itjawy or Memphis
• 14th D: Unknown kings (Nehesy, capital: Xois)
• 15th D: Kings of Avaris, also controlling part of Memphis
• 16th D: Unknown kings
• 17th D: Kings of Thebe, last one Kamose
• 18th D: starting from Ahmose

Question 10

Historical sources

Answer 10

• Turin papyrus, king list
• Manetho’s Aegyptiaca, fragmented excerpts of history written in 3rd century BC by later chroniclers (Tertiary source)
• Royal inscriptions
• Funerary biogrpahies
• administration documents
• literary and scientific texts

Question 11

Hyksos (economic immigrant or military confrontation, evidence; boundary, Avaris vs Memphis.

15th D

Answer 11

• Greek for “ruler of the foreign land”
• Maybe economic immigrant?
  
  • (Foreign influx in late 12th D—maybe facilitating trading)
  • Before 2nd intermediate period, there was a community of Asiatics living in Avaris (Tell el-Dab’a)
  • non Egyptian characteristics
    
    • material culture: pottery and weapon; statue of foreign deity (deliberate damage, colorful cloth, Egyptian style statue, how Egyptian depicted foreigner)
    • burial- integrated with the living area, mix Egyptian and Palestine style, multiple people in a tomb, contractual style, donkey burial in front of tomb layout of houses -
  • Culture heavily adulterated by the underlying Egyptian culture (very Egyptian)
• Military confrontation?
  
  • (Josephus quoting form Manetho, but tertiary evidence)
• Southern boundary: includes Memphis and Itjawy
• Conscious revival of Egyptian scribal traditions
  
  • “Peculiarly Egyptian”
• Included in Turin Papyrus (6 rulers, 108 years)
• Followed the model set up by 12th D king in in their rule over Nubia
• Avaris: home city; Memphis: administrative center b/c unrealistic to rule Egypt from Avaris
• A palatial complex
• However, continued trade relations with the Egyptian through the oasis route

Question 12

Theban kings 17th D (Connection to Memphis and lower Egypt/Nubia, military commander, Ending point, end of dynasty)

Answer 12

• King’s role as army commander especially imporant
  
  • Popularity of military titles
  • Ideology survived into 18th D
  • Instability remains characteristics of the period
  • Seqenenra Ta’a: deadly wound in the head by an axe
• Don’t know starting time
• Ending: death of Kamose in his third regnal year
• Egyptian ruler: after abandoning residence at Lisht, denies access to Memphis
  
  • Break of the tradition of sacred craftsmanship, of which the king was guardian
  • A break in what has been described as the “hieroglyphic tradition”, change in burial traditions
  • Poorly decorated and constructed tomb, relative poverty, and poor craftsmanship
    
    • Reappearance of extravagant deco in Ahmose’s time
  • Creation of new compilation of texts needed for funerary rituals
• Denied access to lower Egypt/Nubia
  
  • Quarries, gold and copper mines, strategic location in terms of control of the desert and river routes
• Toward the end, imporvement on poverty
  
  • Objects in the tomb

Question 13

Kingdom of Kush (capital, powerful period, progressive effort)

Answer 13

• Capital: Kerma, found throughout Nubia
  
  • Most powerful during the Classic Kerma phase, corresponds roughly to the 2nd intermediate period
  • Kamose only succeeded in retaking Buhen, but Kerma was conquered much later in 18th D
    • Progressive: effort by Amenhotep 1, Thutmose 1 (deadly blow), Thutmose 2

Question 14

The situation in the Near East during the Second Intermediate Period

Answer 14

• Political entities inthe Near East
• Syria
  
  • smaller kingdoms
  • most important one called Yamhad with its capital in Aleppo
• Babylonia
  
  • controlling southern Mesopotamia, attack on Mari
  • Kassite empire
• Anatolia: the Hittite State
• Mitanni Kingdom
  
  • trade route
  • plain-suitable for agricultural

Question 15

War between Thebe and Avaris (beginning, end, kings involved,mass exodus vs slaughter, fresco,Nubians in the army )

Answer 15

• Lasted at least 30 years
• Beginning: at least during Seqenenra Ta’a reign
• Ending: between year 18 and 22 of Ahmose’s reign
• Kings involved:
  
  • Seqenenra Ta’a
    
    • Died because of axe in the head
    • proof of major battle against the Hyksos
  • Kamose
    
    • Stelae (see seperate study card)
  • Ahmose
    
    • At least 11 year later, Ahmose began to fight north again
    • Strategy
      
      • Bypass Memphis, take Heliopolis
      • After inundation, attach Tell el-Habua, cut off the retreat route for Hyksos across Northern Sinai to Palestine
      • Assault of Avaris
    • Ahmose, son of Ibana, biography
      
      • A series of engagements at Avaris
      • Start as a troop soldier on the ship “Northern”
      • Arrive at Avaris, after a battle, begin the siege
        
        • Hyksos underwent building of immense defensive fortifications and expansion of city
      • Appointed new ship, “Rising in Memphis”
      • Two more engagement
      • Pacify surrounding area, local rebellion
      • Avaris was spoiled
    • After Avaris, a campaign to southern Palestine by Ahmose
• Josephus
  
  • Concluded a treaty by which Hyksos should all depart from Egypt
  • Mass exodus rather than slaughter
  • confirmed by physical evidence
• Ideal of warrior elite among Hyksos did not correspond to reality
  
  • unalloyed copper weapon
  • Egyptian used tin and copper alloy
  • Change in function of weapon from practical to one of status and display
• Systematic destory of Hyksos’s fortification and palace, build new ones
  
  • Fresco of Minoan style, not Egyptian tradition
  • Serve ritual focus, full of symbolic references to the Cretan ruler cult
  • Maybe ally of Cretan kings
• Hyksos introduced horse and chariot into Egypt
  
  • Mention of horse in Kamose’s text
  • Mention of horse and chariots in Ahmose’s relief
• Settlement at Deir el-Ballas
  
  • for military purpose
  • proof of Nubian in Egyptian’s army
• Northern part of Egypt: controlling the area, but not a colonial system
  
  • a lot of city states
  • Local administration is kept, but have to pay tribute to Egypt

Question 16

Kamose (stelae)

Answer 16

• Warrior
• Short reign, maybe 3 years
• From Kamose stelae in Kernak
  
  • Council of war
    
    • against council’s advice
  • Sack of Nefrusi
    
    • Egyptian traitors working for Hyksos
  • North of Nefrusi
    
    • Enemies retreat without fighting
  • Intercepted a messenger sent from Apepi (Hyksos) to Kush
    
    • Sent army to the oasis to prevent any further communication, or being enclosed by two different enemies
  • Turned southward, never mentioned reached Avaris
    
    • Perhaps no more than a raid of Avaris
    • Not even definite the sack happened
  • ​Victorious return

Question 17

Ahmose (Sources, War against Hyksos, campaign against the Nubian, other military activities, building activities)

Answer 17

• Three contemporary sources for the campaign:
  
  • Ahmose-Son of Ibana
  • Archaeological evidence from Avaris
  • Fragments of Relief from Ahmose’s temple in Abydos
    
    • Bows and arrows
    • Foreigner face
    • Horse and chariot
    • Eagle on a boat, representation of the Pharaoh
• Succeeded at very young age, queen regent Ahhotep
• Also, campaign to defeat the Nubian and retake Buhen
• Two uprising after Nubian campaign
  
  • First by a Nubian
  • Second by an Egyptian, worked with the malcontents that served Avaris
• Building activities in multiple locations, didn’t finish most of them cuz his reign after the campaigns was very short

Question 18

Amenhotep 1 (military, economic, charcteristics of 18th D, building activities–Kernak)

Answer 18

• Accession at young age
  
  • Co-regency with Ahmose
• Was a successful ruler
  
  • Worshiped as deity (and his mother)
  • Mother: Ahmose- Nefertari
  • symbol of rejuvenation and resurrection
• Military activities against Nubians
  
  • Began around year 8
• Established the main characteristics of the 18th D
  
  • Clear devotion to the cult of Amun of Kernak
  • Successful military conquests in Nubia, extending Egypt southwards for material rewards
  • Closed nuclear family
  • Developing administrative organization drawn from powerful families and collateral relations
• At least a dozen years of peaceful rule
  
  • Revive traditional activities associated with monument building
  • Opening of turquoise mines in Sinai
  • Emphasis on Kernak
    
    • jubilee festival decoration for a gateway at Kernak
    • Barque sancturary
    • Kernak’s function as a site for venerating the kingship was central to Amenhotep
    • Calcite chapel of Amenhotep 1
      
      • Reconstructed
      • Pieces found from later buildings
      • Barque of Amun, Amenhotep offering to Amun
  • Funerary monuments at the bay of Deir el-Bahri
• Maybe related to astronomical observations
  
  • wished to rework calendars

Question 19

Kernak temple (Contribution from Ahmose, Amenhotep 1, Thutmose 1, Thutmose 2

Answer 19

• Characteristic of 18th D
• A site for venerating the kingship
• Huge temple complex
  
  • Kernak temple
    
    • Heart of the temple: Temple of Amun
    • Being linked to the Nile, so boats have access to the temple
    • Sacred Barques- wooden boat
  • Luxor temple
• Kernak palatial complex
  
  • not well preserved b/c mud brick
• Contribution by Ahmose
• Amenhotep 1 building activities at Kernak
  
  • Barque sancturary
  • Jubliee deco on a gateway
  • Alabaster chapel (built)
• Thutmose 1
  
  • Enlarge Karnak temple
  • Build 4th and 5th pylons
  • Under supervision of his architect Ineni
    
    • Theban Tomb, private, but extravagantly painted
  • Thutmose 1’s obelisk outside the 4th pylon
  • Amenhotep 1’s alabaster chapel (decorate by Thutmose)
  • The workmen’s village at Deir el-Medina
    
    • Workers of the royal tomb in the King’s Valley
    • Left inscriptions bc workers are literate on pottery or pieces of stone
• Thutmose 2
  
  • One gateway, finished by Hatshepsut
• Hatshepsut
  
  • The Red Chapel at Kernak
    
    • Built in her later reign
    • Inscriptions of two kings, proof that she never tried to carved out Thutmose 3
  • 8th pylon, a new entrance
• Thutmose 3
  
  • construction of “effective of monument” akh menu
  • Redecorated the central area with scenes and inscriptions about his asiatic expedition
  • 6th and 7th pylon
  • Transformation of Hatshepsut’s work, finished by Amenhotep 2
• Amenhotep 2
  
  • Proscription of Hatshepsut
  • Royal jubilee for the sed festival
  • Between 4th and 5th pylon, inscription about peace with Mitanni, Babylonia and Hittite

Question 20

Nubian campagin (start, end, who gets credited with the destroy)

Answer 20

• The early 18th Dynasty kings: military achievements in Nubia
  
  • Started with Nubian fortress that were originally controlled by Egyptians
  • Against Nubian King, Kingdom of Kush, capital at Kerma
  • Thutmose 1 credited for the destroy of Kush
• Started by Ahmose, retake Bohen
• Continued by Amenhotep 1, during year 8
• Thutmose 1
  
  • true death knell to Kush
  • During 2nd and 3rd year of his reign
  • Success in the second and third cataracts, Kerma
  • After that, went eastwards into the desert behind Kerma, reaching fourth cataract
• Thutmose 2
  
  • quell uprising, final demise
• Foreign policies: Egypt and Nubia
  
  • Egyptian administration system in Nubia
  • Top officials in Nubia “King’s son of Kush”, “viceroy of Kush”
  • Colonialism and imperialism
  • Nubia: lots of gold mines
    
    • Egyptian incentive to control Nubia?
  • Different from foreign policy with the northern Egypt

Question 21

Royal women (Ahhotep, Ahmose-Nefertari, Hatshepsut)

Answer 21

• Royal princess
  
  • tilted held and absence of husband other than kings, show limitations that were placed on females born of the king
  • limit access to royal family
• Emerge of major queens
  
  • Extremely active in the reigns of their husbands and heirs
  • Ahhotep- mother of Ahmose
    
    • Honored by Ahmose of her de facto governance of the land
  • Ahmose-Nefertari
    
    • Maybe daughter of Ahhotep
    • Merried to Ahmose
    • God’s wife of Amun
    • Held the position until Thutmose 1
    • Operated independent of her husband and son in building activities and cult roles
    • Emphasis of her role as priestess
    • Independent economic and religious power ceded to god’s wife by Ahmose
  • Hatshepsut
• Of the early kings of the 18th D, only Thutmose 1 came to the throne as an adult, Ahmose, Amenhotep 1, and Thutmose 2 average 5 years old when succeeding, which means female relative ruled for 10-12 years before they came of age
  • Courtiers and Egyptian populace accepted their role as effective rulers of the country, legitimize Hatshepsut’s accession

Question 22

Thutmose 1 (impact, building activities, divine descent, Nubian and Syria campaign)

Answer 22

• Throne didn’t descent to Thutmose 1 in the manner of father to son, first in 18th D
• Short reign: eleven years
• Great impact on the 18th D
  
  • Military and economic exploitation of Nubia
  • Expedition to Syria opened new horizon
• Father of Hatshepsut
• Building activities
  
  • 5 stelae carved into the rocks
  • Chose to embellish cult places that promoted the connections between king and god and between king and king
    
    • Associated himself with distant royal precursors rather than immediate ones
    • Didn’t honor two previous kings, bc both part of the Ahmosid family
    • Claim the kingship from the great gods themselves
      
      • first emphasis of divine descent
  • Kernak
    
    • Fourth and fifth pylon
    • Deco of Amenhotep’s alabaster chapel
    • Obelisk
• Nubian campaign
• Syria campaign
  
  • First campaign in that region
  • Steered clear of direct confrontation with the Mitanni
    
    • Didn’t have material gain from the Mitanni
    • Limited contact in early 18th D
    • Enemies and military technology beyond Egypt’s ability
    • Chariots etc
    • Conquest of the region came during Thutmose 3’s Syrian expedition
  • Hunted elephants in Niy in the south
• Unsure where original burial is
  
  • Reburied by Hatshepsut and Thutmose 3?
• Sculpture
  
  • Traditional Egyptian style
  • White crown
  • Large eyes are painted
  • Smile
  • Idealized facial features

Question 23

Thutmose 2

Answer 23

• Short reign, 3 years
• One major monument at Kernak
  
  • Completed by Hatshepsut
• Husband of Hatshepsut
  
  • She was already of important influence during Thutmose 2’s reign
• Only known military campaign
  
  • 1st year of reign, quell an uprising in Kush
• Possibly accession happened when really young too

Question 24

Hatshepsut (Co-regency, representation, legitimization, building activity, why coronation)

Answer 24

• Married to Thutmose 2 (brother), daughter of Thutmose 1, stepmother to Thutmose 3
• Maternal line: daughter of Ahmose, linked to Ahmose Neferari
• Regent of Thutmose 3 bc the king is very young
• 7th regnal year of thutmose 3: co-regency
  
  • lasted aroun 15 years
  • representation of Hatshepsut had assumed masculine form, in laying claim to the throne as a male pharaoh she had to alter the basis of legitimacy
  • visual and textual incongruities
    
    • But inscriptions consistently employ the feminine gender
  • Never eliminated Thutmose 3, had a co-regent after establish herself as king
  • Inscription: same representation for Hatshepsut and Thutmose, not taking power from the king
  • Bolster legitimacy of Thutmose 3’s kingship and her own
    Never intended to replace Thutmose 3
  • 15 years in which the two rulers effectively shared the throne of Egypt
• Legitimize herself
  
  • Bloodline
    
    • Disappearance of Thutmose 2 in her decoraiton of Deir-el Bahari
    • Connection to her father and Ahmose-Naferari
    • Selected as heir by Thutmose 1 when he is still alive
      
      • Amun in the form of Thutmose 1
  • Divine descent
    
    • Divine birth myth- to legitimate herself
    • Her father- Thutmose 1 is very important figure
    • Her mother is met by Amun (in the form of Thutmose 1) and that is how she was created
  • Expedition to Punt
    
    • Re-initiated a tradition that hasn’t been done since the Middle Kingdom
    • Bring back: myrrh, incense, ivory, ebony, gold, exotic animals
    • Huge deal b/c of logistical problems
      
      • Lack of water source
      • Mountainous
      • If travel across sea, dismantled boats, put together when they get to the sea
  • Mortuary temple at Deir-el Bahari
    
    • Built right next to an older king’s temple (Monthuhotep 2 temple, 11th D, known for reunifying the country)
    • Barque shrine of Amun, makes the temple an important stop for priest procession
    • Relief of Divine birth myth
    • On the same line as her tomb in Valley of the King
• Building activity
  
  • Most of her reign at peace, ambitious building project, bigger than predecessor
    
    • only a few uprising in Nubia
  • Mortuary temple at Deir-el Bahari
  • Kernak
    
    • The Red Chapel at Kernak
      
      • Built in her later reign
      • Inscriptions of two kings, proof that she never tried to carved out Thutmose 3
    • 8th pylon, a new entrance
  • Two tombs
    
    • 1st tomb: mortuary cult, cliff tomb
      
      • Extremely well decorated
    • 2nd tomb: actual burial, Valley of the king
• Followed the model of female pharoah
  
  • 12th D, Nefrusobek
  • Served as a direct model for Hatshepsut in her claims of co-regency with her father and her combination of female dress with that of a male king
  • In contrast to king’s mother, who are honored for generations afterward, queens regnant were persecuted after death: destroyed monuments, images, names etc
• Why coronation?
  
  • Lack of the title “king’s mother”
  • Threat to legitimacy of Hatshepsut’s regency
  • Death of Thutmose 3’s mother, cover for Hatshepsut
  • Death of her mother Ahmes, who held the title Queen’s Mother and had her own ties to main line of royal family

Question 25

Senenmut (Neferure)

Answer 25

• One of the most important figures during Hatshepsut’s reign
• Very often depicted holding the princess Neferure
• Tutor of the royal princess
• Sheikh Abd el Qurna: tombs of high official
  
  • Hatnefer and Ramose: parents of Senenmut
  • example of social mobility: from relatively common people to high official

Question 26

Proscription of Hatshepsut (Potential motivation, temple at Deir-el Bahari)

Answer 26

• Systematic erasure
  
  • Not a straightforward erasure of all traces of her existence
  • representation as queen were never touched, only kingly representation
• Undertaken by Thutmose 3
• Unlikely b/c of retribution, destruction happened some 20 years after Hatshepsut died
• Carved thutmose 1 or 2’s name over Hatshepsut’s, not his own
  
  • Never intended to claim the creation of Hatshepsut’s monuments to be his own accomplishment
• Most revision are made with care and deliberation, Hatshepsut’s temple at Deir el-Bahri is an exception
  
  • ​sculptures were cast out and deliberately broken
  • maybe too closely related to to Hatshepsut or the ritual ceremonies of her mortuary cult that they can’t be attributed to other rulers
• Suspension of the work of revision, incomplete
  
  • indicate urgent motivation for attacks vanished
  • attacks arisen toward end of Thutmose’s reign, and vanished shortly after Amenhotep 2 became co-ruler with Thutmose
  • More likely, concerns the royal succession, other contenders for the throne
  • Proscription initiated to discredit the legitimacy of rival and secure throne for Amenhotep
• Or simply, the recently invented phenomenon of a female king had created such conceptual and practical complications that the evidence of it was best erased
  
  • A possibility that Hatschepsut can pass the throne to her daughter
  • Two branches of royal house
  • Hatshepsut disturbed the system of male pharaoh passing along system

Question 27

‘Thutmose 3 (Why levant, annals, war guy, Building activities, Foriegn policy)

Answer 27

Military success

• Why Levant?
  
  • After the sole rule, he is a mature but unproven ruler
  • Levant, not explored by previous kings, potential for glory and wealth
  • Established Egyptian dominance over Palestine and southern Syria
  • Economic incentive
    
    • access to Lebanese cedar, copper and tine sources jeopardized by Mitanni overlodship in northern Palestine and the coastal strip
    • Levant: lots of luxury good
    • Continued campaign as a result of the economic benefits of wars, spoils
  • Emphasis was equally on captive of expedition and on luxury items acquired from foreign countries
  • Iconographical transformation of Mitanni as arch-enemy to a compliant source for prestige luxury goods
• Kernak temple: annals of Thutmose 3
  
  • List of military conflicts and lists of booty
  • Used to cover up Hatshepsut’s inscriptions
  • 17 campaigns in Palestine and Syria, year 22-42 of Thutmose 3’s reign
  • Battle of Megiddo
    
    • Inscription meant for the gods
    • Chariots, hourses, armor, animals, gold etc
• “Way of Horus”: fortified way stations into southern Palestine
  
  • Dessert, lack of water source
• Foreign policy:
  
  • Mitanni/ Kedesh: war
  • Hittite- Egyptian relations: Kurustama Treaty
    
    • Kurustama people were sent to Egypt–> suggest friendly relationship
    • Hittite broke the treaty and attached Egypt, punished by the plague
    • Maybe brought by Egyptian slaves
  • Goods from Crete and other foreign objects
    
    • Extensive and diplomatic relationship with Eastern Mediterranean
• Building activities
  
  • Earlier years artistic style and portraiture of Thutmose 3 are extremely similar to those of Hatsheput in her later monuments
  • Kernak
    
    • construction of “effective of monument” akh menu
    • Redecorated the central area with scenes and inscriptions about his asiatic expedition
    • 6th and 7th pylon
    • Transformation of Hatshepsut’s work, finished by Amenhotep 2
    • His own chapel at Deir el-Bahri “Sacred horizon”
      
      • Replaced Hatshepsut’s
  • Annals
    
    • Abundant text about Thutmose 3
    • Amun appointed Thutmose as king, similar to style of Hatshepsut
      
      • 42 years after becoming king
      • Note the coincidence of time with the proscription of Hatshepsut
      • Inspired by political and ideological factors
    • ​​Megiddo
    • King’s novel, where the king fulfills the same time all the roles of societal representation: image, trace and symbol of country’s cohesion
    • Cannot be considered a true representation of his personality

Question 28

Syrian campaign (start, Magiddo, kings involved, administrative system)

Answer 28

• Started by Thutmose 1
  
  • Realized Mitanni was superior to Egypt
  • Avoided direct confrontation
  • Established tax system in some places
  • Ended up hunting elephant
• Practically no mention in the reign of Thutmose 2 and Hetshepsut
• Thutmose 3- Battle of Magiddo
  
  • Reasons:
    
    • Mitanni attacking Egyptian border
    • From Yerdj to end of earth, rebellion against Thutmose
    • Overthrow wretched enemy, entend border
  • Military counsel
    
    • Kadesh gathered a bunch of people, including Mitanni to Magiddo
    • Three path: one narrow, two seemingly easier
    • Against counsel’s opinion of choice the two wider ones, insisted on going for the narrow one
  • Why narrow road
    
    • Not specified in the inscription
    • Element of surprise
    • Not show fear
    • Potentially other routes have enemies
  • Thutmose 3 in front of the army, horse follow horse, wait for everyone to get through, set up camp, and wait for morning to attck (new moon)
  • Spread into 3 wings: southern, northern and center led by Thutmose 3
  • Overwhelmed enemy in the battle, but get distracted by gold and Magiddo residents hoisted up into the town by pulling at their garments, so turned into a LT battle
  • Measured the town and surround it with ditch and walled it up with timber, enemies came begging for life
  • Reorganization- appointed new rulers for every town
    
    • Enemies paid tributes
    • Took children of princes
    • basically the whole town
    • List of booty
• After Magiddo: the other campaigns
  
  • Year 24: Assyria sends diplomatic gifts to Egypt
  • 24-25: entries lost
  • 29: tkaes control of Ullaza
  • 30: reach Kadesh
  • 31-32: Ullaza again
  • 33: crosses Euphrates, fights Mitanni at Qatna and defeats them, retreat to Karkemish
• Syria-Palestinian region divided into 3 regions
  
  • Retjenu
    
    • Luxury goods
  • Djahu
    
    • Harvest tax
  • Remenen
    
    • send people to Egypt for labor
  • Didn’t fully incorporate the regions and set up colonial systems, build towns and etc
    
    • Send Egyptian people to oversee
• Amenhotep 2
  
  • 3 campaigns in Syria
  • Year 3: Takhesy [Amada Stele]
    
    • Defeat of unaligned chiefs
    • Excessive violence
    • Instead of describing taking hostages and slave, talks about people getting hanged on the wall
  • Year 7[Kernak and Memphis stele]
    
    • Army comes under attack, Amenhotep 2 single-handedly captures local princes and warriors
    • Army turns south to Niya, starts return journey
    • Potential defeat by Mitanni before turning south?
  • Year 9 [Kernak and Memphis stele]
    
    • More localized campaign
    • Mostly in Sourthern Levant
    • Attack of a few towns, strategically located near the coast and on trade routes
• Thutmose 4
  
  • Can’t really speak about a campaign to Nubia or Syria
    
    • Inscription more about the preperation than the actual description of the battle
    • Hyperbole in description

Question 29

Amenhotep 2 (Sports, Levant, building activities, importance of Memphis/Giza)

Answer 29

• Co-regency with Thutmose 3
• Fondness for sport and outdoor activity
  
  • Inscription relate to how he excelled in all manner of military and athletic endeavor
  • Giza stelae, relief in Thebe, and on sarabs
• 30 years or reign, military success in Levant, economic rewards and peace; Expanded monuments to the gods
• Building activities:
  
  • Kernak
    
    • Proscription of Hatshepsut
    • Royal jubilee for the sed festival
    • Between 4th and 5th pylon, inscription about peace with Mitanni, Babylonia and Hittite
  • Particular fond of the north Giza
    
    • temple to Horemakhet, the sun god identified with the sphinx
    • The Great Sphinx Stela of Amenhotep 2 at Giza
      
      • Sphinx actually built in Old Kingdom, for Khafra
    • Sports and aatheletics
      
      • Rowing
      • Testing 100 bows and shoot with multiple arrows
      • Trained horses at Giza when he was young
    • Legitimize himself
      
      • Thutmose 3 appointing him as the future king
• 3 campaigns in Syria, but overall peaceful reign
  
  • Foreign relationship with Mitanni, Babylon and Hittite
• Why did Memphis regained importance?
  
  • Memphis vs Thebe
    
    • Thebe: ceremonial
    • Memphis: administrative
  • Imporant for military
    
    • Not practical to start every campaign in Levant from Thebe
    • Naval base Perunfer, maybe close to Memphis? Or Avaris?
  • *

Question 30

Thutmose 4 (reign, solar religion, war or peace, succession)

Answer 30

• Reign for about 8-12 years
• Increased interests in solar religion
• Foreign policy: Egyptian dominance presence in Asia
  
  • Overall peace
  • Lots of tribute from vassals
  • Quelling small regional unrest
• Building program:
  
  • Deliberatly follow the footsteps of his grandfather and father
  • Giza: temple of Horemakhet, the sun god
    
    • Trouble with succession: no recognition of his succession by Amenhotep 2 at all, no coregency
    • Legitimize himself by having Horemakhet appointing him as the new king, ask that he excavate the Sphinx in return
    • Brother’s monument defacement
    • Usurper?
    • Made no reference of Amun-Ra
      
      • Increasing importance of the Heliopolitan gods and political influence of the north
  • Kernak
    
    • Oblisk
    • 4th pylon court re-deco
      *

Question 31

Amenhotep 3 (building guy, facial features, divine birth myth, queen tiye, only military expedition, mortuary temple, obsess with Sekhmet and the sed festival, foreign policy, palatial complex)

Answer 31

• More distinct features
  
  • Thick lips, thin almond shaped eyes, wide nose
  • Different from the kings since Hatshepsut, who all look kind of similar
• Divine birth myth
  
  • Amen-Ra in the form of Thutmose 4 to give birth to Amenhhotep 3
• Came to throne at the age of 12
  
  • Probably had a regent, or support from Tiye’s family
• Reigned for 38 years
• Married to Queen Tiye
  
  • Not of royal birth, found her parents’ burials in the Valley of the kings
  • Facial features: mirror the features of Amenhotep 3
  • Sculpture was modified, the wig was added to modify the hair-dress
  • purpose was unclear
• Year 1 and 2: Amenhotep 3 opens new limestone quarries at Tura
• Year 5: Amenhotep 3 successfully completed his first and only dated military expedition against rebellious tribes in Kush
  
  • More symbolic
• Extremely peaceful and stable reign
  
  • Reign characterized by large scale building activities
• Scarab
• Foreign policy
  
  • Amarna tablet
  • Letters of diplomatic correspondence
• Mortuary temples on the Theban West Bank: Kom el-Hetan
  
  • Largest mortuary temple ever
  • Not very well preserved, completely dismantled
    
    • Used as a quarry for later kings
  • Collossal statues- at gate entrance
  • multiple pylons
  • Avenue of the sphinxes
  • Inner temple
  • Colonnaded court
  • Traces of wall, but seem to have large empty spaces, don’t know what is that for
• Sed festival
  
  • royal jubilee festival, celebrated ideally after 30 years of reign
  • Ceremonies performed to renew the powers of the pharaoh
  • Amenhotep had 3 festivals, also celebrated on a very large scale
  • Painted on the wall of the mortuary temple
• Statues of the goddess Sekhmet
  
  • Associated with warfare and healing
  • Why Amenhotep 3 so keen on Sekhmet?
    
    • Looked at Amenhotep 3’s mummies, seem to have some bad infections that were troubling him
    • Maybe also why he had 3 jubilee festivals
• New palatial complex
  
  • mud brick, so not preserved well
  • Malqata palace
    
    • Just for the jubilee fastival
  • Temple of Amun
• The jubilee festivals are mentioned in Amarna Letters
  
  • King of Babylon, Kadeshmar-Enlil 1 wrote to Amenhotep 3
  • Complaining about not being invited to the jubilee festival
  • Mutual gift exchange
  • Egyptian comes off as quite arrogant
• Amarna letters
  
  • Royal correspondence covering about 30 years from year 30 of Amenhotep 3 to year 3 of Thutankhamun
  • Akkadian language